Da nang slogan

1953, peace in Korea temporarily ended the bloody confrontation between the two camps in the world. Three years later, in 1956, this confrontation resumed in Vietnam.

The deep-seated reason of this long and endless war lies in the confrontation between the two superpowers. The Vietnam War, like the Korean War, originated from the division of the country: Vietnam was divided into South Vietnam and North Vietnam. This decision was made at the Geneva Conference held on July 26th, 1954 at/KLOC-0 after the French colonial rule over Indian zhina ended.

The Geneva Conference decided to divide zhina into two parts: Laos and Cambodia are independent, and Viet Nam is divided into two parts along the line of north latitude 17. The north is a producer country led by Ho Chi Minh, and most of its members are Vietnamese trade union personnel. The Viet Nam Independence Union has been trying to drive France out of Southeast Asia. In the south, citizens of the country led by King Paul also fought against French colonial rule, but these citizens, like the king, did not accept the ideology of * * *. On July 1949 and 1 day, with the support of France, Baoda established the Kingdom of Vietnam, with Saigon as its capital. 1957, US President Truman recognized this kingdom and prepared to send troops and military advisers to Saigon. Historically, this is the first time that the United States has been involved in the future tragedy of Vietnam.

According to the Geneva Treaty, free elections will be held within two years, and the government with the majority of votes will lead the country to achieve national reunification. This plan, or this dream, has never come true.

Before General Wu Yuanjia finally attacked the fortifications of Dien Bien Phu in France, US Secretary of State john foster dulles proposed to Eisenhower that the United States should intervene instead of France, but it met with firm opposition. But in any case, the United States decided to help newly independent South Vietnam according to the Geneva Treaty.

First of all, Washington wants Baoda to appoint the prime minister of his choice, or at least arrange what Washington thinks is "their people." In the late 1930s, Wu Tingyan, who was exiled to the United States, became the British Prime Minister. But his paternalistic pursuit of power is exactly what America wants. Wu Tingyan's arrival coincided with Bauda's final departure (withdrawal from the political arena). About 225 American officers and 60 soldiers arrived in Saigon in the summer of 1964 to train local troops as instructors. According to the Geneva Convention, neither South Vietnam nor North Vietnam should build their own fortifications, let alone form a military alliance with the outside world.

In short, the typical cold war mechanism has begun to take shape. The United States established the southeast asia treaty organization, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in Southeast Asia, which is a convention signed by the United States, Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Pakistan, the Philippines and South Vietnam. This action was protested by China and the Soviet Union. The referendum plan to reunify two Vietnam failed to come true: both governments opposed it. Wu Tingyan put forward a good reason: North Vietnam has no political freedom, so people should vote according to their own wishes. Ho Chi Minh believes that only when Saigon leaves ASEAN will he believe that people have the right to vote freely.

The last Frenchman left Saigon on April 28th. 1956. The Americanization of South Vietnam began some time ago. The dollar replaced the franc, and English gradually became the second language of the country. Wu Tingyan was not opposed by Americans. In addition to serving as prime minister, he is also seeking to replace Bauda (who returned to the Blue Coast after resigning) as head of state and commander-in-chief of the army. Wu Tingyan is a real dictator, surrounded by people like his sister-in-law, which embarrassed the Americans who once supported him. His sister-in-law is a very beautiful but cruel woman, a thorough Catholic, a deadly enemy of capitalism, and does not accept Buddhism. From the beginning, Wu Tingyan made life difficult for the enemies of the government.

At the beginning of 1959, village leaders began to disappear at the rate of one person a day. Their mutilated bodies were found underground, on river banks and in caves, with a label around their necks that read "enemies of the people". At the end of 1959, the frequency of "political crimes" reached 10 every day, and by the end of 1969, it had risen to an average of 25 cases per day.

