Identification and control of major hazard sources at construction sites for safety supervision?

1. Commonly used identification methods for major hazard sources at construction sites

Empirical analysis method The empirical analysis method includes comparative analysis method and analogy analysis method. The comparative analysis method is a method that intuitively analyzes the risk factors of the evaluation object by comparing it with relevant laws, regulations, standards, checklists or relying on the observation ability of the analyst, with the help of experience and judgment ability. The disadvantage is that it is easily limited by the experience and knowledge of analysts. This can be compensated for by using the safety checklist method. The analogy analysis method uses the experience of the same or similar engineering or operating conditions and the statistical data of labor safety and health to make analogies and analyze the risk factors of the evaluation object. It is not difficult to find out the dangerous factors by summarizing past production experience and analyzing the causes of accidents or near misses that have occurred in the past. Hazard sources on construction sites are mainly identified through empirical analysis methods. Material properties and production conditions analysis method Understanding the properties of materials produced or used is the basis for hazard identification. Material properties commonly used in hazard identification include: toxicity, physical and chemical properties, combustion and explosion characteristics, etc. Production conditions can also create hazards or exacerbate the hazardous properties of the materials being produced. Working Conditions Hazard Assessment Method The working conditions risk assessment method believes that the three main factors that affect the risk are: the possibility of an accident, represented by the symbol L; the frequency of human exposure to dangerous environments, represented by the symbol E; the occurrence The possible consequences of the accident are represented by the symbol C. The hazard score of operating conditions is represented by the symbol D, D=L﹡E﹡C. The larger the D value, the greater the risk. When the D value exceeds the impermissible or unacceptable risk, it is considered a major hazard source. 2. Common types of major hazards at construction sites Major hazards at construction sites are generally identified based on the type and location of the accident. 1 According to the type of accident, the main types of accidents are “five major injuries”. Falling from heights, electric shock, construction collapse, strikes from objects, and injuries from machinery and equipment. The number of accidents involving "five major injuries" accounts for 90% of the total accidents. These five types of accidents are the types of accidents that are most likely to cause mass deaths and injuries, and are common major sources of danger at construction sites. Other major sources of danger include poisoning, explosion, Fire, etc. 2 According to the location of the accident 2.1 Deep foundation pit engineering construction engineering deep foundation pit refers to a trench with a depth of more than 1.5m and a foundation pit with a depth of more than 5 meters, or although the depth does not exceed 5 meters, it is There are important buildings (structures), residences or pipelines within the scope of foundation pit excavation that need to be strictly protected, including construction plans, edge protection, pit wall support, drainage measures, pit side loads, upper and lower. Channels, earth excavation, foundation pit support deformation monitoring and operating environment, etc. The main hazards are: collapse, falling from high places. 2.2 Ultra-high span formwork support projects, over-height, overweight, and large-span formwork support projects refer to projects with a height exceeding 8M. or formwork support projects with spans exceeding 18M, or total construction loads greater than 10KN/M2, or concentrated line loads greater than 15KN/M, including construction plans, support systems, column stability, construction loads, formwork storage, formwork disassembly, and formwork acceptance. Concrete strength, transportation roads and working environment, etc. The main hazards are: collapse, falling from heights. 2.3 Scaffolding projects include: floor-standing scaffolding with a height of more than 20m; cantilevered scaffolding with a height of more than 6.5m and uniform load. Mantanghong scaffolding larger than 3KN/M2; attached overall lifting scaffolding. The main hazards are: collapse and falling from high places. 2.4 Hoisting machinery for assembly and disassembly engineering mainly refers to material hoists, construction elevators for people and cargo, and tower cranes. . Including installation, jacking, hoisting, and dismantling operations. The main hazards are: collapse, falling from height, and lifting injuries. 2.5 Temporary power consumption for construction includes external power protection, grounding and zero protection systems, and distribution lines. The safety protection (such as leakage, insulation, grounding protection, one machine and one gate) of distribution boxes, switch boxes, on-site lighting, electrical equipment, power transformation and distribution devices, etc. does not comply, causing accidents such as electric shocks and local fires. : Electric shock, fire. 2.6 "Four exits", "Five exits" and "Four exits" refer to the entrance to the passage, the reserved opening, the entrance to the stairs and the entrance to the elevator shaft.

