What's the difference between Manchu and Han nationality?

One: From the linguistic point of view, Manchu and Chinese belong to different language families. Although most Manchu people use Chinese now, Manchu people are still divided into different language families with Han people. Manchu belongs to Manchu-Tungusic language family.

Two: From the perspective of living customs, there are obvious differences between Manchu and Han nationality. Now people always compare the life customs of Manchu in history with those of Manchu today, saying that Manchu used to have braids, but today they don't. Manchu's previous costumes were different from today's and their eating habits were different from those of Qing Dynasty, so Manchu has been "sinicized".

Three: Judging from surnames, Manchu and Chinese surnames are completely different. Although many Manchu people use the surname of Han nationality today, the difference is that the surname of China used by Manchu people is changed according to the hala (surname) of Manchu itself. For example, Ai Xinjue Roche changed his surname to Jin in Beijing and Zhao in Northeast China.

Four: From the point of view of personality and consciousness, Manchu and Han nationality also have certain differences. This is mainly reflected in the world outlook, life values, and the way of dealing with people. There is an obvious difference between Manchu and Han nationality in character, that is, Manchu is very stubborn, which has been confirmed by many Manchu people.

Five: differences in folk customs-Han people believe in Confucianism and Taoism in addition to Buddhism, and like to pay attention to Feng Shui. During the China New Year, ancestors were sacrificed to the south, so they had to use memorial tablets. Sacrifices used for ancestor worship include cocks, pigs, cows and sheep. Most of the funerals of the Han nationality are burial, paying attention to thick burial and like to use funerary objects. Few people are cremated. The most important things for the Han nationality are New Year's Day (non-Western New Year) and the first month 15 and August 15. There are also Tomb-Sweeping Day, Chinese Valentine's Day and the Double Ninth Festival. ?

Manchu people believe in Tibetan Buddhism and Huayan Sect of Buddhism in China. Or believe in shamanism and attach importance to offering sacrifices to ancestors and various animal gods and natural gods. During the New Year in China, ancestors made sacrifices by sitting west facing east, instead of using memorial tablets, they used Suri stripes. The sacrifices used for ancestor worship are mainly pigs, white geese and sheep. At the funeral, most Manchu people were cremated and a few were buried twice.

The total population of Manchu is 6.5438+00682 million (in 2000), ranking second among the 55 ethnic minorities in China. Manchu has its own language and writing. "White Mountain and Black Water" in the northeast is the hometown of Manchu. In the first year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1644), the Qing army entered the customs and gradually unified the whole country. From then on, Manchu nobles began to rule the country. After the Revolution of 1911, the Qing court fell.

Manchu population is distributed all over the country, mainly in Liaoning, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Beijing and other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, while others are scattered in Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shandong, Hubei, Guizhou and other large and medium-sized cities such as Xi, Chengdu, Guangzhou and Fuzhou.

Manchu is a hardworking, brave and intelligent nation, and it is also a nation that is good at absorbing foreign cultures and integrating innovation. In the long-term historical development, a custom culture with national characteristics has been formed. The customs of Manchu people at the age of 20 are mostly similar to those of Han people, but they have maintained many Manchu characteristics.

Population distribution: Due to historical reasons, Manchu people are scattered all over the country, most of whom live in Liaoning Province, while others are scattered in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Shandong, Beijing, Tianjin, Chengdu, Xi, Guangzhou and Yinchuan. The formation of large dispersion is characterized by small sedimentation. The main settlements have established Manchu autonomous counties such as Xiuyan, Fengcheng, Xinbin, Qinglong and Fengning, and there are also several Manchu townships.

Language: Manchu has its own language and writing. Manchu belongs to Manchu branch of Manchu-Tungusic language family of Altai language family. Manchu was founded at the end of 16. During the Song and Jin Dynasties, Jurchen once had her own writing. The early Jurchen script is a syllabic script evolved from Chinese characters, but it has long been lost. At the end of 16, after Nurhachi unified the northeastern ministries, Manchu pronunciation was spelled with Mongolian letters, forming a new script called "Old Manchu". During the period of Huang Taiji, borrowed Mongolian letters were punctuated to distinguish pronunciation, which was called punctuated Manchu or "new Manchu".

Manchu, as an official script, was used for a long time in the Qing Dynasty, and once became a widely used script in the whole country, leaving a large number of files and materials and becoming a treasure in chinese heritage. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, Manchu was gradually abandoned, and Manchu basically used the northern dialect of Chinese. Only the flag commander and the flag commander must still use Manchu on certain occasions.

By the 1980s, Manchu had disappeared except for some remote areas in Northeast China and a few Xibe elderly people in Xinjiang. However, as a widely used language, Manchu has left a deep impression on dialects in many parts of China. Today, there are still a large number of Manchu phonetics and vocabulary in Chinese in Northeast China and Beijing. Most descendants of Banners stationed all over the country speak northern dialects mixed with local accents, forming a series of "dialect islands".

References:

Manchu-Baidu Encyclopedia