How to carry out health campaign in the Republic of China

in the twenties and thirties of the 2th century, public opinion shared the same view on the current situation of China's health undertakings: the people in China are naive in health knowledge and lack of health habits, and public health education must be carried out if health construction is to be carried out smoothly and achieve practical results. Some hygienists believe that if citizens have no personal hygiene knowledge, every move will violate the hygiene principle, and they will die of illness and health authorities will not be able to take care of them one by one; If citizens do not have public health knowledge, they will not understand the intention of health administration, and when personal freedom is slightly obstructed, it will inevitably be destroyed and obstructed. This statement points out the dual significance of public health education for personal hygiene and public hygiene. In recent years, there have been several articles on the public health education in the Republic of China, but the health movement as an educational form has not been paid attention to or is vague. The health campaign was organized by the central government at a specified time in the 192s and 193s. It is not an individual phenomenon in a city or a certain region. This paper takes Tianjin as an example to reflect the appearance of the health campaign at that time, and tries to explore the significance of the health campaign at the same time, hoping to provide some reference for the current public health publicity activities.

1

During the period of Beiyang government, some cities, including Tianjin, paid attention to conveying health knowledge to the public through notices written in vernacular. However, at that time, when education was not popular and illiteracy was the majority, this kind of publicity was inevitably limited. Relatively speaking, the health movement carried out by social mobilization during the period of the National Government has obviously expanded the breadth and intensity of publicity, and it is also easy to arouse people's interest and concern.

in p>1928, the Nanjing government passed the "regulations on dirt cleaning", which stipulated that each city should hold a general cleaning on May 15th and December 25th each year. At the same time, the "Implementation Outline of Health Campaign Conference" also designated these two days as the dates for holding health campaign conferences in each city. The latter explicitly stated that the health campaign should last for two days. On the first day, health specimens, paintings and calligraphy were displayed, and health experts were invited to give speeches. The purpose was to arouse people's interest in the health campaign and publicize public health knowledge. The next day was a parade and cleaning. The two health regulations seem to overlap. They put forward clear requirements for the time, basic contents and methods of health campaigns, which became the basis for local governments to carry out health campaigns.

In practice, although the Ministry of Health stipulates that the health campaign lasts for two days, cities such as Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou often extend the time of the health campaign. Tianjin Municipal Health Bureau often lengthens the time of health campaign to 1-2 weeks or even as long as 1 month because it feels that one or two days' exercise has little effect, and usually refers to May and December as spring health campaign and winter health campaign respectively.

In terms of organization, in order to expand the influence of health campaigns, Tianjin health authorities usually seek the cooperation of other government departments and social forces. For example, before the spring health campaign in 1929, the Health Bureau held a preparatory meeting attended by representatives from the Police Department, the Propaganda Department of the Municipal Executive Committee and the municipal bureaus, and adopted the mode of division of labor and cooperation. The members of the preparatory meeting divided various affairs, such as the general affairs department, which was divided into five shares, namely, documents, accounting, common affairs, communication and picketing, and the publicity department, which was divided into five shares, namely, publishing, speech, exhibition, entertainment and arrangement. As a result, representatives from the Finance Bureau admitted to be accountants. Since then, the health campaign has also invited other organs and groups to hold it together. It is reasonable and necessary to organize the horizontal cooperation between bureaus. As Quan Shaoqing, then director of Tianjin Municipal Health Bureau, said, the health campaign "has a great bearing on the health of citizens. Although the Health Bureau has a special task, it must be planned by all sectors of society in the end, so that it can be effective and rapid and achieve great results." The integration of various resources and forces has become an important prerequisite for the health campaign to be carried out.

as for the contents and methods of the health campaign, although it has been held for different times, it is basically inseparable from speeches, screening of health films, general cleaning, health exhibitions and fly-killing campaigns.

2

According to the advocates of health education, "among the methods of health propaganda, oral propaganda is the easiest to implement, and speech is the most important". Health movies can "show the actual situation flexibly before the audience's eyes" and have the advantages of "easily instructing the people", "attracting the people" and "influencing the people". In the health campaign in Tianjin, health speech is the most commonly used propaganda means. For example, in the week before the Spring Health Campaign Conference in 1929, more than 3 lectures were held in various publicity centers and YMCA in urban areas, targeting women and children, young students, workers and ordinary citizens, involving the prevention of important seasonal diseases, the origin of infectious diseases, the relationship between dust and hygiene, public hygiene, the relationship between myopia and students, family hygiene, industrial hygiene, tuberculosis infection and its prevention methods. Sometimes, in order to cooperate with the Clean Week campaign, lectures will be held for one week to explain to the audience the hygiene knowledge close to daily life, such as "family hygiene", "eye hygiene" and "dental hygiene". It should be added that the holding of health lectures is not limited to the period of health campaign. In order to popularize health knowledge, the municipal government also sends personnel to theaters, tea gardens and cinemas to give health lectures in peacetime.