"Five edges" refers to the perimeter of foundation pits, balconies without railings or railings, the perimeter of material platforms and overhangs, the edges of awnings and overhangs, the perimeter of roofs and floors without external scaffolding, and the perimeter of water tanks and water towers. For "four-port" and "five-edge" working surfaces with a height greater than 2m, accidents such as footfall, slipping, and instability may occur due to unqualified or unavailable safety protection facilities and the failure of personnel to wear protective ropes (belts). . The main hazard is falling from heights. 2.7 Suspension operations Suspension operations mainly refer to hanging basket exterior wall coating operations. The main hazards are: falling from heights and being struck by objects. 2.8 Manually dug piles Manually dug piles may cause suffocation or gas poisoning due to poor ventilation and exhaust in the holes, or the hole walls may collapse and bury construction workers. The main hazards are: collapse and poisoning. 2.9 Improper temporary storage or use of flammable and explosive chemicals used in warehouse and canteen construction, and inadequate protection, causing fires or poisoning accidents; unhygienic food on the construction site may cause collective poisoning or illness. The main hazards are: fire, explosion, and poisoning. 2.10 Temporary migrant workers’ dormitories and fences at construction sites are unstable, causing collapse, collapse accidents, and major fires in temporary migrant workers’ dormitories. The main hazards are: collapse and fire. 3. Control of major hazard sources at construction sites Major hazard source control is based on the identification and risk assessment of major hazard sources, formulating a scientific hazard source management plan, pre-controlling possible risks in each link of the construction, and ensuring safety management The main energy of personnel is invested in high-risk areas to achieve the purpose of implementing risk control. Eliminate unsafe factors in the construction process with low cost and high efficiency to ensure construction safety. 3.1 Basic Principles for Control of Major Hazard Sources 3.1.1 Principle of Elimination Priority: First, consider fundamentally eliminating hazard sources as much as possible through reasonable design and scientific management to achieve intrinsic safety. Such as using harmless process technology, replacing harmful substances with harmless substances in production, realizing automation, remote control technology, etc. 3.1.2 Principle of Risk Reduction If the source of danger cannot be fundamentally eliminated, then consider reducing the risk. Implement technical and administrative measures in an effort to reduce the probability or potential severity of injury or damage. 3.1.3 Principle of personal protection: When the safety and health of workers cannot be fully guaranteed after taking measures to eliminate or reduce risks, personal protective equipment should finally be considered as a supplementary countermeasure. Such as wearing special labor protection equipment, etc. 3.2 Major hazard source control measures 3.2.1 Management measures 3.2.1.1 Establish and improve rules and regulations for hazard source management. After the hazard source is identified, establish and improve various rules and regulations based on a systematic risk analysis of the hazard source, including workplace safety production. Responsibility system, implementation details of key hazard source control, safe operating procedures, operator training and assessment system, daily management system, shift handover system, inspection system, information feedback system, hazardous operation approval system, emergency measures for abnormal situations, and assessment reward and punishment system, etc. 3.2.1.2 Clarify safety responsibilities and conduct regular inspections. Persons in charge at each level should be determined according to the level of each hazard source, and their specific responsibilities should be clarified. In particular, it is necessary to clarify the responsibilities for regular inspections of hazardous sources at all levels. In addition to the daily self-examination of workers, leaders at all levels must also be required to participate in regular inspections. For the inspection of dangerous sources, a checklist should be developed, and inspections should be carried out item by item according to the prescribed methods and standards, and records should be kept. If hidden dangers are discovered, feedback should be provided promptly and eliminated in a timely manner. 3.2.1.3 To strengthen the daily management of hazardous sources, operators must strictly implement the rules and regulations related to the daily management of hazardous sources, operate according to the safe operating procedures of the special construction plan; conduct daily safety inspections according to the safety checklist; hazardous operations must be approved, etc. All activities should be carefully recorded as required. Leaders and security inspection departments should conduct strict inspections and assessments on a regular basis. If problems are found, guidance and education will be provided in a timely manner, and rewards and punishments will be given based on the inspections and assessments. 3.2.1.4 To do a good job in information feedback and timely rectification of hidden dangers, we must establish and improve the hazard source information feedback system, formulate an information feedback system and strictly implement it. Leaders and security inspection departments at all levels must conduct regular assessments, rewards and punishments on information feedback and rectification of hidden dangers. The security inspection department must regularly collect and process information, promptly provide it to leaders at all levels for research and decision-making, and improve the control and management of hazard sources.

