The landmark of national mall, Washington.

The Washington Monument is a landmark in Washington, DC, USA. It was built in memory of American President George Washington. It is the tallest stone building in the world with a hollow interior. At first, Mills originally designed a colonnade around the founding heroes at the bottom of the Washington Monument. However, after Colonel Casey of the U.S. Corps of Engineers was commissioned to redesign the foundation and tower, he gave up the idea of colonnade, focused on the construction of the obelisk, and dug the foundation deeply.

1833 the us congress passed a bill, and the construction cost was donated by the whole people, with a maximum donation of one dollar per person. This blueprint was designed by robert mills. In the meantime, due to the outbreak of civil war, it stopped working for 22 years and resumed work on 1876. The us military is responsible for this, and the funds are borne by the government. The whole project was completed on 1884 and 65438+February 6, and opened for sightseeing four years later. The stone tablet is made of white marble and its height is 169.3 meters. East is the Capitol, west is the Lincoln Memorial, north is the White House, and south is the Jefferson Memorial. The inner wall is inlaid with 188 memorial stones donated from all over the world. Climb the 169-meter-high Washington Monument overlooking the Potomac River Basin. After the vote of 1899, the US Congress decided: "The height of any new building in Washington, D.C. should not exceed the Washington Monument" [1].

1853, Ding Weiliang Zeng Zeng, a North American Presbyterian missionary in China, wrote an inscription for the Washington Memorial Hall. The inscription was written by Fujian Governor Xu Jishe: "Washington is different. The uprising won bravely, and the separatist regime was superior to Cao Liu. Now he has raised his three-foot sword and opened up Wan Li. Instead of usurping the title and passing it on to future generations, he has created a recommendation method, which is very common in the world and is almost the legacy of three generations. He respects good customs for the rule of the country, not martial arts, and is different from other countries. When I saw his portrait, I looked magnificent and heroic. Alas, this is not an outstanding person! Millikan thinks that the United States is a country with a territory of Wan Li. It has no title of prince, does not follow the genetic rules, and pays for public opinions, creating a game that has never been played in ancient times. What a surprise! Can the ancient and modern figures in Taixi not be called the first in Washington? "

Monument height of building structure The highest sightseeing height above ground Monument spire height Monument top column frame169.294m152m16.75m10.5m Earth platform wall thickness Top sightseeing area wall thickness Monument total weight Monument total stones 4.6m 46m 82426. 5438+0 metric tons 3649 1 The National Museum of American History opened to the public free of charge on 1964. It is a rectangular five-story white marble building, which contains many very important cultural relics in American history, such as the desk used by Jefferson when drafting the Declaration of Independence and the first telephone invented by Bell. By the 1990 s, the collection of this museum.

Visit the National Museum of American History

Enter the history museum from the big lawn and directly enter the lobby on the second floor. In the center of the hall, a huge chain pendulum hangs from the ceiling, which is a replica of the exhibits that the United States participated in the 185 1 Paris International Expo. On the front wall of the main hall is a huge national flag painting.

Visitors first walk into a small screening hall, where they can watch a short film about rural life in the former British colony on the east coast of the United States. The telephone number is 1780 to 1800. From the vicinity of the statue of Washington to the third floor, there are exhibitions of military, coins, textiles and precious stamps, with about 75,000 banknotes.

Fee: free of charge.

Opening hours: every day 10: 00- 17: 30, closed on Christmas Day. Located in the Upper West Side of Manhattan, new york, USA, the American Museum of Natural History is a museum dedicated to anthropology, paleontology and biological research. Founded in 1869, the library has more than 200 librarians and undertakes more than 100 special exhibitions every year. The museum features a collection of mammals and anthropology from all continents. Its human origin museum is the only special exhibition in this field in the United States, showing all stages of human evolution.

In 2006, the American Museum of Natural History was authorized by the New York State Board of Education, and Richard Gilder Graduate School was established to offer comparative biology courses. This is the only academic project provided by the museum as of 20 13. In June 2009, the state government approved the museum to award a doctorate. The American Museum of Natural History has thus officially become the first and only American museum in the United States to award a doctorate. The National Gallery is an art museum in Washington, D.C., usually abbreviated as NGA. It belongs to the American government and is managed by the Smithsonian Institution. The building itself is divided into east and west buildings, which are connected by underground passages.

