The influence of Jinan tragedy

The Jinan Massacre was a Sino-Japanese conflict in the late Northern Expedition of the Kuomintang. In order to safeguard its special interests in North China, Manchuria and Mongolia, Japan sent troops to Shandong: on the one hand, it may hope to control the success of the Northern Expedition, and on the other hand, it wants to show its strength to the Kuomintang, which will soon unify China.

Historians in China believe that "Japan obstructed the Northern Expedition and planned provocative actions". Different from Japan's war of aggression against China, in 1928, there was still opposition to sending troops in Japan, and the actions of Britain and the United States were also the main consideration of the Japanese government.

in China, the Kuomintang of China, which takes the national revolution and regains the privileges of the great powers as its own responsibility, is facing the strength of the "great powers" for the first time, and does not want to confront them head-on when the Northern Expedition has not been successful. In addition to anti-Japanese slogans to commemorate the Jinan incident and Cai Gongshi, the actual action is only "to be safe inside first, and then to be noisy outside".

The occurrence of the Jinan tragedy and its aftermath, as well as propaganda, made the anti-Japanese sentiment in China even higher. The Jinan tragedy also dashed the hope of mutual trust and cooperation between China and Japan. China finally abandoned its diplomacy of uniting with Japan and established closer relations with western countries, especially the United States.

Chiang Kai-shek's army expanded its control area in the north of China, while the Japanese imperial army could not control the nationalist forces in China. The leaders of the Japanese Imperial Army are worried that the patriotic passionate reaction aroused by Chiang Kai-shek and China society will threaten Japan's interests in Northeast South Manchuria. ?

Zhang Zuolin, the military leader of Manchuria, has been secretly negotiating with Chiang Kai-shek about the alliance. As a result, on June 4th, Zhang Zuolin's special train was bombed by the Japanese imperial army, which accelerated the establishment of Manchukuo.

The Jinan tragedy also had a great impact on the psychology of Jiang Zhongzheng, the leader of China at that time. In his diary on May 3, 1928, Jiang wrote: "The humiliation suffered by the Japanese took May 3 as the first priority, and the enemy and the Chinese nation became indissoluble enemies." After that, Jiang insisted on writing the word "revenge" every day in his diary.

Extended information:

1. The beginning of the tragedy:

On the morning of May 3, 1928, shops in Jinan, Quancheng, opened their doors one after another, and the business was booming, and the market was bustling and peaceful. But unexpectedly, at 9 o'clock in the morning, an unarmed soldier of the Northern Expeditionary Army was shot for no reason after passing through the Japanese security zone.

When the First Division of the Northern Expeditionary Army moved to the Christian Hospital, the Japanese army suddenly shot again, and at the same time attacked two battalions of the Seventh Regiment of the Third Division of the 4th Army of the National Revolutionary Army, causing heavy losses to the Northern Expeditionary Army.

The 92nd Division and the 93rd Division fought back and immediately stopped the arrogance of the Japanese aggressors. Seeing that things were not good, Japanese commander Fukuda sent Sasaki to meet Chiang Kai-shek and threatened that "if there is no ceasefire, China and Japan will go to war in an all-round way". Chiang Kai-shek sent a command class composed of 1 staff officers to the various units to command and stop fighting back against the Japanese army.

Soon, Chiang Kai-shek sent Foreign Minister Huang Wei to the headquarters of the Japanese invaders to negotiate. When Huang Yue arrived at the Japanese headquarters in Zhengyin Bank, Fukuda avoided it and only sent his chief of staff, Kuroda, to meet him. Kuroda arrogantly proposed that the Northern Expeditionary Army must cease fire immediately and withdraw from the Japanese warning zone.

After Huang Yue came back, he reported to Chiang Kai-shek that Chiang Kai-shek had taken the overall situation into consideration and strictly ordered the Northern Expeditionary Army not to fight back. However, the Japanese invaders pushed their luck. While disarming all the Northern Expeditionary Army in Shangbu District by force, they sent troops to occupy the office of the Foreign Minister in Jinan Railway Bureau. Huang Yue, the foreign minister, and his guards, known as "invisible immortals", were also disarmed, obediently withdrew from his office and moved to the headquarters of the Northern Expeditionary Army.

