Geological disaster prevention and control

Since the prevention and control of geological disasters in mining areas often involves the relocation and relocation of the people in the mining areas, and is closely related to the interests of the people in the mining areas, the relevant content of the prevention and control of geological disasters is introduced here to facilitate further overall coordination with the construction of harmonious mining areas.

(1) The basic connotation of geological disaster prevention and control

Geological disaster prevention and control refers to the prevention and control of mountain collapses and landslides that are caused by natural effects or human factors and cause harm to people's lives and property safety. , debris flows, ground subsidence, ground fissures, ground subsidence and other geological phenomena. Through effective geological engineering means, we can change the process of these geological disasters to achieve the purpose of mitigating or preventing disasters. Geological disaster prevention and control work follows the principle of giving priority to prevention, combining prevention with control, comprehensive planning, and comprehensive management.

(2) Relevant policies for the prevention and control of geological disasters

Currently, the main legal document for the prevention and control of geological disasters in my country is the "Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters" (State Council Order No. 394) and the "Decision on Strengthening the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters."

The "Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters" promulgated by the State Council in 2003 is my country's first administrative regulation specifically targeting the prevention and control of geological disasters. The promulgation of this regulation is of great significance. It establishes the basic principles and main legal systems for geological disaster prevention and control, proposes disaster prevention measures, and establishes civil, administrative and criminal responsibilities.

The regulations mainly establish the following three principles: First, the principle of "prevention first, combining avoidance with governance, comprehensive planning, and highlighting key points"; second, "geological disasters caused by natural factors, People's governments at all levels are responsible for governance; geological disasters caused by human factors are governed by the principle of "whoever caused it will control it". The third is the principle of "unified management, division of labor and collaboration" for geological disaster prevention and control; the land and resources department of the State Council is responsible for the organization, coordination, guidance and supervision of geological disaster prevention and control nationwide. Other relevant departments of the State Council are responsible for relevant geological disaster prevention and control work in accordance with their respective duties.

The "Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters" stipulates the following five main legal systems: First, the geological disaster investigation system. It has been established that the land and resources authorities, together with the construction, water conservancy, railway, transportation and other departments, organize and carry out geological disaster surveys based on geological environmental conditions, and prepare corresponding geological disaster prevention and control plans based on the surveys. The second is the geological disaster forecasting system. The issuing agency and forecast content are established. The third is the geological disaster risk assessment system for engineering construction in geological disaster-prone areas. The fourth is to implement a qualification management system for units engaged in geological disaster risk assessment. The fifth is the "three simultaneities" system for geological disaster control projects implemented in conjunction with construction projects.

The "Regulations on Geological Disaster Prevention and Control" also stipulates five disaster prevention measures that people's governments at all levels must take in terms of geological disaster prevention and management: first, the country establishes a geological disaster monitoring network and early warning information system; second, counties Local people's governments at or above the county level must formulate annual geological disaster prevention and control plans and announce their implementation; third, people's governments at or above the county level must formulate and publish emergency plans for sudden geological disasters; fourth, people's governments at or above the county level may, according to geological disaster rescue and relief work, It is necessary to establish a geological disaster emergency and disaster relief command organization, under the leadership of the people's government at the same level, to uniformly command and organize geological disaster rescue and disaster relief work; fifthly, counties, townships and villages in geological disaster-prone areas should strengthen group monitoring of geological disasters Group defense work.

In 2011, the State Council issued the "Decision on Strengthening the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters" (referred to as the "Decision"), which comprehensively and systematically guided the prevention and control of geological disasters and was of great significance in building a new mechanism for geological disasters. The "Decision" puts forward the following principles: the principle of territorial management; the principle of government organization and leadership, departmental division of labor and cooperation, and the joint participation of the whole society; the principle of comprehensive prevention and control of geological disasters; the combination of specialized groups, group testing and group prevention principle. It expands the principles of the "Regulations on Geological Disaster Prevention and Control" and enriches the ideas for geological disaster prevention and control.

The "Decision" also proposed that "all regions should explore the formulation of preferential policies to encourage and attract social funds to invest in geological disaster prevention and control work." "Build a pattern of joint participation of the whole society in geological disaster prevention and control work.

Encourage citizens, legal persons and other social organizations to jointly care about and support the cause of geological disaster prevention and control. People's governments at all levels should commend and reward units and individuals that have made outstanding achievements in the prevention and control of geological disasters. "The content of the last section of the "Decision" actually pointed out the direction of the new mechanism for geological disaster prevention and control.