The National Gallery of Art was established by the US Congress in 1937, initially to manage the collections (mainly Italian artworks) donated by Andrew W Mellon and Samuel karis. 1941March 17, the west building of China Art Museum was officially opened to the public. The West Building was designed by architect john russell pope, and the East Building was designed by architect I.M. Pei. It was opened by 1978. In addition, the China Art Museum added a sculpture park at 1999.

1978, the successful design and construction of the East Pavilion of the National Museum of Art in Washington established I.M. Pei as a world-class architect. At the opening ceremony of the East Pavilion, then US President Carter said: "It is not only a harmonious and comprehensive part of Washington, but also a symbol of the growing connection between public life and artistic interest." I.M. Pei is called "a rare outstanding architect".

The geographical location of Dongting is very prominent. It looks east at the Capitol and west at the White House. However, the terrain it occupies is an irregular quadrangle, which makes it difficult for architects to deal with it. In order to form a highly harmonious scenery between the building and the surrounding environment, I.M. Pei carefully conceived and creatively connected platforms, stairs, slopes and colonnades with different heights and shapes, giving people an unpredictable feeling. Sunlight enters from different angles through the spider web skylight, forming a beautiful picture. This "East Pavilion", which took ten years and cost nearly 100 million dollars, is known as "the creative combination of modern art and architecture".

People in the architectural field generally believe that I.M. Pei's architectural design has three characteristics: first, the architectural form and the environment are naturally integrated. Second, the space handling is unique. Third, the building materials are exquisite and the interior design of the building is exquisite. These characteristics have been fully reflected in the design of "East Pavilion".

1978, the opening of the National Museum of Art in Washington marks a new era in the architectural design of the museum. This building has been highly praised by critics and aroused widespread public concern. I.M. Pei's original intention was to design a place that everyone wanted to go. His wish has finally come true. The United States Capitol, also known as Capitol Hill, is the seat of the United States Congress, located on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., at the eastern end of the national mall in Washington.

Geographically, the U.S. Capitol is located in the east of Washington, but it is usually considered as the center of Washington. The address of buildings in Washington, D.C. is based on the Capitol.

Because TV reports on Washington's decision-making often appear in the Capitol, and are often accompanied by the words "White House Proclamation", and their style is lofty and straightforward, people who don't know it will long think that the Capitol is the White House-the official residence and office of the President of the United States.

The public can visit the Capitol for free, but the daily quota is limited; You can also sit in on the deliberations of the Senate or the House of Representatives.

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When Congress first occupied Capitol Hill, 1800

The Capitol, which has been in use since19th century, is actually the fourth Capitol in the United States. From 1783 to 1784, the meeting place of the US Congress is the Maryland Capitol in Annapolis, Maryland. From 1789 to 1790, the new york Federal National Memorial Hall was used as the meeting place. During the period from 1790 to 1800, the meeting place was the American Independent Museum in Philadelphia.

Parliament building since19th century was built in September 1793. George Washington laid the foundation stone for it, but the specific location can no longer be verified. Benjamin Henry lamont and Charles Bulfinch supervised its early construction. 1800 when the government moved its temporary headquarters from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C., the Capitol waiting for them was still an unfinished masonry building. Completed in the upper house 1800, completed in the lower house 18 1 1. In the war of 18 12, the building was destroyed and later repaired. Later, with the increase of the number of American states and congressmen, the Capitol was greatly expanded and a giant dome was built in the center.

The Capitol is the symbol of American democracy, and it has been the meeting place of Congress since 1800. Members of Congress gathered here to make laws, and the President of the United States was sworn in and delivered his annual State of the Union address. The American Botanical Garden was built at 1820, located at 50 Massachusetts Avenue next to the Capitol in Washington, DC. The National Botanical Garden of the United States is a living museum with a collection of more than 4,000 different plants from the United States and around the world. It is also the only botanical garden in the United States managed by the Department of Agriculture.

Features of scenic spots:

The National Botanical Garden of the United States covers an area of 65,438+0.80 hectares and is located in a large green area in the northeast of Washington, D.C. ... The most famous here are all kinds of beautiful flowers, tall trees and other plants. There are about 9000 kinds of plants here. Botanical Gardens specialize in planting plants for scientific research or teaching. The National Botanical Garden was established by an act of Congress of 1927. The goal of the botanical garden is to conduct research and education, and then improve the environment. This goal also includes protecting trees, flowers and plants and welcoming the public to visit. The National Museum of American Indians in Washington, D.C., opened in 2004. This is a museum dedicated to American Indian life, language, literature, history and art, with more than 4 million visitors every year.