Because people are worried that the general public are not interested in health speeches, health movies are also used as a tool to arouse people's interest and take the opportunity to spread health knowledge. Films are sometimes borrowed from Shanghai Chinese Health Education Association, and also filmed by local academic groups. For example, a movie "The Life of the Blind in Beiping" filmed by Tianjin Huayang Anti-Blindness Association was shown at a sports meeting, which included the causes of eye diseases and the suffering of the blind, and alerted the public to pay attention to eye hygiene with a true image. As for leaflets, an ordinary means of publicity, the health department has naturally not abandoned them, but often printed a certain number and distributed them to the public. The contents of the leaflets are also in line with the season, such as introducing the knowledge about influenza, hygiene and clothes in winter, freezing and frostbite in winter, and reminding people to pay attention to gas poisoning.

If health lectures and health movies make people get in touch with health and disease knowledge through hearing and seeing, health exhibitions guide people to know diseases and their prevention methods in another form.

The earliest health exhibition in Tianjin was held in 196. That year, Zhang Boling, Cai Leer, Chen Zhiqin, Quan Shaoqing, Zhang Yuanshan and other social celebrities thought that to change this situation, they needed enthusiastic advocacy and determination, so they took the lead in launching a health exhibition speech conference. The exhibition was held in Anhui Guild Hall in Tianjin for three days. * * * More than 15 kinds of models and pictures, mainly provided by Dr. Bi Dehui, an American doctor of medicine, were exhibited. In addition, there were speeches on population mortality in various countries. Compared with the health exhibition hosted by the government later, the exhibition was short in time and small in scale, with only hundreds of Chinese and foreign scholars attending, but the advocacy and concern of social elites for public health is still commendable. The notice of the exhibition marked the value of health as "a strong race, a prosperous country, and a good cause", from which we can also understand how social elites respond to the task of saving the country by strong species from one side.

in p>1929, the Tianjin municipal government held the first official health exhibition during the spring health movement. The motive for holding the exhibition was, in the words of the then mayor of Tianjin, "Seeing is believing, so we collected all kinds of model specimens for everyone to see and get a real understanding". There are 4, kinds of exhibits in this exhibition, which belong to the Pathology Department, the Physiology Department and the Food and Beverage Department respectively according to their nature. They are displayed in the YMCA for citizens to visit freely, so that the audience can understand the "hygiene and disease prevention methods". Among them, the pathological department includes various specimens of acute and chronic infectious diseases, venereal diseases, parasites, poisoning and other categories, such as face specimens of smallpox patients, human intestinal specimens of dysentery and cholera, models of diseases such as stomach, liver and heart of alcoholics, and various specimens of syphilis patients. There are various sarcomas of the fetus and human body in the physiological department, which are made of medicinal blisters; The food and beverage department exhibited the poisonous bacteria contained in various foods. There are many kinds of exhibits. It is reported that there were more than 8 visitors on the first day of the exhibition, more than 2, on the second day and more than 3, on the third and fourth days. The increase in the number of visitors reflects that the exhibition does seem to have some attraction. Not only that, visitors also "pour out questions" to the receptionist from time to time. More than 2 kinds of food ingredient lists hanging in the exhibition room can attract the attention of primary school students, and some primary school students copy them one by one in their diaries for editing the school magazine for students' reference.

The municipal government also cooperates with foreign countries to hold exhibitions. In 1936, the health exhibition initiated by the China-Japan Medical Alumni Association and sponsored by the Tianjin Municipal Government should be the largest exhibition in Tianjin during the Republic of China. More than 5, exhibits come from public and private medical and health institutions and schools in Japan, and Tianjin Health Bureau also provides a small number of photos, charts and statistics. The exhibition is divided into five parts according to the field of scientific research, and each part is divided into several small parts. A colorful archway stands at the entrance of the exhibition venue. Visitors will be presented with a copy of the "Catalogue and Instructions of Tianjin Health Exhibition" by the usher after entering, and then they can follow the route of the Ministry of Treatment and Health, the Ministry of Preventive Health, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of New Drugs and the Ministry of Chinese Medicine. The exhibits of the Ministry of Health for Treatment are displayed according to otorhinology, ophthalmology, surgery, urology, dermatology, occupational subjects, northern diseases, war injuries, animal diseases, maternity subjects, etc. To prevent the Ministry of Health from displaying major diseases such as dysentery, scarlet fever and digestive infectious diseases and their prevention methods, the Ministry of Health mainly displays books, and the new medicine department and the patent medicine department are all medicines. All the exhibits include photos, specimens, pictures, models, instruments, books, medicines and so on.

in addition to the above items, the health exhibition will also feature two free health films in two cinemas, one day and the other night, each showing for two days. Moreover, several radio stations in Tianjin are also responsible for broadcasting some popular health speeches twice a day for about half an hour each time. During the exhibition, a health consultation office and a health diagnosis office were set up near the venue to provide free medical treatment and other services for visitors and to check up children. After the latter activity, it was further expanded into a children's health competition, in which doctors gave free physical examinations to the participating children, and all kinds of records of the patients were collected and then handed over to experts to judge those who were in good health. In addition, the exhibition also compiled a booklet introducing the health matters that should be paid attention to in daily life and distributed it to visitors.