The General Office of the State Council subsequently issued the "Key Tasks for Implementing the State Council's Decision on Strengthening Geological Disaster Prevention and Control Work" "Notice on the Division of Work Plan" further clarified the responsibilities and tasks of local people's governments at all levels and relevant departments. In 2012, the State Council agreed to issue and implement the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters" and the "National Plan for the Prevention and Control of Land Subsidence", which were determined. The specific goals and tasks of my country's geological disaster prevention and control work in the future period are set out.

The "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development" proposes "to improve the disaster prevention and reduction system and enhance the ability to withstand natural disasters." The third section of Article 26 specifically discusses "strengthening the prevention and control of flash floods, geological, meteorological and earthquake disasters" and requires: "Improve the prevention and control capabilities of flash floods and geological disasters, and accelerate the establishment of disaster investigation and evaluation systems, monitoring and early warning systems, prevention and control systems, and emergency response systems. system, and accelerate the implementation of relocation avoidance and key management. Strengthen the prevention and control of flash flood geological disasters in key periods and areas, carry out monitoring, early warning and comprehensive management demonstrations for key sudden geological disasters such as landslides and debris flows, and carry out comprehensive management of slowly changing geological disasters such as ground subsidence and ground fissures in important cities and regions. ”

(3) The effectiveness and related measures of geological disaster prevention and control

Although the geological disaster situation in my country is severe, the geological disaster prevention and control work that has been carried out has achieved remarkable results. Since 2006, the country* ** More than 3,200 geological disasters have been successfully avoided, and more than 200,000 people directly threatened by geological disasters have been relocated. Disaster prevention and reduction have achieved remarkable results. First of all, my country's geological disaster prevention and control work has made a series of achievements in institutional construction, system construction, and infrastructure construction. Important progress. The system of laws and regulations has been initially established, the "Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters" and relevant local laws and regulations, and the "National Emergency Plan for Geological Disasters" have been successively promulgated and introduced. Cities and counties have issued and implemented emergency plans and prevention plans, and there are rules for qualification management, information submission and emergency response. Secondly, the geological disaster investigation and zoning work for 2020 counties (cities) has been completed; the Three Gorges Resettlement Project. , the recovery and reconstruction of earthquake-stricken areas, and the earthquake disaster assessment of key national projects such as the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and the West-East Gas Pipeline have achieved practical results; a national geological environment monitoring institute, 32 provincial-level monitoring stations, and 233 municipal-level monitoring substations have been established and 166 county-level monitoring stations, and a team of more than 100,000 mass monitoring and prevention monitors has been established; 866 "Ten Counties", "Ten Thousand Villages Training Action" and "County, Township and Village Cadres" have been established "Land and Resources Legal Knowledge Publicity and Education" has trained more than 3 million people, and the grassroots "Five in Place" publicity campaign has trained 100,000 people; completed emergency rescue work for many major geological disasters such as the secondary disaster investigation of Wenchuan and Yushu earthquakes; central and local governments The government has significantly increased investment in geological disaster prevention and control. These efforts have laid a good foundation for the construction of new mechanisms for geological disaster prevention and control.

All localities have actively carried out exploration of new mechanisms for geological disaster prevention and control, and issued a series of documents to try. Using new ideas and new methods to promote geological disaster prevention and control, many typical experiences in geological disaster prevention and control have emerged. For example, in response to the widespread problem of insufficient governance funds, various provinces have explored and used different methods, through finance, land, remaining mineral resources, finance, In the process of exploration, many good governance models have also been formed, such as Guangxi’s “Wuzhou Model” and Anhui’s “Houhu Model”. Remarkable results have been achieved. Not only that, good ideas and experiences have been formed in the prevention and control of geological disasters such as "group detection and prevention", "five-line construction" and "ten county construction", as well as the "five-in-place work" of the township land and resources office. By exploring governance, provinces and regions have gained rich governance experience and provided strong practical support for the prevention and control of geological disasters.