The shape of the museum is like a big yellow stone, which reminds people of the west cliff in the sunset. It is divided into five floors, with an exhibition area of 23,000 square meters and a collection of 800,000 pieces. In addition, there are 6.5438+0.25 million pictures. Museums can be divided into three parts, namely "Our Universe: Traditional Knowledge Forms in Our World", "Our People: Expressing Our History" and "Our Life: Contemporary Life and Identity". For non-Indian tourists, the museum's 800,000 pieces will show visitors a whole new world, from which you can see not only feather headdresses, tomahawks, guns, beaded necklaces, woven baskets and guns. Indians want not only a static display of 65.438 billion+years of tribal life and culture, but also their own cultural relics and contemporary culture through museums.

Around the museum, all kinds of distinctive plants are planted, and flowers are in full bloom. More than 40 rocks commonly used in ancient Indian architecture are scattered on the lawn, symbolizing the continuation of history in this land. The National Air and Space Museum, located in the southeast of Washington, D.C., was established in July. 1976. It is one of the many museums founded by the Smithsonian Institution, and it is also the world's leading flying museum.

On average, it receives more than 4 million visitors every year, and the number of visitors in the first year of its establishment exceeded 6.5438+million, setting a record for the number of visitors to American museums. It is the largest flight museum in the world at present, and it is a modern building made of glass, marble and steel.

Exhibition area of 24 exhibition halls of the museum18000m2. All kinds of airplanes, rockets, missiles, spaceships and instruments used by famous pilots and astronauts are displayed in the exhibition hall, which is of great significance in the history of flight. Except for oversized models, most of the exhibits are precious originals or spare items. There is no "Don't Do It" sign on the exhibits in the museum. The audience can do it themselves, and the audience and reporters can shoot the exhibits at will.

The main hall of the museum is named "Flight Milestone", and all kinds of planes are hung under the ceiling of the hall or parked on the ground of the spacious hall. Here are the most primitive aircraft: models of ancient kites and rockets in China; A replica of the Montgomery brothers flying over Paris in a hot air balloon; And the Wright brothers' 1 flight. Near the Wright brothers plane, Apollo 1 1 lunar module is displayed.

In the spacecraft exhibition, in addition to American exhibits, there are replicas of satellites and spacecraft launched by countries all over the world. There is a docking model between American Apollo spacecraft and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. The American Sky Lab, where you can have a deep look, has attracted countless visitors. This space orbital station is 15 meters high, cylindrical, with an inner diameter of 7 meters, and is divided into upper and lower floors. When the audience enters the engine room along the gangway, they can see the laboratory equipped with various instruments and equipment and the warehouse for storing water, food and equipment.

There are 265 real planes of various types in the museum, from the Wright brothers' first plane to the X- 15 rocket plane with a speed of 7296 kilometers per hour. A considerable number of these 265 planes are displayed in the exhibition hall reflecting World War II. This hall displays world-famous fighter planes such as American Mustang, Japanese Zero, German Messerschmitt and British Spitfire. The captured Hitler's secret weapon V-2 missile also stands in a conspicuous position in the exhibition hall. In the exhibition hall, there are many life-size lifelike wax figures of wartime ace pilots, and the walls are covered with photos and paintings of fierce air combat.

Aircraft engines, rockets and missiles, satellites and spaceships are all displayed in special museums. The cinema of the museum is the largest widescreen stereoscopic cinema in the world. It has a five-story screen with a width of 33 meters. Walking into the space museum named after Einstein, the new planetarium shows 9000 various planets, galaxies and nebulae, which makes visitors immerse themselves in the endless rotten sky. Located in the northeast of Washington, D.C., Washington Hirshhorn Museum is the only museum in the United States that adopts circular projection architecture design. The 360-degree projection screen will illuminate the appearance of the building, change images and sounds, and have a vibrant life experience. With the 1 1 HD video projector, the images will blend together seamlessly.

Important features: there are large sculptures of Rodin, Moore, Mu? oz and Lekenstein in the museum and sculpture garden; Paintings by De Cunin, Warhol and richter are exhibited indoors; Calder's mobile sculpture; Film series

The Smithsonian Museum is headquartered in Washington, DC, between the Washington Monument and the Capitol. The other six museums and the National Zoo are located in other parts of Washington. Cooper Hewitt, the National Design Museum and the George Gustav Hay Center of the National Indian Museum are located in new york City.

