Material practice, online, etc. Other points should be made.

I'll give you some information about stone materials. I hope you can use it. As for the price, it's hard to say. You can email me and I'll tell you in detail.

1, granite

Granite belongs to igneous rock, which is formed by underground magma ejection and intrusion cooling crystallization, as well as granitic metamorphic rocks. With visible crystal structure and texture. It consists of feldspar (usually potash feldspar and anorthite) and quartz, mixed with a small amount of mica (biotite or muscovite) and trace minerals, such as zircon, apatite, magnetite, ilmenite and sphene. The main component of granite is silicon dioxide, the content of which is about 65%-85%. The chemical properties of granite are weakly acidic. Usually, granite is slightly white or gray. Because it is mixed with dark crystals, it has spots on the outside. The addition of potash feldspar makes it red or flesh-colored. Granite is formed by slow cooling and crystallization of magma, and it is buried deep underground. When the cooling rate is extremely slow, a kind of granite with very rough texture is formed, which is called crystalline granite. Granite and other crystalline rocks constitute the foundation of continental plates and are the most common intrusive rocks on the earth's surface.

Although granites are considered as igneous rocks formed by molten materials or magma, a great deal of evidence shows that some granites are formed by local deformation or products of previous rocks, which have been rearranged and recrystallized without liquid or melting process.

The specific gravity of granite is 2.63 ~2.75, and the compressive strength is1.050 ~1.4kg/cm2 (1.5000 ~ 20000 lb/in2). Because granite is stronger than sandstone, limestone and marble, it is more difficult to mine. Due to the special conditions of granite formation and solid structural characteristics, it has the following unique properties:

(1) has good decorative performance and can be used in public places and outdoor decoration.

(2) Excellent machinability: sawing, cutting, polishing, drilling, carving, etc. The machining accuracy can reach below 0.5μm, and the luminosity can reach above 1600.

(3) Good wear resistance, which is 5- 10 times higher than that of cast iron.

(4) The thermal expansion coefficient is small, it is not easy to deform, similar to indium steel, and it is less affected by temperature.

(5) The elastic modulus is higher than that of cast iron.

(6) Good rigidity and large internal damping coefficient, which is 15 times larger than that of steel. It can prevent earthquakes and shock absorption.

(7) Granite is fragile, and only partially falls off after being damaged, which does not affect the overall flatness.

(8) Granite has stable chemical properties, is not easy to weather, and can resist the corrosion of acid, alkali and corrosive gases. Its chemical properties are directly proportional to the content of silicon dioxide, and its service life can reach about 200 years.

(9) Granite is non-conductive, non-magnetic and stable in field.

Generally speaking, granite can be divided into three different categories:

Fine-grained granite: the average diameter of feldspar crystal is116 ~1/8 inches.

Medium-grained granite: The average diameter of feldspar crystals is about 1/4 inches.

Coarse-grained granite: the average diameter of feldspar crystals is about 1/2 inches or more, and some even reach several centimeters. The density of coarse-grained granite is relatively low.

In recent years, granite and marble account for 83% and 17% of the stone materials used in monument buildings respectively.

2. Marble

Marble consists of sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks of sedimentary rocks, which are metamorphic rocks formed by recrystallization of limestone, usually accompanied by the texture of biological relics. The main component is calcium carbonate, the content is about 50%-75%, which is weakly alkaline. Some marbles contain a certain amount of silica, while others contain no silica. Fine particles (calcium carbonate), irregular surface stripe distribution and low hardness. The composition and structural characteristics of marble make it have the following characteristics:

(1) has good decorative performance, and marble contains no radiation and bright color, which is widely used for indoor wall and floor decoration. Excellent machinability: sawing, cutting, polishing, drilling, carving, etc.

(2) Marble has good wear resistance and is not easy to age, and its service life is generally about 50-80 years.

(3) In industry, marble is widely used. Such as: used in raw materials, purifying agents, metallurgical solvents, etc.

(4) Marble has the characteristics of non-conductivity, impermeability and stable field position.

From a commercial point of view, all naturally occurring calcareous rocks that can be polished are called marble, as are some dolomite and serpentine. Because not all marbles are suitable for all architectural occasions, marbles should be divided into four categories: A, B, C and D. This classification method is especially suitable for brittle C and D marbles, which need special treatment before or during installation.

The specific classification is as follows:

Grade A: high-quality marble, with the same processing quality and excellent quality, without impurities and pores.

Class b: the characteristics are close to the former type of marble, but the processing quality is slightly worse than the former; There are natural flaws; Requires a small amount of separation, gluing and filling.

