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Red, sweet or slightly acidic; There are few or no seeds, the seed coat is slightly ribbed, the cotyledons are milky white and multi-embryo. The flowering period is 3-5 months, the fruiting period is 10- 12 months, and the late-maturing varieties will arrive in February-April of the following year. ? [

Seken

Also known as Guangju, with many short branches and thorns, the average fruit weight is 2 15g, round or oblong, orange peel, not easy to peel off, juicy pulp, sweet taste and strong sour taste.

Late-maturing Valencia orange

Summer-late orange is an orange with a medium-sized orange peel, which is slightly difficult to peel off, with delicate pulp, rich juice, strong acidity and flavor, and high fragrance.

Silver orange (sweet orange)

Because there are obvious rings in the fruit, it is named Yingan. It is round to rectangular, with soft meat, large stele and moderate sweetness, which is deeply loved by people. Widely cultivated in central and southern Taiwan Province Province.

Washington navel orange

Washington navel orange, born early, has a large fruit shape, the top of the fruit is slightly protruding or cracked into navel shape, the fruit is spherical to oblong, the orange peel is slightly easy to peel off, and the pulp is orange-yellow, soft and juicy. There is cultivation in Taiwan Province Province, but it is rarely cultivated because of serious physiological fruit drop.

Dream navel orange

Dream navel orange, also known as late-maturing navel orange, looks like Washington navel orange, with a slightly thicker peel and a slightly worse flavor, but with a high fruit-setting rate, which is cultivated because of the serious rejuvenation phenomenon.

Acid-free orange

Sugar orange, named after the particularly low acid content in fruit juice, is also called "grandma orange", because its acid content is so low that even old ladies who are afraid of acid like to eat it. There are two kinds of acid-free oranges in Taiwan Province Province, one is yellow meat; One is red meat.

There are two varieties: lime and sweet orange.

There are two main varieties of lime: bergamot, which is used to make spices and refined oil.

; Fructus Aurantii is too bitter to eat raw. The fruit of lime is used to make jam, and the peel is extracted with citrus oil. The extracted oil can be used to brew citrus wine, a sweet wine, or added to orange blossom water. Seville oranges are sometimes added to meat or fish dishes to add flavor.

Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) is available all year round, and there are many ways to eat it. Fruits can also be eaten directly, finely cut into salads, sliced into drinks, or used as accessories for dishes; Its juice can be directly drunk and can also be used in sauces and sauces; The peel can be ground for baking, used as the shell of salad or ice, or sliced with sugar stains. Sweet oranges are widely planted in Spain, Israel, South Africa and southern States of the United States, and are generally divided into three types: ordinary sweet oranges, blood oranges and navel oranges. The most common sweet oranges are Valencia orange and Jaffa orange, which are very suitable for juicing or slicing and adding to salads or fruit salads. Navel orange got its name because there is an arc-shaped sign at the end of its fruit stalk, which looks like umbilical cord and is also suitable for salad. Blood orange is small, the skin is slightly rough, and the flesh is sweet and juicy with red spots. Although they can also be added to salads, they are usually eaten alone. Ortanique is another kind of orange, but its appearance is flat.

Enlarge the hole to improve the soil and then apply organic fertilizer.

Expanding holes and improving soil is an extremely important link in planting navel orange, because the root of navel orange is fungal root and the root hair is mycelium aerobic. If the soil is hardened, the soil line is fine, the soil is not fertile, and the root hairs are easy to dry up, which is easy to cause yellowing and defoliation. Therefore, it is necessary to expand holes once a year to improve the soil. Generally speaking, the preferred time is August-10, so that a large number of new roots will grow in that year, and at the same time, it can promote flower bud differentiation. It is best not to arrange it in 65438+February, because the freezing damage will be aggravated in that year, so it is best to arrange it in the following year1-February (before germination). In the first year after planting, a long ditch with a width of 1.2 m and a depth of 0.8 m is arranged in the row spacing, and the exposed root system is trimmed to be flush with the soil wall (about 1/4 horizontal pole is cut off), and the excavated topsoil is piled aside and the subsoil is put aside. The bottom of the whole ditch is slightly inclined to the drainage ditch, which is convenient for drainage. Then each plant is padded with about 30 kg of dry rice straw, 50 kg of pig dung, 5 kg of tung seed cake, 0.75 kg of hair, 1 kg of calcium superphosphate and more than 50 kg of soil mixed fertilizer. Spread rice stalks and coarse materials first. When covering soil13, spread a layer of rice straw to cover the soil, then evenly spread pig manure, soil miscellaneous fertilizer, cake fertilizer, hair and calcium superphosphate, and finally cover all the dug ones. It needs topdressing 3-4 times. According to the conversion, each plant is about 2 kilograms of pure nitrogen fertilizer per year. Some adult trees adopt ditch expansion and transformation, and some have two ditches. First, a furrow is enlarged and expanded in stages. Young trees will expand holes and improve soil year by year, and then start from scratch after completing the national hole expansion and soil improvement in 3-5 years, and so on.

soil management

It is necessary to dig holes and solidify soil, prohibit planting tall plants such as corn and wheat in the garden, and do a good job in rational intercropping and intertillage weeding in the orchard.