(4) Suggestions for the prevention and control of geological disasters

1. Build a system of “coordinating governance and construction, splicing projects, bundling disasters and profits, promoting both business and public affairs, following the trend, and benefiting many parties” New comprehensive management mechanism to speed up the progress of engineering management of geological disaster hazard points

Geological hazard hazard points often gather a variety of resources such as land resources, mineral resources, ecological environment, tourism resources, infrastructure, towns and residential buildings, etc. , multi-faceted protection needs and multi-dimensional construction goals, all localities should mobilize all positive factors based on local realities, make full use of various incentive and guidance policies and regulations, tap the capital value of various resources, integrate needs from all aspects, and coordinate all aspects The department's construction planning and funding, combined with other construction and development projects, can not only control the hidden danger points of geological hazards to provide geological environment safe development space for other undertakings, but also take advantage of the trend during the construction and development process to eliminate geological hazards. Disaster hazards. All localities should open up ideas, actively explore, and establish comprehensive management of geological disaster engineering with local characteristics, coordinated construction, project splicing, bundling of disasters and benefits, equal emphasis on public and commercial affairs, disaster management and benefit, multi-party win-win, and multi-objective overall planning. new mechanism.

"Coordination of governance and construction" means to integrate geological disaster engineering management with economic and social construction activities, such as poverty alleviation and development, mountain poverty alleviation, ecological migration, new rural construction, small town construction, cultural tourism, and municipal engineering construction , urban landscape beautification, etc. shall be coordinated to control geological disasters with a "constructive disaster management model".

"Project splicing" means to combine special geological disaster management projects with projects from other departments, such as hydropower construction projects, soil and water conservation projects, small watershed management projects, flash flood control projects, road, railway and airport construction projects, Environmental protection projects, ecological construction projects, housing security projects, natural forest protection projects, farmland water conservancy projects, rural water reform projects, etc. are spliced ??together and implemented in a "departmental project splicing model" to not only control geological disasters, but also Other departments and businesses can be developed in geological disaster areas.

If there are land resources, mineral resources or leisure landscape resources that can be developed and utilized within the hidden danger points of geological disasters and their scope of influence, the geological disaster hidden danger management requirements can be bundled with the rights and interests of resource development - that is, " "Disaster and Profit Bundling", transfer land use rights, mining rights, and landscape resource management and utilization rights with requirements for geological disaster hazard management through bidding, auction, and listing, or through pilot projects linked to real estate development, land consolidation and reclamation, and the increase or decrease of urban and rural construction land. , remaining mineral resources development, tourism and leisure landscape development and other other projects are bundled with the "land construction disaster control model", "land reclamation and consolidation disaster control model", "real estate development disaster control model", "urban and rural construction land increase and decrease" It operates through methods such as "Linked Disaster Control Model", "Mining Disaster Control Model", and "Tourism Development Disaster Control Model" to attract social funds and realize engineering management of geological disaster hazards.

"Public and business simultaneously" means to give full play to the respective functions and advantages of public welfare projects and commercial governance models. Those who can use market mechanisms and business model governance should try to operate as business models, otherwise they should operate as public welfare projects and commercial governance models. It is carried out in the form of investment, public projects and public welfare undertakings.

2. Incorporate geological disaster avoidance and relocation into government planning as a people's livelihood project and development project, and establish a system of "financial support, departmental linkage, social support, relocation of all necessary areas, benefit to the masses, and site selection for development" Geological disaster avoidance and relocation mechanism

Geological disaster avoidance and relocation is an important way to prevent and control geological disasters. All localities should pay more attention and actively implement it. If it is determined through investigation and evaluation that the engineering management of geological disaster hazards is technically unfeasible and economically unreasonable, a plan should be formulated to reasonably avoid residents in the hazard areas and their affected areas as soon as possible and move all residents away. All localities should incorporate geological disaster avoidance and relocation into their economic and social development plans as major public welfare projects, public welfare projects, and people's livelihood projects, and do a good job in implementing them. All localities should introduce relevant policies to combine geological disaster avoidance and relocation with major socio-economic measures promoted by governments at all levels such as regional development, new rural construction, industrial cultivation, ecological migration, and poverty alleviation, and coordinate solutions.

All localities should actively establish geological disaster avoidance and relocation public welfare funds and social donation mechanisms, and actively strive for financial support from various public welfare charities for geological disaster avoidance and relocation projects. Various localities can also organically combine geological disaster avoidance and relocation work with homestead reclamation, land consolidation and other work, and use part of the proceeds to feed back to the people, so that they can truly move and live stably.