Class C: There are some differences in processing quality; Flaws, pores and texture breaks are common. It is difficult to repair these differences, which can be achieved by one or more of these methods, such as separation, gluing, filling or reinforcement.

Grade D: The characteristics are similar to those of grade C marble, but there are many natural defects, and the processing quality is the biggest difference, so it is necessary to carry out surface treatment many times in the same way. This kind of marble has brought trouble to many colorful stones, which have good decorative value.

3. Limestone

Limestone is a kind of rock formed by sedimentary sources, and its main components are calcium carbonate, calcium magnesium carbonate or a mixture of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. Recrystallized limestone, solid microcrystalline limestone and polished travertine are all promoted and sold as limestone or marble, especially in the United States. According to different density ranges, molded limestone can be divided into three subcategories:

Low density limestone-the density range is 1 10~ 135 lb/cubic foot (1, 760~2, 160 kg/cubic meter).

Medium density limestone-the density range is 135~ 160 lb/cubic foot (2 160 ~ 2560 kg/cubic meter).

High density limestone-density greater than 160 pounds per cubic foot (2,560 kilograms per cubic meter).

Limestone has many unique natural features, such as calcite particles or spots, fossil or shell structure, potholes, slender structure, open structure, honeycomb structure, iron spots, travertine-like structure and crystal differences. The combination of one or more of the above features will have an impact on the structure of limestone.

Step 4: slate

Slate is also a sedimentary rock. Slate formed by shale is first deposited on the mud bed. Later, the movement of the earth caused these shale layers to overlap, and the strong metamorphism caused the shale layers to fold and shrink, and finally became slate. Slate is mainly composed of silica. Its characteristic is acid resistance. According to the composition of slate, slate can be divided into three types:

(1) carbonate slate: Its composition is less than 40% silica, less than 10% alumina, less than 15% calcium oxide, less than 10% magnesium oxide and 3%-7% iron oxide.

(2) Clay-type slate: Its composition is mainly clay minerals such as sericite, illite, chlorite and kaolin, accounting for more than 80% of slate mineral composition, and its silica content is more than 50%, alumina content is more than 12%, calcium oxide content is less than 10%, magnesium oxide content is less than 5%, and iron oxide content is higher than carbonate type.

(3) Carbonaceous and siliceous slate: the mineral composition is between clay slate and carbonate slate. Due to strong silicification and high silica content, the stone is hard and dark in color.

Slate has a flaky or massive structure with fine particles. The particle size is 0.9-0.00 1 mm, which is usually aphanitic and relatively dense, and most of them are oriented. Rock cleavage is well developed, with uniform thickness, moderate hardness and low water absorption. Its life is generally around 100 years.

The color of slate is mainly monochrome. Such as: gray, yellow, cyan, green, cyan, black, maroon, red, purple and so on. Because the color is single and pure, it gives people an elegant and generous feeling in decoration. Slate is generally no longer polished, showing a natural form and forming a natural aesthetic feeling.

Therefore, the decorative colors of sandstone and slate are better than marble and granite, and their decoration is often used in some places with rich cultural connotations.

5. Sandstone

Sandstone, also known as sandstone, is a sedimentary rock formed by long-term compression and bonding of sand and cements (siliceous substances, calcium carbonate, clay, iron oxide, calcium sulfate, etc.). Due to the crustal movement of the earth.

Main ingredients:

A. more than 65% of timely ingredients.

B. Clay is about 10%.

C. goethite is about 13%.

D other substances exceeding 10%.

Sand and gravel particles are uniform, fine in texture and loose in structure, so it has high water absorption (high protection cost), and has the characteristics of sound insulation, moisture absorption, damage resistance, weather resistance, fading resistance, water insolubility and no radioactivity. Sandstone can't be polished, it belongs to matt stone, it won't produce light pollution caused by light reflection, and it is also a natural anti-slip material.

In terms of decorative style, sandstone creates a warm tone style, which is elegant, warm and luxurious. In terms of durability, sandstone can definitely be compared with marble and granite, and it will not be weathered or discolored. Many buildings built with sandstone one or two hundred years ago are still elegant and charming. According to the characteristics of this stone, it is often used for indoor and outdoor wall decoration, furniture, sculpture works of art and garden building materials.

Among them, Tian Ao Orly sandstone has uniform particles, fine texture and ideal natural effect. Among all sandstone varieties, Tian Ao Ollie sandstone has the highest hardness. This also determines its good durability.

Tian Ao Orly sandstone has been developed: white sandstone, yellow sandstone, wood grain sand and landscape grain sand.

Use:

Answer: Interior and exterior curtain wall decoration, specification board and floor.

B: Furniture, carved artworks, paving materials and garden building materials.