Fertilization principle

It is necessary to fully meet the demand of blood orange for various nutrients, advocate more application of organic fertilizer, and rationally apply inorganic fertilizer and formula fertilizer. According to the results of leaf analysis, orchard soil analysis and blood orange phenology, fertilization is guided.

Fertilization method

Mainly based on soil fertilization, combined with foliar fertilization. The methods of annular furrow application, strip furrow application, hole application and soil surface fertilization were adopted.

Fertilization of young trees

Diligent and thin application, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, 5-6 times in spring, summer and autumn, (March, May, June, July, September, 65438+February, 0.4 kg ammonium bicarbonate or 0.2 kg urea per plant each time. 1-3 young trees should be applied with pure nitrogen 100-400g every year, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is1.0: (0.4-0.5):1.0. Adult trees should be fertilized four times, that is, germination accelerating fertilizer, fruit protection fertilizer, fruit strengthening fertilizer and fruit picking fertilizer. Generally, the amount of fertilizer applied is 2-3 kg of chemical fertilizer and one load of manure. Fruit-keeping fertilizer 1-2 kg phosphorus and potassium fertilizer+1 kg chemical fertilizer; Strong fruit fertilizer 1-2 kg chemical fertilizer+1-2 kg phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; The fruit picking fertilizer (base fertilizer) is mainly organic fertilizer, and each plant is applied with 50- 100 kg organic fertilizer+1-2 kg chemical fertilizer.

moisture

Irrigate the soil when it is dry, and drain it when it accumulates water. Plastic trimming 1, principle. Adjust measures to local conditions, prune trees, properly raise and lower them, and ventilate and transmit light to achieve three-dimensional effect. 2, plastic surgery (natural and happy appearance). The trunk is 20-40cm high, and the trunk branches (3-4 branches) are scattered on the trunk. The branching angle of the main branch is 30-50 degrees, and 2-3 auxiliary main branches are left on each main branch. Generally, after the third main branch is formed, the central trunk of this kind is cut off and twisted to one side to form a fruiting branch group.

Young trees: mainly light pruning.

After selecting the extension branches of the class center and the main branches and the extension branches of the auxiliary main branches, moderate or even severe pruning is carried out, and the growth balance among the main branches is adjusted according to the pruning degree and the direction of cutting buds. In addition to properly thinning the over-dense branches, the inner branches and weaker branches in the middle and lower part of the crown should generally be retained. initial

Fruiting period

Continue to choose short cutting to deal with the extension branches of trunk at all levels, erase summer shoots and promote the robust development of autumn shoots. In autumn, measures such as ring cutting, root cutting and water control are taken to promote the flowering of Wangshu.

Full fruit period

Retract the fruiting branch group, falling flower fruiting branch group and declining branch group in time, and cut off the light-blocking branches, dead branches and pest branches. Water is an important part of navel orange. Insufficient or excessive water supply will affect the normal growth and development of navel orange. When there is water shortage, germination is delayed, new shoots are few, tender and short, leaves are small, germination is uneven, flower quality is poor, flowering period is prolonged, flowering is irregular, and fruit development is dry, which causes leaves and fruits to compete for water, so that water in fruits flows back to leaves to hinder fruit growth, resulting in decreased yield and poor quality; It will also affect the occurrence of fibrous roots. When there is too much water, it will promote the excessive growth of branches, affect the differentiation of flower buds, and also cause poor soil ventilation, difficulty in root respiration, affect the normal life activities of roots, and lead to root rot and even death. Therefore, spring is the period when navel oranges germinate, bolt and bloom in large quantities. Only with proper moisture can navel oranges bolt neatly and healthily and bloom normally. Directly, from physiological fruit dropping to fruit coloring, it is a period of rapid fruit growth and autumn shoot germination, which is in urgent need of water and nutrients. When flower buds differentiate in winter, they can be moderately dried.

Moderate pruning, timely budding, and timely bamboo shoots.