Just as China sent people to negotiate with the Japanese, two Japanese soldiers were killed by stray bullets. The Japanese aggressor army found a provocative excuse and attacked China's army station on a large scale. The Japanese invading army was even more fierce. No matter the officers and men, they killed everyone they saw. At one time, the bodies were all over the street, and the blood was flowing like a river. More than 7, China troops were forced to disarm.

At this time, Chiang Kai-shek still ordered no resistance, and only ordered Cai Gongshi, director of the Foreign Affairs Office of the Battlefield Council, to negotiate quickly, demanding that the Japanese army retreat quickly. Cai Gongshi was about to negotiate with the Japanese side, but saw that the negotiation office was surrounded by the Japanese army.

Cai Gongshi had to pick up the phone and ask Nishida Kazuyoshi, the Japanese consul in Jinan, why the conflict happened. Nishida replied cunningly: "I don't know why there is a misunderstanding between us. The two sides should stop fighting immediately." Cai Gongshi sent people out again, but they were all shot back by Japanese soldiers. The staff of the whole department were besieged for a day, hungry and tired.

At about 11: p.m., the messenger came and reported, "The Japanese soldiers outside are crashing into the door. What should we do?" Cai Gongshi hesitated a little, and then decided resolutely: "Open the door and invite them in!" Before the messenger turned around, the gate of the negotiation office was knocked down by the Japanese gunstocks, and more than 2 Japanese soldiers crashed in. It is not allowed to say that the lights and telephone lines were cut, and the negotiation office suddenly fell into darkness.

2. Renewing the War

On May 4, 1928, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Foreign Minister Huang Yi to call Japanese Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Tanaka Yoshiichi, pointing out that "this atrocity is not only devastating China's sovereignty, but also unacceptable to humanity.

I hereby make a serious protest to your government again. Please immediately order the soldiers stationed in Japan to stop the atrocities of gun shooting, and immediately withdraw the troops who ravaged public law and destroyed the treaty. All problems should be solved through proper procedures. "

The Japanese government paid no attention to this protest note at all and ignored it. On the contrary, it expanded the situation in Jinan and fired more frantically at China citizens.

Chiang Kai-shek patiently sent Luo Jialun, Zhao Shixuan, Cui Shijie and Wang Zhengting to negotiate with Japan, but they were all bombed back by Japan. Then, Chiang Kai-shek sent an express telegram to negotiate with the Japanese authorities directly in Zhang Qun, Tokyo.

The Japanese side's intention is obvious. They want to control Chiang Kai-shek's forces in Jinan first, force him to sign an alliance at the gates, and prevent the Northern Expeditionary Army from going north, so that the Japanese army can control a large territory in North China. To this end, the Japanese aggressors not only failed to calm things down, but also stepped up their attacks in an attempt to destroy part of Chiang Kai-shek's forces.

under the command of Su Zongzhe, deputy commander of Jinan garrison, Jinan soldiers and civilians fought against the Japanese aggressors, especially Guo Defang, the ninth company commander of Deng Yinfan regiment, and his subordinates swore:

"We were born as soldiers and died to defend our country. What happened today, the Japanese forced us to bear it no longer! For the country and the people, it is time for us to sacrifice our country! We can't bear, and we don't want to see our country's rivers and mountains broken with our own eyes, but we are caught! We must fight to the death with the enemy in the spirit and determination of' having the enemy without me and having me invincible'! "

The soldiers of the Northern Expeditionary Army used the three-dimensional tactics of skirmishing against the Japanese aggressors, which made the enemy frightened. Li Yannian and Deng Yinfan, two regiments of soldiers who stayed in Jinan, fought fiercely with the Japanese aggressors for three days and nights, and the Japanese aggressors did not dare to make a move until they received a secret telegram from Chiang Kai-shek ordering them to retreat.

3. Bloody massacre

After the Northern Expeditionary Army withdrew from Jinan, on the morning of May 11th, the Japanese army held a ceremony of "showing off national prestige" and began a terrible massacre: shooting at everyone, cutting off breasts and stabbing to death at random. More than 17, soldiers and civilians were killed and injured in Jinan. It's really a river of blood, and the corpses are everywhere. It's terrible and the world is angry!

Baidu Encyclopedia-Jinan Massacre