C: Carved lines, embossed plates, door covers, window covers, vases, Roman columns and other special-shaped processing.

Features:

Tian Ao Aoli sandstone is sound-proof, moisture-absorbing, damage-resistant, outdoor weathering-resistant, water-insoluble, moss-free and easy to clean.

6.quartzite

Quartzite is a common and widely distributed rock, which is mainly or completely composed of chronology. This dense granular rock is a metamorphic sandstone, and silica or quartz is deposited in quartz grains as the basic component of sandstone. Quartzite also contains trace amounts of other minerals, such as feldspar, mica, rutile, tourmaline and zircon. Quartzite has a smooth cross section and is mainly buried in ancient rocks, such as Cambrian or Precambrian strata.

7. Roman stone

Roman stone is a kind of stone shape used for paving outdoor pavement. It is cut from natural granite into (10 ~15 mm) × (10 ~15 mm) rectangular blocks by a cutting machine. Because it was first used in Rome, it is also the most used. This kind of stone should keep natural fracture after cutting, mainly with variegated colors and eye-catching spots, which is advanced. Paving the road with Roman stone is very simple and natural, and it is also one of the ways to make rational use of stone resources. It appears on the road in the form of semi-circular splicing, which is more common in the streets of ancient European cities and around ancient buildings. In recent years, it has also been applied in some cities in China. There is not much technical basis for paving the road in the form of semicircle, and most of them are considered to be similar to the dome style that often appears and is popular in western architecture.

8. Zisha Rock-"Red Peach Wood"

Shanghai Sheng Stone Company presented a purple sand stone-"Mahogany" which is almost the same as natural Mahogany at China (International) Stone Exhibition in Laizhou. Zisha rock mixed with stripes is natural and smooth, so it is difficult to distinguish decorative walls from natural wood. It is another new sandstone variety after Yunnan wood grain stone. It is reported that natural sandstone varieties discovered in Chinese mainland on time include green, pink, yellow, purple, cyan and red, which have occupied most of the colors of sandstone. The origin of this sandstone has not been made public, and insiders speculate that it is in Henan and Inner Mongolia. Mahogany is just one of the products in this mining area. Accompanied by this variety are Sabelli (red), tiger skin sand (yellow), mahogany sand (red), palace red (red without stripes), fine flower sand (light yellow), magic colored sand (pink), phoenix tail feather (gray), red-spotted horse (pink), black peach wood (purple) and red champagne (purple).

According to the three principles of putting decorative stone on the market, it can be industrialized, with large reserves of a single variety and decorative properties. The industrial exploitation and reserve information of this variety has not been made public, but the decoration has been recognized by the market.

Third, the introduction of artificial stone.

Artificial stone, as the name implies, is not made of 100% natural stone. According to the different manufacturing methods, it can be divided into two types: one is to grind the raw materials into stone powder, and then add chemicals and adhesives. And through high-pressure plate making, artificial pigments and imitation stone lines are added to the appearance color to improve the variety and selectivity. The other is called artificial hillock stone, which is made by crushing the original stone, adding glue and stone, vacuum stirring, high-pressure vibration molding to make a block stone, and then cutting it into building materials slate; In addition to retaining the natural texture, you can also choose a unified color in advance, add a favorite color, or embed glass, acrylic, etc. To enrich its color diversity.

Commonly used indoor decorative floor materials include Shi Gang, pearl sand shell, cultural stone, etc. Their hardness is not as hard as natural stone, and their texture is obviously different. However, because its price is much lower than that of natural stone, the synthetic hillock stone containing 90% natural stone has been widely used, which overcomes the defects that natural stone is easy to be broken and the texture is difficult to control, retains the original flavor of natural stone, occupies a place in the global market, and even has the trend of replacing marble and granite.

Introduction of artificial marble

With the development of modern architecture, decorative materials are required to be light, high-strength, beautiful and diverse. Artificial decorative stones appear in this situation. It has the advantages of light weight, high strength, corrosion resistance, pollution resistance, convenient construction and artificial control of patterns, and is an ideal decorative material for modern buildings.

Artificial marble is composed of modified resin and crushed stone, which is neutral or alkaline. Artificial stone has a compact structure, so the pores are small and the probability of symptoms is very small. As far as protection is concerned, it is mainly anti-fouling. Its advantage is that the color can be adjusted, which is beneficial to decorate the surface. Its disadvantages are insufficient hardness and inconsistent luminosity. According to the raw materials and production technology used in production, it can be generally divided into four categories:

Cement-type artificial marble This kind of artificial marble is made of cement as binder, sand as fine aggregate, broken marble, granite and industrial waste residue as coarse aggregate, commonly known as terrazzo.