3.2.1.5 Do a good job in infrastructure construction for hazard source control and management, establish and improve the safety files of hazard sources and set up safety signs. Hazard source files should be established in accordance with the relevant content requirements of safety file management, and designated personnel should be designated to keep them and organize them regularly. Hang a safety sign at a conspicuous location of the hazard source, indicate the hazard level, identify the responsible person, indicate the main hazards, and briefly indicate the preventive measures. 3.2.1.6 Carry out assessment, evaluation, rewards and punishments for hazard source control and management. Develop assessment standards for all aspects of hazard source control and management, and strive to quantify and classify them. Regular and strict assessment and evaluation will promote the continuous improvement of the level of risk source control and management. 3.2.2 Technical measures 3.2.2.1 Eliminating hazard sources in the system can fundamentally prevent accidents from occurring. However, from the perspective of modern safety engineering, it is impossible to completely eliminate all sources of danger. Therefore, people often first choose hazard sources that are more dangerous and can be eliminated under existing technical conditions as priority objects. Certain sources of danger can be completely eliminated by selecting appropriate processes, technologies, equipment, facilities, reasonable structural forms, and selecting materials that are harmless, non-toxic or cannot cause harm to humans. For example, the elimination of moso bamboo scaffolding and steel pipe fastener material hoists. 3.2.2.2 Prevention When it is difficult to eliminate the risk source, measures can be taken to reduce the risk factors, such as using safety valves, safety screens, leakage protection devices, safe voltages, fuses, exhaust devices, etc. 3.2.2.3 Attenuation When the danger source cannot be eliminated and prevention is difficult, measures to reduce the risk factors can be taken, such as cooling measures, lightning protection devices, static elimination devices, vibration reduction devices, etc. 3.2.2.4 Isolation When it is impossible to eliminate, prevent and isolate dangerous sources, personnel should be separated from the dangerous sources and materials that cannot be stored should be separated, such as remote control operations, safety covers, protective screens, isolated operating rooms, safe distance, etc. 3.2.2.5 Interlocking When the operator makes a mistake or the equipment reaches a dangerous state, the interlocking device should be used to terminate the danger or hazard. 3.2.2.6 Warning In places prone to malfunctions and highly dangerous, configure eye-catching safety colors and safety signs, and if necessary, set up sound, light or a combination of sound and light alarm devices. 3.2.2.7 Emergency Rescue Formulate an emergency rescue plan for major hazards. When an accident inevitably occurs, the emergency rescue plan should be launched immediately, an effective emergency rescue force should be organized, and rapid rescue should be implemented. This is an effective measure to reduce casualties and property losses in accidents. . 3.2.3 Education measures Construction units should strengthen education and training and provide specialized safety education and training to relevant leaders and personnel involved in hazard source control. The training content should include: the significance of hazard source control and management, the main types of hazards in the unit (position), the main causes of hazards, the main methods of controlling accidents and daily safety operation requirements, emergency measures and various specific management requirements. . Through education and training, we can improve the consciousness of implementing hazard source control and management, and master the methods and techniques for control and management. Special training should be provided for personnel working in hazardous positions, skills training should be strengthened, cultural quality should be improved, operation accuracy and reliability should be improved, and legal education and professional ethics education should be strengthened. 3.3 Major hazard source control procedures Before starting a construction project, a complete construction organization design plan should be prepared. According to the construction organization design arrangement, relevant safety experts should be organized to identify potential major hazard sources on the construction site, and through scientific risk assessment methods, Determine which are the major hazard sources, and then determine the relevant responsible departments to formulate special safety construction control plans and emergency rescue plans. Through financial guarantees, clarify the responsibilities of relevant personnel to supervise the safety management, technology, education and other control measures in place, and finally implement the Evaluate and improve results.

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