The government's repression is equally cruel. As long as there is any suspicion, the special police team will investigate it, and the arrested Vietnamese members will face the fate of dying with their families and friends. During the period from 1960 to 196 1, 18000 Yue * * was executed, and 14000 Yue * * was arrested and tried, and was usually sentenced to death. These figures alone can explain the cruelty of American participation in this civil war. First Truman, then Eisenhower, then Kennedy. 19611February, Kennedy officially announced his support for South Vietnam to continue to fight against Vietnamese guerrillas and strive for independence. The situation has been tense. A year ago, the North Vietnamese government publicly declared that it would "liberate South Vietnam from the yoke of American imperialism". In fact, the North Vietnamese government is declaring a state of war. Kennedy quickly put his words into action: he was the first American president to provide weapons and send military advisers, and also sent armed forces to support South Vietnam. 196 1 12 At the end of the year, the first batch of 400 soldiers arrived in Saigon. In a year or so, this number has increased to 1 12000.

With the help and support of North Vietnam, Vietnam gradually changed its mode of struggle and adopted open guerrilla tactics. The United States has no choice but to provide similar assistance to South Korea. 1963, the number of American "military advisers" increased to 15000 (including 27 generals); They also brought planes and helicopters. The first batch of American wounded were injured in the Vietnam War: 1962 3 1, 1963 77. But this is really just the beginning. In the next few years, the death toll will continue to increase: 1964 146, 1965 1365, 1966 4896. The losses in South Vietnam are even more serious: in the seven years from 1960 to 1966, * * 50,000 South Vietnamese soldiers, policemen and officials died, and157,000 Vietnamese guerrillas died.

This brutal war has two most obvious consequences: the people of Wu Tingyan are increasingly afraid of becoming the enemy of Vietnam, the government is becoming more and more cruel, and the government refuses to accept the reform proposals put forward by American consultants. Economically speaking, these suggestions may make the situation of workers better; Religion and politics will make it easier for Buddhists. Yan Ting has her own ideas. He believes that some Buddhists with different political views have secret ties with Yue * *, so Buddhists are forbidden to display the national flag when celebrating the birthday of Buddha (Sakyamuni in 2587). This caused a strong protest March by Buddhists, and the police opened fire on the crowd. 1in June, 963, the first batch of Buddhist monks set themselves on fire by pouring gasoline on the streets of Saigon. The extreme behavior of monks continued until the end of 10, and their painful scenes were broadcast on TV all over the world, which had a bad influence on the South Vietnamese government.

The situation became so bad that the CIA approved the plan to get rid of Wu Tingyan in Saigon. A group of South Vietnamese generals decided to take action: Wu Tingyan and his brother were assassinated and replaced by a military organization. The first thing the organization did was to change the situation of Buddhists. Three weeks later, 1654381October 22nd, President Kennedy was murdered in Dallas, and the reason was not directly related to the Vietnam War. Vice President lyndon johnson succeeded the President and continued the Vietnam War.

* * * The movement is wider and more powerful. Guerrillas set traps along roads and paths to lure police forces and South Vietnamese troops into the trap. They also dug a 3-mile-long tunnel through which they could appear behind the enemy. The South Vietnamese army was in an extremely difficult situation, and President Johnson decided to expand the participation of American troops. Open war is imminent.

From 65,438 to 0,964, the number of American detachments has increased to 240,000, and it is increasing every year. By 1967, the total strength of the army, navy, air force and maritime forces reached 450,000. In addition, B-25 bombers flew from Guam military base in the Pacific Ocean to North Vietnam for bombing, and more than 50,000 sailors arrived in South Vietnam on warships of the Seventh Fleet.

The open war began at 1964. On August 2, the Seventh Fleet launched a fierce battle with the North Vietnamese army at sea. North Vietnamese troops attacked two American destroyers and sank one, killing 65,438+0,500 sailors. The American government and its military commanders immediately announced that they would retaliate against the cruel attack by the North Vietnamese army. However, The New York Times later refuted this statement (according to the Pentagon report), revealing that the incident was premeditated in advance, and the United States tried to find reasons for its air force to bomb North Vietnamese cities on a large scale. At this point, war is inevitable and nothing can stop it.