The branch length is 6 cm- 18 cm, and the diameter of the bearing branch is 0.3 cm-0.7 cm. Therefore, dead branches, insect branches, cross branches, overlapping branches, riding branches and drooping branches near the ground should be pruned in winter. Weak branches below 5cm should be deleted, too dense branches should be deleted appropriately, and too long branches should be cut short for standby. After fruit setting is basically stable in mid-June every year, fruit thinning and summer bud smearing are started, usually once every 5-7 days, before 3 cm-5 cm, until autumn shoots are released (about August 1). Summer cutting will be carried out at the beginning of July, and spring shoots should be hit hard.

It is sweet in taste and cold in nature, and has the effects of nourishing liver and kidney, promoting fluid production and moistening dryness, and nourishing the purpose of invention. Mulberry fruit is a kind of fresh fruit commonly used by the people for diuresis, health care and summer heat, and its special effect is recorded in Compendium of Materia Medica.

Most mulberries gather into an oval or rectangular aggregate, which consists of many small drupes. They are rectangular, 2-3cm long and1.2-1.8cm in diameter. It is green when it is first ripe, and becomes fleshy, dark purple or red when it matures, with small seeds. The flowering period is from March to May, and the fruiting period is from May to June. Mulberry will also appear yellowish brown, reddish brown to deep purple (rarely milky white when mature), and the fruit stalk is short. Drupe is ovoid, slightly flat, about 2mm long and 65438±0mm wide, with 4 fleshy perianth outside. The smell is slightly sour and sweet.

Mulberry likes warm and humid climate, and is a little shade-tolerant. Germination began when the temperature was above 65438 02℃, and the suitable temperature for growth was 4 ~ 30℃. Above 40℃, it will be inhibited, and below 12℃, it will stop growing.

Born in hills, hillsides, villages, fields and other places, most of them are artificially cultivated.

It is cultivated all over the country and all over the world.

Drought-resistant, waterlogging-resistant, barren-resistant, adaptable to soil, and propagated through seeds, grafting and layering.

seed

Take purple ripe mulberry, rub off the peel, wash the seeds, and then sow or store them in wet sand. Spring sowing, summer sowing and autumn sowing can be done. Summer sowing and autumn sowing can use new seeds of that year. Soak seeds in warm water at 50℃ before sowing, soak them for 65,438+02 hours after natural cooling, and store them in wet sand to accelerate germination and keep them moist all the time. When the seed coat breaks and turns white, sow them. The row spacing is 20cm×30cm, the ditch depth is 1cm, and the seed dosage per 1 hectare is 7.5 ~ 15kg. Cover the soil. It appears after about 10 days. Seedling height is 3 ~ 4 cm, so it should be sparse, weak, reserved and replanted. In spring and autumn, plant seedlings at the spacing of 10 ~ 15 cm.

transplant

Bagging grafting method: 20 days before grafting, the cuttings are cut and stored in wet sand to separate the cortex and xylem at the incision of the rootstock into bags, and then the cuttings are inserted until they are tightly inserted. Bud grafting: T-bud grafting or tubular bud grafting (socket) is adopted in spring and summer.

floor

In early spring, the mother plant is horizontally fixed on the ground, buried in the ditch, exposed at the top, compacted with soil, and separated from the mother plant after rooting. Plant in spring or autumn. According to the row spacing of 2m×0.4m and the hole diameter of 0.5~0.7m, apply decomposed manure at the bottom of the hole, spread a thin layer of soil on the hole, fill in the surface soil after planting, lift the plants upwards and stretch their roots, then fill in the core soil, compact and water. After plastic surgery, some tree species (such as mulberry, dwarf mulberry, medium dry mulberry, high Qian mulberry, Joe mulberry, etc. ) cultivate by pruning, thinning buds and removing cores.

Pruning can be done with fists. Pruning at the base every year, the latent buds grow new branches, and after a few years, they become fist-shaped tree bumps at the pruning place. There are also boxing-free pruning methods, branch-preserving and bud-preserving pruning methods, etc.

Diseases include mulberry atrophy, mulberry wilt, mulberry brown spot, mulberry root-knot nematode disease and so on. Pests include mulberry borer, mulberry geometrid, weevil, mulberry whitefly, mulberry beetle, mulberry thrips, mulberry mites and so on.

China is the first country in the world to plant mulberry and sericulture, and it is also one of the great contributions of the Chinese nation to human civilization. Mulberry has been cultivated for more than 7000 years. In Shang Dynasty, characters such as mulberry, silkworm, silk and silks appeared in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. By the Zhou Dynasty, mulberry picking and sericulture had become an ordinary farm work. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, mulberry trees were planted in pieces.