The newest museum in the Smithsonian Museum is the National Museum of African American History and Culture, which will be built in national mall. The art and industry building has been closed for maintenance. Friel Art Museum is famous for its rare East Asian cultural relics, among which China and Japan have the largest collections. Flier, the founder of the Art Museum, was fascinated by China's charming and distant culture, so he obtained many ancient China treasures through various channels. There are nearly 30,000 cultural relics here, and the number of ancient paintings in China has reached 1200, which is the highest in the United States.

The most worth seeing in the museum are the bronzes of Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China and the peerless jades of Liangzhu culture. Shang and Zhou bronzes and Liangzhu jades are one of the most influential cultural heritages in China's ancient civilization. In addition, there is a relatively complete sketch of the Southern Song Dynasty's "Luo Shen Fu Tu", which is one of the nine volumes of "Luo Shen Fu Tu". Others are scattered in the Forbidden City in Beijing, the British Museum and the Liaoning Museum. These thousand-year-old treasures are now properly placed in the friel Art Museum, waiting for the kind tourists from China to visit. The Sackler Art Museum is located in the south of the middle section of Washington National Lawn. Officially opened in September, 1987. Sackler Art Museum is a four-story building with classical style, facing south.

There are all kinds of jade articles in China in Seckler's art collection, including jade ritual vessels with regular shapes, such as Bi, Yan, Zhang, Huang and Gui, as well as majestic jade weapons, such as Ge, Yue and Dao, and vivid jade articles, such as Hu Meng, black dragon, Phoenix, Flying Deer and God Man, as well as jade swords, jade cups and jade articles. Sechler collected most jade articles before he was a doctoral student. Among them, the bronze ornaments and jade bracelets in Shang Dynasty are particularly eye-catching, and they can be said to be the treasures of the town hall of Seckler Art Museum, not only because of their exquisiteness, but also because of their combination and significance. As mentioned in the exhibition notes, these bronze sculptures show typical Shang style, regular shape, moderate size, fine production and exquisite decoration, and the outer wall of the cover and body is decorated with vivid dragon patterns. The pattern is divided into four groups, each group has four teeth and ribs, which are symmetrically distributed in front, back, left and right. The lack of copper beams is a fly in the ointment. There are 15 pieces of jade tubes hidden in the copper nest, which may be string ornaments. The size and shape of the jade tube are slightly different, but the texture, color and technology are basically the same. A few jade tubes are decorated with yinwen, which is a common pattern on jade articles in Shang Dynasty. It is said that the jade tube was hidden in copper soup when it was discovered. Why is the jade tube put in a copper tube? What's the point? Some scholars think it is for the need of sacrifice, while others think it is the custom of Shang Dynasty in the Yangtze River valley. However, from the perspective of bronze and jade ornaments, they are both practical devices. Bronze ornaments are wine vessels and jade ornaments are decorations, so it is not excluded that they are the owner's living collections, hoarded for some special reasons, or used for burial. The National Museum of African Art is located at No.950, southwest of Independence Avenue, national mall, and opened on 1964. This is the only museum in the United States dedicated to African art. ..

Art was founded by Warren m Robbins in 1964. It has never been to Africa, nor has it worked in museums or art fields. His idea of establishing an African art museum originated from a trip in the early 1960s. At that time, he was an American cultural attendant in Bourne. One day, he visited an antique shop in Hamburg, where the collection of African sculptures attracted him. He bought 32 pieces. From the initial purchase, a small museum was formed at home, which was also a cultural exchange he conducted during the chaotic period of the human rights movement at that time. Six years later, when he heard that Frederick Douglass, the leader of the anti-slavery movement in the 9th century, was going to sell his house on Capitol Hill, he bought it. He regards this place as a museum of African art and displays his own collections. He bought nine properties in the same district, and his personal collection is expanding. When the museum expanded to 5,000 works, he began to ask Congress to become a part of the Smithsonian Institution. 1987, moved to national mall and changed its name to National Museum of African Art. Robbins was the curator there until 1983. From 65438 to 0987, Cole became the first African-American female leader of spelman College in Atlanta, which is also the oldest black female university in the United States.