The land policy implemented in the liberated areas

During the war of liberation, the party's land policy had a changing process, which can be roughly divided into the following stages.

First, continue to implement the policy of reducing rent and interest.

On the eve of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Mao Zedong said: "During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the China * * * Production Party made a big step forward, and changed the land to the tiller to reduce rent and interest rates. This concession is correct, which has promoted the Kuomintang's participation in the anti-Japanese war and reduced the resistance of landlords in the liberated areas to our mobilization of farmers to resist Japan. " And stressed that "this policy, if there are no special obstacles, we are ready to continue after the war." First, implement the policy of reducing rent and interest rates throughout the country, and then adopt appropriate methods to gradually realize land to the tiller. "

After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China repeatedly emphasized the rent reduction movement. From the winter of 1945 to the spring of 1946, the policy of reducing rent and interest was basically implemented in the liberated areas. In order to realize the policy of building the country peacefully, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out in the instruction of "Rent reduction and production are two major events in defending the liberated areas" on June 7, 1945, 165438: "At present, our party's policy is still rent reduction rather than land confiscation." According to this policy of the Party, the policy program of the liberated areas, such as the policy program of the Provisional Administrative Committee of the Jiangsu-Anhui Border Region 1945 12 3 1, stipulated the policy of rent reduction and interest reduction. In order to push the method of rent reduction and interest reduction to the whole country and gradually realize "land to the tiller", 1946 10 at the old CPPCC meeting held in Chongqing in October, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China wrote down the policy of rent reduction and interest reduction in the Draft Program for Peaceful Founding of the Country. According to the spirit of this policy, the "Program for Peaceful Nation Building" adopted at the meeting later stipulated: "Reduce rent and interest, protect tenancy rights, ensure land rent payment, expand agricultural loans, prohibit usury, and implement land laws to achieve the goal of' land to the tiller'." These land policies played an important role in achieving the goal of struggle at that time.

Second, the change from rent reduction and interest reduction to the policy of "land to the tiller"

1946 On May 4th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Instructions on Clearing Rent Reduction and Interest Reduction" (May 4th Instruction), and decided to change the policy of rent reduction and interest reduction into a land policy of confiscating landlords' land and distributing it to farmers. The reason for making such a decision lies in the following background:1From April to May, 1946, the national civil war crisis intensified and was imminent. In order to fully mobilize the masses, prepare for the war of self-defense, abolish the feudal land system, and meet the urgent needs of farmers for land, it is necessary to change the policy of reducing rent and total land and formulate a new land policy in time. The basic spirit of the May Fourth Directive is to stand on the side of the masses, resolutely support all the legitimate demands of the broad masses of peasants and the revolutionary actions of directly carrying out land reform, support peasants' demands for land acquisition, and approve the land that peasants have acquired and are acquiring to be owned by peasants themselves. The May 4th Directive pointed out: "Party committees in all localities must clearly realize that solving the land problem in the liberated areas is the most basic historical task of our party and the most basic link in all our work at present. We must mobilize and lead the masses to accomplish this historical task with the greatest determination and efforts. "

There are 18 articles in the may 4th directive, which respectively stipulate the following aspects:

(1) principle of struggle. At the request of the masses, our party resolutely supports the masses to obtain land from landlords in the struggle against rape, liquidation, rent reduction, interest reduction, rent withdrawal and interest withdrawal, so as to realize "land to the tiller"

(2) Policies of all classes and strata in rural areas. (1) As for the middle peasants, we will resolutely use all means to attract them to participate in the movement and make them gain benefits, and never infringe on their land. Where the land is invaded by middle peasants, they should try to return or compensate. The whole movement must win the real sympathy or satisfaction of all middle peasants, including wealthy middle peasants. ② For the rich peasants: generally, the land of the rich peasants will not be changed. For example, during the period of liquidation, rent withdrawal and land reform, if it is necessary to infringe because of the demands of the masses, don't fight too hard. Rich peasants should be distinguished from landlords, and rich peasants should focus on reducing rents and preserving their own farming. If we hit the rich peasants too hard, it will affect the middle peasants and the production in the liberated areas. (3) For landlords, we should take proper care of the lives of small and medium-sized landlords. The attitude towards small and medium landlords is different from that towards big landlords, gentry and bullies. We should settle their disputes with farmers through mediation and arbitration. (4) For industrialists and businessmen, all shops, workshops, factories and mines run by rich peasants and landlords, except the mines, factories and shops of traitors who have committed heinous crimes, shall be inviolable and shall be preserved so as not to affect the development of industry and commerce. We cannot oppose the industrial and commercial bourgeoisie by solving the land problem and opposing the feudal landlord class in rural areas. ⑤ To traitors, gentry and bullies: concentrate on resolutely cracking down on traitors, gentry and bullies, completely isolate them and take out their land. But we should still leave them the land necessary for their livelihood, that is, give them food. As for the lackeys used by traitors, gentry and bullies belonging to middle peasants, poor peasants and other poor people, we should adopt a policy of striving for differences to urge them to confess their sins and not infringe on their land. After he confesses and repents, he must be given the benefits he deserves.

(3) the way to solve the land problem. (1) Confiscate and distribute the land of the big traitor. (2) After the rent is reduced, the landlord sells the land voluntarily, and the tenant farmers have priority to buy the land. (3) Since farmers' tenancy rights are guaranteed after the rent reduction, landlords voluntarily distribute 70% or 80% of the land to farmers, seeking to recover 30% or 20% of the land for farmers. (4) When clearing unreasonable exploitation such as land rent, occupation and liquidation burden, the landlord sells the land to farmers to pay off debts. Farmers use the above methods to obtain land, mostly by obtaining land contracts written by landlords. Use the above methods to solve the land problem, so that farmers can stand in a legal and rational position and adopt them according to different objects.

Many liberated areas have formulated some specific land policies in accordance with the spirit of the May 4th Directive and combined with the actual situation, such as June 1946 "Request for Instructions from the Administrative Office of Liaoji District on Land Property Registration and Issuance of Land Certificates" and June 1946 "Provisional Regulations on Land Reform in Shandong Province". At the same time, the land reform movement of "land to the tiller" was widely carried out in the second half of the liberated area 1946. By June 1946 and 10, 20 million farmers in Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan Liberated Area had obtained land, and Chahar Province in Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Liberated Area had initially completed land reform. By1946,65438+February, there were more than 50,000 farmers in Jiangsu and Anhui Liberated Areas150,000 farmers in Shandong Liberated Areas, and 5 farmers in Jinsui Liberated Areas such as Ningwu 13 counties1400 farmers. By February 1947, about two-thirds of the liberated areas had solved the land problem and implemented the policy of land to the tiller. However, the development of land reform is uneven, and there are still 1/3 places that have not been carried out. Where land reform has been carried out, it has also been incomplete to varying degrees. Therefore, in February of 1947, the Central Committee instructed all liberated areas to conduct land reform review, which corrected some incompleteness in land reform and made the land reform movement carry out in depth.