At the end of 1964, although the military government in Saigon had assembled 200,000 people, the Vietnamese army still controlled two-thirds of the territory of South Vietnam. The United States was condemned by Vietnam for using incendiary petrol bombs in air strikes. Pope Paul VI has repeatedly called for peace. In the United States, families with boys will feel anxious and afraid when they reach the age of military service. Like other parts of the world, the anti-war sentiment in the United States is also heating up. Some famous intellectuals from western countries, led by British historical philosopher Botran Russell, set up a judicial committee (later became Russell Judicial Committee) and proposed to try the "crimes" committed by the United States in Vietnam. 1967, another world-famous legend Guevara who opposed the "American" war put forward such a slogan: "Create two, three, and thousands of Vietnamese" and organized demonstrations, shouting the slogan "Stop bombing" and opposing the war.

However, with or without incendiary bombs, air strikes have no practical effect, and American planes continue to be shot down by missiles made in the Soviet Union. By the spring of 1967, after 26 months of ineffective confrontation with North Vietnam, 500 planes in the United States were destroyed. The war is still escalating. In 1965, the number of troops participating in the war has reached a very alarming figure: 600,000 South Vietnamese,165,000 Americans, 200,000 Koreans supporting the United States, 230,000 Viet Cong guerrillas, 20,000 North Vietnamese regular soldiers, and a few southeast asia treaty organization members, such as Australian and New Zealand soldiers.

1965, the positional warfare in which American infantry divisions participated was launched for the first time. At the same time, the world's fastest bombing fighter continued to bomb North Vietnam, but it did not produce much strategic effect. Although the bombing target is not aimed at densely populated areas, such as cities, it still cannot prevent the United States from being hated by students all over the world, especially in Europe.

Countries that supported the Soviet Union helped North Vietnam and directly provided assistance to Vietnamese guerrillas on the battlefield. Does the Soviet Union support trucks, MIG -2 1 planes, Sam missiles and helicopters? China supports weapons, including anti-personnel mines and mortars; Czechoslovakia and Poland supported artillery and ships; GDR supports cars, motorcycles and bicycles; Romania provided medical assistance. Faced with this endless war and the increasing death toll, the American public is divided into two factions: the "eagle" faction and the "pigeon" faction. The former is small in number and the latter is large in number.

The United States faces $30 billion in war funding every year, and Wall Street is worried that the United States will repeat the economic recession of 1929. Some strategists in Washington thought that the friction between the Soviet Union and China at that time might be bad for Hanoi. However, unexpectedly, China and the Soviet Union competed to support the military assistance Vietnam needed to see who could provide more weapons assistance to Ho Chi Minh.

Every military government in Saigon is incompetent. On July 9th, Nguyen Cao Ky, a 35-year-old air force general wearing a flight suit, presided over a government meeting, at which he publicized his anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti-anti But in the front line of the fight against * * *, the real achilles heel is the indecisive attitude of General William Westmoreland, the commander-in-chief of the United States. Westmoreland was a battle-hardened general who landed in Sicily during the Second World War and the Korean War. At present, he has been transferred from West Point Military Academy to the front line of South Vietnam. Generally speaking, he is a theorist. He distributed 65.438 billion anti-* * leaflets in Vietnam's * * * positions, but did not attack them violently and cruelly, which led to about 2,000 Vietnamese * * elements "deserting" and "fleeing" to the South Vietnamese army. They didn't come to cooperate with South Vietnam, but to act as spies and sabotage their actions.