Polyester artificial marble This kind of artificial marble is made of unsaturated polyester as binder and mixed with quartz sand, marble and calcite powder. Casting, curing under the action of curing agent, demoulding, drying and polishing. In China, this method is often used to produce artificial marble.

Composite artificial marble This artificial marble consists of inorganic materials and organic polymer materials. After the filler and inorganic material are bonded and molded, the green body is immersed in the organic monomer and polymerized under certain conditions. For the plate, the bottom layer uses cheap and stable inorganic materials, and the surface layer uses polyester and marble powder.

Sintered artificial marble This artificial marble is a mixture of feldspar, quartz, pyroxene, calcite powder, hematite powder and a small amount of kaolin. The green body is prepared by slurry method, shaped by semi-dry pressing method and used in kiln.

1000℃ high temperature sintering.

Among the above four kinds of artificial marble decorative boards, polyester is the most commonly used, which has the best physical and chemical properties, easy pattern design and good reproducibility, and is suitable for many purposes, but the price is relatively high; Cement type is the cheapest, but it has poor corrosion resistance and is prone to microcracks, so it is only suitable for making plates. The other two production processes are complicated and rarely used.

Polyester artificial marble (usually artificial marble) is processed by imitating the surface texture of marble, which has similar mechanical properties to marble, and the pattern can be controlled and determined by designers themselves with good reproducibility. Moreover, artificial marble has the advantages of light weight, high strength, thin thickness, good corrosion resistance, pollution resistance, good machinability and so on, and can be made into arc, curved surface and other shapes, which is convenient for construction.

Microcrystalline

1, formation: microcrystalline stone is also an artificial stone, which is formed by vitrification of mineral surfaces containing silicon oxide at high temperature.

2. Composition: The main component is silicon oxide.

3. Properties: Acidity.

4. Structure: The structure is very dense, with better luminosity and wear resistance than granite and marble, and it is not easy to get sick.

Because the hardness of microcrystalline stone is too high and there are tiny bubbles, it is not conducive to renovation and polishing.

glass block

1, formation: vitrified brick, also known as monolithic brick, glass fossil, polished brick, professional name is porcelain glass fossil. It is made of quartz sand and mud, and then polished with a grinding tool, and the surface is as smooth as a mirror.

2. Properties: weak acidity.

3. Structural features:

(1), bright and soft color, no obvious color difference.

(2) Mullite and other crystals are sintered at high temperature, all ceramic, with stable physical and chemical properties and strong corrosion and pollution resistance.

(3) Thin thickness, high flexural strength and light brick body, which reduces the load of the building.

(4) No harmful elements.

(5) The flexural strength is greater than 45Mpa (the flexural strength of granite is about 17-20mpa).

Four, the world stone to thin development.

The international stone consumption trend shows that the world stone products are getting thinner and thinner. In 1980s, the thickness of stone was10mm ~15mm; In the 1990s, the thickness of stone was reduced to less than 8mm. After Italy produced granite tiles with a thickness of 6.5mm, Sweden produced stone tiles with a thickness of 4mm. At present, there is a marble floor market with a thickness of only 3 mm. The biggest advantage of ultra-thin board is its light weight, which can be fixed on the wall with ordinary adhesive, and at the same time, it can save a lot of stone resources and make effective use of them.

According to a recent survey by World Stone magazine, 84.4% of the stone suppliers surveyed believe that the world stone market will maintain its development momentum in the next five years-10; 84.3% of the respondents predicted that the average annual growth rate of the world stone industry would reach 6%.

According to the prediction of Italian industry, in 2005, the world stone consumption will reach 878 million square meters, and the demand for waste will reach more than 80 million tons. In 20 10, the stone consumption will reach1186 million square meters, and the waste demand will reach186 million tons; In 20 15 years, the stone consumption will reach1600 million square meters, and the waste demand will reach 654.38+467 million tons; In 2025, stone consumption will reach 4 billion square meters. Among them, marble accounts for 50%, granite accounts for 45%, and the remaining 5% is sandstone, slate, basalt, limestone, agate and so on.

Although plastics, ceramics and other building materials have been widely used and seized part of the stone market, stone is still the first choice for architectural decoration engineering because of its unique natural advantages. Red, yellow, green, black, blue and white stone will still be valuable varieties, and some flexible varieties will be popular, but manufacturers will demand higher and higher quality. With the improvement of fire protection requirements, the progress of installation technology and the increasing attention to the light pollution problem of glass curtain wall, it will be the general trend to use stone as curtain wall.

My MSN:liansen.tan@hotmail.com.