Eliminate pests and diseases

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

With the deepening of comprehensive development of mulberry fields, mulberry planting is not only about picking leaves to raise silkworms, but also about fruit leaves, and fruit mulberry is prone to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The basic symptoms and prevention methods of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum are introduced as follows:

Basic symptoms

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a major disease of mulberry, commonly known as mulberry white fruit disease, which belongs to fungal disease; When the mulberry blooms, the bacteria begin to invade, resulting in symptoms and white color; The diseased fruit has no commodity and edible value. Fruit mulberry varieties are more susceptible to disease, and if not prevented in time, the incidence rate of serious plots will be as high as 90% or more.

Prevention and cure method

1. control time: it is divided into three times, once every 7- 10 days.

The first time: the first flowering period (when the mulberry flower first blooms);

The second time: flowering (mulberry flowers are in full bloom);

The third time: immature stage (mulberry flowers began to decrease and the first fruit appeared);

2. Counterpart pesticide: 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times or 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1000 times.

Matters needing attention

1. When spraying, the fog point must be fine and thoughtful, and spraying cannot be missed. Generally, the dosage per mu is 3~4 bags, and the inflorescences, leaves and branches are fully wet, with dripping water as the degree.

2, thiophanate methyl and carbendazim should be used alternately.

3. The pesticide concentration should be prepared according to the standard during prevention and control, and it is not allowed to increase the concentration at will, otherwise it will not be conducive to future prevention and control. The prevention of mulberry diseases is mainly based on prevention, and early prevention should be paid attention to.

Mulberry bacterial wilt

1. Strengthen plant quarantine and cultivate disease-free seedlings.

2, reasonable picking mulberry leaves, in the process of picking leaves and feeding silkworms all year round, try to reduce bleeding.

3. Promote no-tillage cultivation and implement land rotation.

4. Popularize disease-resistant varieties such as Shengdong 1 ..

5, timely eliminate mulberry field water.

6, remove mulberry diseased plants and chemical control. When the diseased plant is found, it should be dug up and burned in time, and the area around the diseased site should be watered with mixed solution of copper and ammonium, that is, 3 kg of ammonium carbonate and 0.5 kg of copper sulfate, sealed in plastic bags for 24 hours, and 200 kg of water per kg should be poured on the roots, every 7 days 1 time, three times in a row.

The focus of bacterial wilt control is to strengthen the cultivation management and agricultural control of mulberry fields.

mulberry broken tip disease

Mulberry shoot broken disease is a common mulberry disease in northern silkworm areas in recent years, which is more serious in southern Shaanxi spring silkworm areas and has also been found in other areas.

(1) Occurrence characteristics: The disease occurred at the base of new shoots. After the symptoms of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (white mulberry disease) were obvious, the stem gradually turned brown, and the basal cortex of the new stem slowly expanded from punctate to surrounding patches. Callus is produced at the diseased spot of the new shoot, and cracks appear first, and then the diseased spot sinks, resulting in ring constriction. The lesion becomes thinner due to dehydration, and it is easy to break and hang upside down in wind, rain or the upper part.

(2) Prevention and control methods:

① Artificial control: It was found that white mulberry was removed in time, burned centrally, and the green fruit was removed in the green fruit stage, and the control effect was good.

② Chemical control: Generally, 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder 1000 ~ 1500 times solution or 50% thiophanate ethyl wettable powder (800 ~ 1000 times solution) is sprayed at mulberry flowering stage to kill germs.

Mulberry germplasm collected and preserved in China belongs to 1.

There are 5 species and 3 varieties of mulberry, which is the country with the largest variety of mulberry in the world. Among them, the cultivated varieties are mulberry, white mulberry, Guangdong mulberry and Mizuho mulberry. Wild mulberry species include long spike mulberry, long fruit mulberry, black mulberry, China mulberry, fine tooth mulberry, Mongolian mulberry, mountain mulberry, Sichuan mulberry, Tang ghost mulberry, Yunnan mulberry and chicken mulberry; The varieties are ghost mulberry (Mongolian mulberry variety), big leaf mulberry (white mulberry variety) and drooping mulberry (white mulberry variety).

Mature mulberry fruits (purple and red) are rich in nutrition, and each100g contains 81.8g of water, 48kcal of energy and 0/.6 ~1.8g of protein. Fat 0.3-0.4g, dietary fiber (cellulose) 3.3-4.9g, carbohydrate10-12.9g, ash10.2g, vitamin A 3 microgram, carotene 20-30g, thiamine 0.02mg and riboflavin 0.

In addition, it also contains tannic acid, malic acid, vitamin C and fatty acids. Its fat is mainly linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and a small amount of caprylic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, myristic acid and linolenic acid.