14 was the cruelest year in the Vietnam War. The emotion caused by the bloody war in this distant Southeast Asian country led to the worldwide revolutionary movement. Later, this era was called "1960s". In 1968, the image of the United States suffered the heaviest blow, which began with the Spring Festival attack. On October 30th, 65438/KLOC-0, the Vietnamese army and the North Vietnamese army launched a large-scale attack. About 50,000 Vietnamese soldiers and Vietnamese regular army attacked 65,438+040 strategic locations at the same time, including the headquarters of South Vietnamese troops in Saigon. 0 divisions, 30 local cities and 20 air bases in 165438+8. There is no doubt that this is the biggest attack in the whole Vietnam War. Part of Saigon fell under the control of Yue * *, who even set up an interim revolutionary government there. A Vietnamese commando team tried to break into the American embassy, but it was repelled and suffered heavy losses. This operation is very cruel. Westmorland issued a general mobilization to all military forces, demanding immediate recovery from the losses suffered during the last relaxation period. After fierce fighting, they recaptured Saigon and other towns, and at least 30 thousand Vietnamese soldiers were killed. The Spring Festival attack was a full-scale attack. Although this action has important symbolic significance, it is not a military victory. The US military has almost recovered all the positions it once lost, including Hue, the ancient city of this country. But in any case, this action is the turning point of the whole war, which proves to the United States and the world public that the victory of the United States is impossible. The fighting has been fierce for three months. The United States launched a counterattack in the Mekong Delta, which marked the beginning of the "rice field war". At the same time, Vietnam * * * continues to put pressure on the US military base in Xishan. Later, the most serious incident in which the United States was involved in the Vietnam War happened: the Meilai Massacre. 1968 March 16 at 7: 30 am, the first store in America.

1 1 Charlie Company entered Meilai Village. Charlie Company is led by 24-year-old Captain William Cali. Cali's immediate superior Ernest Medina ordered Cali to "destroy all enemies". But the enemy is not in the village of Mele. In fact, there are not many adult men in the village, only women, the elderly and children. However, the order of "complete elimination" was carried out to the letter. Cali first shot at a local hut in horror and ordered his men to follow his example. By 1 1, 347 people were killed. The news of the massacre was not reported to the public for several months, but the soldier Ronald Lidenour, who finished his service, learned the news from his comrades. He took immediate action and wrote a letter to members of Congress, which reached Seymour Hirsch, a journalist who investigated the matter. Later, he won a Pulitzer Prize for his investigation and reporting. In June 1969, Captain Cali was sent back to the United States and accused of being a war criminal. On June 29th, Cali was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in a trial that shocked the whole country. During the trial, another journalist, John Sack, stood by the defendant and wrote a book called Captain Cali. In the book, the lieutenant thinks that he has done nothing but carry out the orders given by Captain Medina. But these orders are only for Vietnamese team members, who should be eliminated without any prisoners-not for women and children. President Nixon reduced his life imprisonment to 20 years. Cali did not serve his sentence, but was released at the end of 1974 and became an insurance broker. Captain Medina and American division commander Senal Koster submitted their resignations. This incident has caused serious differences not only among the American public, but also among the soldiers in the army. In order to further understand this disagreement, it is necessary to know about the three soldiers who tried to stop the massacre. David Egan, a professor at Clemson University (South Carolina), discovered three soldiers in 1988 while studying the American Holocaust. They are Hugh Thompson, Lawrence Colborn and Glenn Andreota. They fly the helicopter, and Thompson is the leader (24 years old, like Captain Cali). Thompson's task is to observe the village of Mele from the air. In the morning, they clearly saw an officer shooting at a young girl. Later, the police officer shot her in the neck and killed her. Thompson decided to land, and they immediately found that many bodies of women, old people and children were thrown into the ditch. They also saw a group of soldiers walking towards a hut, where an old woman and a child with a newborn stood in horror. The pilot opened fire to protect civilians. They rescued more than a dozen villagers. Glen Andreota rescued a two-year-old child clinging to her mother's body. Three weeks later, Andreota died in a plane crash. Thompson and Colborn presented their reports to their superiors, and their actions were rewarded: Thompson won the cross and Colborn won the bronze medal.