For the purpose of "general publicity", the China-Japan Medical Alumni Association hosted the press in advance to make public opinions, and also made a big splash on the opening day, not only distributing leaflets with health slogans and the time and place of the exhibition by plane, but also setting off fireworks with health slogans inside. Large hydrogen balloons near the venue were used to inform people of the address and date of the exhibition to attract more people. Visitors who come to Tianjin by train can also enjoy the discount of toll reduction. This kind of propaganda seems to have played a certain role, and the second day after Wei started behind the scenes, there were as many as six or seven thousand visitors. The exhibition was held for 2 days. By the end of the exhibition, the total number of visitors exceeded 11,, among which primary school students accounted for the majority.

3

Compared with the publicity activities mentioned above, the social mobilization of the clean-up campaign and the fly-catching campaign is larger. On December 14th, 1928, Tianjin held its first clean-up campaign. Prior to this, the Public Security Bureau printed leaflets, listing the matters that citizens should implement in the clean-up campaign, such as cleaning houses and courtyards, cleaning up kitchens and toilets, and not littering filth. The Social Bureau also issued a declaration, claiming that "the strength of a country is closely related to the health of its people. If all the people in any country are healthy and full of energy, then there is no country that is not strong. This is extremely difficult to set an example. But human health comes at a price. What is the price? Is health, the elements of health, lies in the clean ... Clean movement, although the municipal government should be responsible for advocating, but it is definitely not the ability of several employees in the organs to achieve a happy goal. Everyone in the city must participate, continue to be clean all the time and clean everywhere, and try to persuade and encourage the whole people to participate in the clean-up campaign.

In order to publicize the campaign, public security bureau, health bureau, social bureau and other municipal bureaus sent personnel to participate in the parade. At the forefront of the parade is the horse patrol team, followed by the bicycle team and the costume team. The costume team also includes the lion club at the head of the team and the opera cart in the middle, with a giant leading five kids behind. The giant refers to the "God of Cleanliness" and the Five Ghosts refer to the "Harm of Cleanliness" in order to express the meaning of sweeping away filth. This is a clever idea of the government. Followed by police officers, directors and officials, and finally the street sweeper. Even the troops took part in the parade, and declared that the duty of soldiers "is not only to remove all political obstacles", but also to try to remove all filth. The procession shouted slogans all the way, and it was huge.

On the second day of the clean-up campaign, from the public security bureau chief to the security police force and street sweepers, they began to clean the streets with sweeping tools and dirt carts. The roads in all districts have also been cleaned up, and occasionally pedestrians help clean them. On the school side, principals, teaching staff and all students of primary and secondary schools also set out to take part in the cleaning. Starting from this, Tianjin has held a clean-up campaign (or clean-up) almost every year, and the duration has been extended from half a day to 2-5 days to more than two weeks. For example, in the spring cleaning in 1931, the five districts and four special districts under the jurisdiction of the Public Security Bureau were taken as the cleaning areas, and the method of cleaning by districts was adopted. It was stipulated that the first district was cleaned on May 15-17, and the second district was cleaned on May 18-21, and so on. * * * lasted for 17 days. In the general cleaning campaigns in 1936 and 1937, the cleaning work was also carried out according to the district order. With the continuous holding of the clean-up campaign, the mobilization and supervision of the citizens are gradually strengthened. In order to arouse the public's attention to cleaning and cleaning, the Health Bureau usually posts notices and slogans in the city and holds health talks on the radio. The health inspector of the health district office and the police officers of each cleaning sub-division also advised the public to clean up door by door. The municipal government requires all business households to clean up filth within the time limit, and organizes shop leaders, neighbors and health inspectors to conduct door-to-door inspections to ensure the effectiveness of the cleaning campaign. Cleaned businesses and households are affixed with cleaning inspection certificates, and the competent health department also draws them by sections. The basis of the inspection is Article 2 of the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Dirt Cleaning Regulations, that is, "The owners, users or occupiers of land and houses should perform the following things in order to keep their areas or buildings clean: First, prepare appropriate containers to contain dust and sludge; Second, prepare appropriate ditches to pass dirty water; Third, prepare appropriate toilets to allow feces to drown. " Those who failed to fulfill the above obligations were punished according to Article 9 of the Detailed Rules, and later changed to persuasion, which played down the severity of punishment. Households and shops that are judged to be substandard are sometimes re-examined.

The specific way of general cleaning is that the cleaning team is usually responsible for cleaning the roads in all districts, while citizens and businesses must clean the living rooms or pavements, doors and windows, etc., and put the dirty soil outside the door so that the cleaning team can collect and transport it door by door. The streets and lanes that have been swept are evenly sprinkled with clean water by sprinklers, and the alleys that the sprinklers can't pass are all