As early as more than two thousand years ago, Mulberry was the imperial tonic of Emperor China. Mulberry is also called "folk sacred fruit" because of its special growth environment, which has the characteristics of natural growth and no pollution. Modern research has confirmed that mulberry fruit is rich in active protein, vitamins, amino acids, carotene, minerals, resveratrol, anthocyanins and other components, and its nutrition is 5-6 times that of apples and 4 times that of grapes. With multiple functions, it is praised as "the best health fruit in 2 1 century" by the medical community. Eating mulberry often can significantly improve human immunity, and has the effects of delaying aging and beauty beauty.

The fatty acids in 1. Mulberry have the functions of decomposing fat, reducing blood lipid and preventing arteriosclerosis.

2. Mulberry contains ufosin, which can make hair black and shiny;

3. Mulberry can improve the blood supply of skin (including scalp), nourish skin, make skin white and tender, blacken hair, etc., and delay aging;

4. Mulberry has the function of immune promotion, which can prevent and fight cancer;

5. Mulberry mainly enters the liver and kidney, and is good at nourishing yin and nourishing blood, promoting fluid production and moistening dryness, and is suitable for symptoms such as deficiency of yin and blood in liver and kidney, deficiency of body fluid to quench thirst and intestinal dryness;

6, often eating mulberry can improve vision and relieve the symptoms of eye fatigue and dryness.

Teach you to understand the nutritional composition table of mulberry. As can be seen from the table on the right, the dietary fiber and vitamin E of mulberry are higher than the average compared with similar foods. See the chart for the contents and functions of various nutrients in mulberry.

The daily recommended amount mentioned in the table refers to the average daily intake of ordinary adults in a certain period of time. According to the regulations of China Nutrition Society, the recommended intake of different people in different periods is different. Of course, these values do not mean that every nutrient must be ingested in such a large amount every day, as long as the average intake of fat-soluble vitamins reaches this value within a period of time.

Mulberry is green and sour when tender, purple and black when ripe, and the juice is sweet. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that Mulberry has the effects of nourishing liver and kidney, nourishing yin and calming wind, and can be used to treat palpitation and insomnia's disease, dizziness, tinnitus, constipation, night sweats, lymphoid tuberculosis, joint pain and other diseases.

Mulberry has the functions of improving blood supply to skin (including scalp), nourishing skin, whitening and blackening hair, and delaying aging. Mulberry is a good fruit medicine for middle-aged and elderly people to keep fit, beautify and resist aging. Eating mulberries regularly can improve eyesight and relieve the symptoms of eye fatigue and dryness. Mulberry has the function of promoting immunity. Mulberry can increase spleen weight, enhance hemolytic reaction, prevent human arteriosclerosis and osteoarthropathy, and promote metabolism. It can promote the growth of red blood cells, prevent leukopenia, and play an auxiliary role in treating diabetes, anemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, neurasthenia and other diseases. Mulberry has the functions of promoting fluid production, quenching thirst, promoting digestion and helping defecation. Proper consumption can promote gastric juice secretion, stimulate intestinal peristalsis and relieve dryness and heat. Chinese medicine believes that mulberry tastes sweet and cold, and has the functions of nourishing liver and kidney, promoting fluid production and moistening intestines, and enriching the mind? [ 1]? .

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang usurped the throne, and Prince Liu Xiu of the Eastern Palace set out to attack Wang Mang in Nanyang, determined to restore the Liu family in the Han Dynasty. However, near Youzhou, he was defeated by Su Xian, a general under Wang Mang. When Liu Xiu fled the battlefield, he was left alone. He was stabbed in the chest and got a poisonous arrow in his left leg. Just as he pulled out the poisoned arrow and bandaged the wound, he wanted to sit down and have a rest. Shouts of "Catch Liu Xiu, don't let Liu Xiu get away" came from behind.

Hearing this, Liu Xiu hurriedly hid in a forest not far ahead, and the pursuer passed, but Liu Xiu knew that it was close to the enemy's camp, and he had no horse weapons, and he was injured himself. If he goes out, he will be caught. The best thing to do now is to find a safe place to hide. Thinking of this, he endured the pain and walked forward. Walking, I found an abandoned brick kiln in front. "Hide here first." Liu Xiu thought, and then looked around, no one went in.

This brick kiln has been abandoned for many years, with weeds and broken bricks everywhere. After Liu Xiu went in, he checked it carefully and found a place to sit down after confirming safety. Maybe he's too tired, maybe he's having a poison attack. Liu Xiu fainted as soon as she sat down. One day, two days, three days ... When Liu Xiu opened his eyes again, it was the seventh night after the defeat.