All localities should formulate management measures for geological disaster avoidance and relocation to regulate avoidance and relocation actions. Local land and resources departments must be responsible for the application, review, identification, and supervision and management of geological disaster avoidance and relocation projects. The financial department is responsible for the implementation of funds. Relevant functional departments must be responsible for ecological migration, poverty alleviation, and new rural construction. Organization and management of avoidance relocation projects. For land used for geological disaster avoidance and relocation housing, various localities can cut off the construction land indicators, add special planning indicators for construction land for geological disaster avoidance and relocation projects, simplify the land use project approval procedures, arrange the construction land for geological disaster avoidance and relocation projects, and effectively Solve the problem of difficulty in relocation due to geological disasters. The selection of pilot projects linking the increase and decrease of urban and rural construction land should be tilted towards areas with many geological disaster avoidance and relocation projects. In terms of avoidance relocation and compensation resettlement, the government must be the main body of the demolition, do a good job in soliciting public opinion, carefully carry out geological disaster risk assessment and project feasibility studies, and fully conduct a thorough analysis of the social risks, financial risks and social and economic benefits of project implementation. Argument. Resolutely prevent, investigate and deal with forced demolitions and expropriations for relocation projects under the pretext of geological disasters, and effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of the people. For projects that combine land consolidation and urban and rural increase and decrease linkage pilot projects to carry out geological disaster prevention and control, it is necessary to ensure that project operations comply with the relevant regulations of the State Council and the Ministry of Land and Resources on the urban and rural increase and decrease linkage system.

3. Establish an emergency rescue system of "joint construction of prefectures and regions and mobilization of all parties" to improve emergency rescue capabilities for geological disaster prevention and control

The focus of the construction of the geological disaster emergency rescue system is geological disasters Cities, counties, townships, villages, groups and their schools, hospitals and small and micro enterprises in prone areas. Due to insufficient talent, technology, team building, funds, equipment and materials, cities, counties, townships, villages, groups and their schools, hospitals and small and micro enterprises across my country are often weak links in the construction of geological disaster emergency rescue capabilities. Municipal and county governments in geological disaster-prone areas should establish emergency management offices as soon as possible and establish emergency centers through "prefecture-local joint construction" - municipal and county governments and geological survey units engaged in geological disaster prevention and control, geological and mining engineering survey and design Municipal and county-level emergency centers shall be jointly established by contacting hospitals and other institutions. The municipal and county-level governments shall provide work sites, necessary equipment and work subsidy funds. The jointly established geological survey units shall dispatch sufficient professional and technical personnel to the municipal and county emergency centers on a long-term basis or During the flood season, he is stationed in the city and county and is responsible for the technical work and training of the emergency center. Townships, villages, groups, schools, hospitals and enterprises in geological disaster-prone areas should actively mobilize to establish their own emergency teams, formulate emergency plans, equip emergency equipment, reserve emergency supplies, and build geological disaster emergency shelters. , carry out emergency drills under the guidance of the county-level emergency center. The emergency command agencies of the municipal and county governments and the emergency plans prepared by them must proactively incorporate the local garrison, armed police, fire brigade, and militia into the emergency rescue system, and clarify the emergency rescue tasks and emergency rescue equipment equipment standards of the local garrison, armed police, fire brigade, and militia. and emergency drill requirements, and establish a communication and coordination mechanism. Through the method of "joint construction of prefectures and regions and mobilization of all parties", we will establish an emergency rescue system with strong emergency command, professional emergency technical support, strong practical ability of emergency rescue teams, and sufficient emergency material and equipment to improve emergency rescue capabilities for geological disaster prevention and control.

4. Establish a rural geological disaster prevention and control system of "technical assistance, service outsourcing, full-time monitoring, subsidies and rewards" to improve rural geological disaster prevention and control technical capabilities

Strengthen rural geological disaster prevention and control work The key is to solve the problem of shortage of professional and technical personnel and funds.