Although the massacre in the United States was not committed by special forces, it is impossible to tell the story of the Vietnam War-even a short story-without mentioning the mysterious "green beret". This elite unit has been affirmed by the extreme right-wingers (not only in the United States), but also hated by the beat generation and liberal leaders all over the world because of its extreme nationalist tendencies and brutality. The "green beret" is composed of some volunteers who are particularly good at anti-guerrilla warfare and jungle warfare. They are under the command of the Vietnam Military Cooperation Command and the research and observation team, commonly known as the special operations team, and were established in 1964. At first, the task of the special operations team was to provide training and strategic advice to South Vietnam. Later, the "green beret" gradually began to take secret military action. They carried out a spy mission to find out the hiding place of guerrillas in Vietnam. Their actions, also known as black operations, include illegal murder, sabotage, psychological warfare and providing negative news. They have helicopters and boats for them to enter enemy territory and return to their base. The task force consists of 2,000 Americans and 8,000 Vietnamese, all of whom were selected in strict accordance with the criteria. Headquartered near Saigon. They received special tasks from frontier observation bases such as Bangmeishu, Song Kun and Da Nang. After 1967 1 month, "green berets" were mainly concentrated in three locations: Da Nang as the northern operation base, Song Kun as the central and Laos and Cambodia operation base, and Bangmeishu as the southern operation base. Their standard action team (special reconnaissance team) consists of three American special forces soldiers and nine South Vietnamese locals, and is especially good at fighting Vietnamese in the jungle area and North Vietnamese who cross the north latitude 17 degrees. After paying a heavy price, Yue realized that these "green berets" were hidden in the forest and suddenly appeared in front of them with strong firepower, strong body and courage, which made them doomed.

After the Spring Festival attack of 1968 and the counterattack of the United States, the North Vietnamese regular army will bear the main pressure of the war. However, the political and military prestige of the United States has also been seriously damaged. * * * Republican Richard Nixon became the next president after the election. Although he is a right-winger, he also advocates holding peace talks in Paris in 1969+0.

The United States basically admits that it is impossible to win the Vietnam War. With the military defeat of the United States in Southeast Asia, the Nixon administration had to face up to the growing domestic dissatisfaction. Some passionate protesters refused to perform military service, such as the world-famous heavyweight champion cassius Clay. The reports on the war on TV emphasized its negative effects more. Vietnam has become a symbol of the poor's resistance to imperialism. Protests on university campuses are also very common. At Ohio University, the National Guard illegally used force in the battle and killed four students. The riot quickly spread to universities in Europe, and the word "1960s" (since 1968, student protests spread from Paris to major cities in Germany and Italy) became synonymous with protests. The protest was held in the name of "the great Vietnamese people" and received organizational leadership and economic assistance from the KGB, the national security organization of the Soviet Union. From 1970, the war spread to Cambodia and Laos. The Cambodian coup overthrew Prince Sihanouk, and General Lang Nuo seized power in the capital Phnom Penh. In Laos, the government continues to resist guerrillas. 1at the end of 970, according to the plan drafted by Henry Kissinger, adviser to President Nixon, the United States began to gradually reduce the number of troops stationed in South Vietnam. South Vietnam will fight independently because the United States will limit its support in weapons, ammunition and medicine.

American troops began to gradually withdraw from the United States. By the end of 1972, there were only 43,000 American soldiers left in South Vietnam? They also

Just leaving there. 1On October 27th, the United States and North Vietnam signed a peace agreement in Paris. The war cost the United States 57,000 people. Bodies piled up in South Vietnam. In Laos, Batliao seized power after occupying the capital Vientiane. In Cambodia, Khmer Rouge leader pol pot overthrew the government of Lang Nuo. South Vietnam ruled by Ruan Wenshao resisted until April 30 1975. On this day, the Vietnamese People's Army entered Saigon. When the last American fled the American embassy by helicopter, the whole world was shocked. This war, which began 20 years ago, was aimed at preventing China from becoming a producer of * * *, and finally ended with the withdrawal of the United States. This is painful for the west. For Vietnamese, the war eventually led to more than 2 million deaths, 3 million injuries and 6.5438+0.2 million displacements. For Americans, 57,685 people died and153,000 people were injured. At the dawn of the third millennium, Vietnam is at peace. Saigon, now changed to Ho Chi Minh City, commemorates the industrialist and politician who died in 1969. The new generation rebuilt the city with love and good wishes.

References:

/question/409335 1.html