When did ancient labor implement cash employment system?

With the resistance of craftsmen from all over the Ming Dynasty, in the 21st year of Chenghua (1485), the Ming government changed the way of exploiting shift craftsmen, allowing them to "contract with silver (hire with cash)". After the Qing Dynasty, the craftsman registration system gradually loosened and eventually collapsed.

However, the shadow of the craftsman registration system always existed in the late feudal society of China, which restricted and influenced the formation of the free manual working class. Although in the late Ming Dynasty, it was possible to replace the labor force with silver, the essence of the craftsman registration system has not changed, and craftsmen are still exploited without compensation.

In the Qing dynasty, it was also a misnomer to announce the abolition of the craftsman registration system and to serve and use craftsmen in various forms. Then, after "one body and two wars", the abolition of the craftsman registration system was of real practical significance until it spread to the land.

Extended data:

The life of a craftsman

Artisans "never come early every day" when they are on duty (they go to work early every day), and they try to "leave at dusk" under the supervision of officials (they don't leave until dark), and their work is very hard. Some of them are influenced by the whole family.

Most of them were originally captured craftsmen or forced to be captured by craftsmen. They have no other income except salt and grain distributed by the government and occasional clothes, so their life is very difficult, they have no food and clothes, and their children are often mortgaged.

The other part is that craftsmen themselves join the hospital service and get a share of salt and grain. After work, they can go home to work with their families and buy and sell on their own. Most of them are craftsmen distributed by the people, and their situation is better than the former. However, officials at all levels in administrative hospitals often find excuses to "catch shadows and eat away at craftsmen". Therefore, no matter which part of craftsmen are exploited and oppressed, they are all very heavy, but the degree is somewhat different.

Like civilian households, military households and station households, there are also some wealthy households among craftsmen, and the Yuan government selects bureau officials from them, and the treatment is different from that of ordinary craftsmen.

Artisans belong to the Ministry of Industry. They are divided into two categories: shift craftsmen and life craftsmen.

In the early Ming Dynasty, it was stipulated that shift craftsmen had to work in the official manual workshop once a year or five years, with an average of three months in each shift, while residential craftsmen worked in the official manual workshop for ten days every month. If they don't go to work, they must pay a sum of money every month to be employed by the official government.

These two types of craftsmen can work freely outside their duties, and to some extent, they get rid of the shackles of being imprisoned in official manual workshops all the year round. But the craftsman is still the death of his father and the inheritance of his son's identity, and the service is always filled. Artisans' children were recruited into the "Young Artisans" of the Neifu Women's Red Bureau. Except for some miscellaneous taxes, craftsmen can't be exempted from official duties and taxes.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Craftsman System