Governments at all levels should actively explore the establishment of a rural geological disaster prevention and control technical assistance system and a geological disaster prevention and control service outsourcing system, actively establish a fiscally supported rural geological disaster prevention and control technical assistance subsidy fund, and encourage geological disaster prevention and control-related professional technical units and professional technicians to Provide technical assistance in geological disaster risk assessment, geological disaster prevention and control engineering survey, design, supervision, etc. in rural housing, road construction, and engineering construction in geological disaster-prone areas. All provinces must formulate measures to clarify the social responsibilities of technical assistance for geological disaster prevention and control of professional technical units and professional technical personnel related to geological disaster prevention and control, as well as their areas of responsibility and work tasks. Professional technical units and professional technicians related to geological disaster prevention and control should complete a certain amount of geological disaster prevention and control technical work every year. Professional technical units and professional technical personnel who have not completed the technical assistance tasks shall not undertake the tasks of geological environment and geological disaster investigation and evaluation and prevention and control engineering exploration, design, construction and geological disaster risk assessment tasks with financial investment at all levels. Governments at all levels can also outsource geological disaster prevention and control technical services in rural areas prone to geological disasters to relevant professional technical units and professional technicians.

The geological disaster group detection and prevention system is an important means for the prevention and control of geological disasters in my country. All localities should actively establish a team of full-time monitors for rural geological disasters group measurement and prevention during the flood season, introduce funding subsidies and reward measures for rural geological disasters group measurement and prevention monitors, and provide subsidies and communication fees of more than 1,000 yuan per year to group measurement and prevention monitors. , equipped with free mobile phones, monitoring equipment, support equipment, etc., to improve the effectiveness of geological disaster monitoring during the flood season. All localities should also evaluate the monitoring performance of monitors after the flood season, set up awards, and publicly commend and reward outstanding group monitoring and prevention monitors.

5. Build an investment mechanism for geological disaster prevention and control with "fiscal investment guidance, economic policy incentives, and commercial financing support" to enhance the financial guarantee for geological disaster prevention and control

Local governments should make geological disasters a priority Prevention and control should be included in the annual financial budget. Land and resources departments at all levels actively coordinate to raise funds for geological disaster prevention and control through various channels. Various localities can withdraw a certain proportion of funds from fiscal revenue such as land transfer revenue, paid usage fees for new construction land, exploration and mining rights prices and usage fees, paid usage fees for mineral resources, coal price adjustment funds and sustainable development fees to establish Special financial project for geological disaster prevention and control. Those who use the remaining resources of abandoned mines to attract enterprises to carry out geological disaster prevention and control shall be exempted from resource tax. All localities should also actively seek international and domestic commercial loans and explore commercial financing models such as BT and BOT to solve funding problems.

6. Establish a social compensation and relief mechanism with the core of "geological disaster insurance system and geological disaster relief public welfare fund system" as soon as possible, and improve the post-geological disaster social relief system

All localities should study it as soon as possible Establish a geological disaster social assistance mechanism with the geological disaster insurance system and the geological disaster relief public welfare fund system as the core. Geological disaster insurance has the functions of sharing geological disaster risks, providing economic compensation, implementing social assistance, and scientifically assessing losses. All localities should introduce policies to encourage the construction of geological disaster insurance mechanisms, establish financially supported geological disaster insurance funds, encourage and guide insurance institutions to set up geological disaster prevention and control-related insurance, and enhance the whole society's geological disaster risk prevention awareness and capabilities and geological disaster relief capabilities. Geological disaster insurance can be designed as an independent insurance type, or it can be combined with rural housing insurance, agricultural insurance, natural disaster insurance, etc. to develop comprehensive insurance types. The core of the construction of the geological disaster insurance system is to establish compulsory liability insurance for geological disaster prevention and control in resource development and engineering construction, and geological disaster injury and damage insurance with houses, farmland, gardens, and human beings as the insurance subjects. All localities should actively study the establishment of public welfare funds for geological disaster prevention and control, provide a platform for public charity donations for geological disaster prevention and control from all walks of life, and strengthen social donation and rescue service capabilities for geological disaster prevention and control.

7. Establish a leadership responsibility system for geological disaster prevention and control in which "government leaders are responsible, departments are jointly responsible, and work is divided into different parts and all responsibility is assigned", and the prevention and control leadership responsibilities of relevant agency personnel are clarified

All localities should issue government documents to clarify the main responsibilities of the government and its various departments in the prevention and control of geological disasters, and actively promote the construction of a joint responsibility mechanism for the prevention and control of geological disasters. Establish a "division of labor, sharding, and responsibility" responsibility system for geological disaster prevention and control leaders, a project management responsibility system, and an annual responsibility assessment system. Formulate methods for identifying responsibilities for geological disaster prevention and control, and establish an expert evaluation system for geological disasters. Implement a system to supervise the listing of major geological disaster sites.