Risk analysis and preventive measures of electroplating operation?

Risk analysis and preventive measures of electroplating operation are very important. Knowing the dangerous situation can make better preventive measures, and it is very important to deal with every detail. Zhong Da Consulting will explain the risk analysis and preventive measures of electroplating operation for you.

Galvanizing, copper plating, nickel plating and chromium plating are the most widely involved in electroplating, among which zinc plating accounts for 45-50%, copper plating, nickel plating and chromium plating accounts for 30%, alumina and anodic oxide films account for 65,438+05%, and electronic products account for about 5%. Electroplating principle: With the help of external direct current, the method of depositing metal or alloy layer on the surface of plated conductor is called electroplating. The basic electroplating process mainly includes: preparation before plating (inspection, polishing and insulation treatment)-hanging tools (baskets)-pretreatment (chemical degreasing, electrolytic degreasing, acid rust removal, pretreatment, neutralization, activation, pre-plating, etc.). )-electroplating or oxidation or electroless plating-post-treatment (cleaning, passivation, coloring, sealing, neutralization, drying, etc.). )-Pretreatment: provide the required electroplating surface for subsequent coating deposition. Pretreatment mainly affects the appearance adhesion. According to statistics, 60% electroplating defects are caused by poor pretreatment. Pretreatment methods include sandblasting, polishing, hot dip degreasing, ultrasonic degreasing, electric degreasing, pickling activation and so on. Electroplating: The process of obtaining the required coating on the surface of the workpiece is the core process of electroplating. Post-treatment: after electroplating, the coating is treated in various ways to enhance the various properties of the coating. Such as corrosion resistance, discoloration resistance, weldability, etc. Post-treatment methods include passivation, neutralization, coloring, anti-discoloration, hole sealing and so on.

Electroplating is divided into hanging plating, barrel plating, continuous plating and brush plating, which are mainly related to the size and batch of the plated parts. Hanging plating is suitable for general size products, such as car bumpers and bicycle handlebars. Roller plating is suitable for small parts, such as fasteners, washers and pins. Continuous electroplating is suitable for large-scale production of wire and strip. Brush plating is suitable for local electroplating or repair. According to the automation degree of electroplating, it can be divided into manual electroplating production line and automatic electroplating production line. Chemicals commonly used in electroplating: a. cyanide; Include salts containing cyano groups. Dramatic drugs inhibit respiratory enzymes, leading to intracellular asphyxia. Inhalation of high concentration hydrogen cyanide gas in a short time can immediately stop breathing and die. Invasion of respiratory tract, esophagus and skin can cause poisoning. Mild symptoms include mucosal irritation, numbness of lips and tongue, asthma, nausea, vomiting and palpitation. In severe cases, breathing is irregular, consciousness gradually becomes unconscious, incontinence occurs, and respiratory disorders will soon appear and die. After cyanide poisoning is cured, neurological sequelae may occur. B. Chemicals such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, ammonia water and sodium hydroxide exist in the air of workplace in the form of corresponding gas and acid (alkali) fog, and enter the human body mainly through respiratory tract and digestive tract. Inhalation causes upper respiratory tract infection, causing cough, chest tightness, congestion of throat and nasal cavity, perforation of nasal septum ulcer, laryngeal spasm, pharyngeal erosion ulcer, bronchitis, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, pneumonia, pulmonary edema and other symptoms. External contact can cause burns, skin allergies and corneal perforation. C metal salts such as zinc, copper, nickel and chromate: inhalation of aerosol can cause upper respiratory tract infections, such as nasal perforation, nasal ulcer, contact dermatitis and allergic dermatitis and eczema after skin contact. Acute poisoning caused by entering human body, such as shortness of breath, dyspnea, cyanosis, shock, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, liver function damage and renal failure. Chromium salts are still carcinogens. D. organic chemicals; Solvents are mainly alkanes, ethanol and benzene toxic substances. The components of various additives are complex, mainly the condensation and addition reactants of epichlorohydrin with alcohols, alkynes and ethers. After these two poisons enter the human body, they are mostly manifested as blood diseases such as dyskinesia, neurogenic injury, leukemia and anemia. Dust: The main sources of electroplating dust are polishing (including vibration polishing), grinding, sand blasting and other processes. It mainly causes the potential harm of silicosis.

Temperature factor: When people work in defective parts with high temperature, high humidity or thermal radiation, their bodies will suffer from thermoregulation disorder, metabolic balance disorder, increased heart rate, vasodilation and increased heart burden, which will damage the circulatory system, digestive system and nervous system, resulting in discomfort such as fever, dizziness, palpitation, irritability, thirst, weakness and fatigue, reduced work efficiency, poor coordination of actions and easy misoperation.

Low temperature usually means that the ambient temperature is lower than 10℃. The main influence of low temperature environment on human body is to lower the deep body temperature, thus causing a series of protective or compensatory physiological reactions, such as trembling, vasoconstriction on human surface, increased metabolic rate, accelerated heart rate and respiratory rate, and changes in blood components. If the deep body temperature drops below 34, people will suffer from forgetfulness, stuttering, decreased spatial orientation, decreased tactile discrimination, and decreased hand operation flexibility. Affect work efficiency.

Noise and vibration factors: working in an environment with excessive noise for a long time will damage the hearing organs and lead to pathological changes in the nervous system, digestive system and cardiovascular system. The main reactions are: headache, dizziness, tinnitus, palpitation, sleep disorder and other neurasthenia syndromes. Vibration factors are rare in electroplating industry.

Labor intensity factors; Refers to the definition of working time (including unreasonable rest system) and excessive labor intensity beyond personal physiological ability; As well as excessive fatigue of local organs and long-term labor with poor posture or unreasonable tools. This kind of excessive labor intensity destroys the laws of workers' work and life, and the accumulation of fatigue in the body shifts to overwork, which increases blood pressure and aggravates arteriosclerosis. Internationally defined as: chronic fatigue syndrome. Etiology: Symptoms such as physical decline, memory loss, headache and dizziness, listlessness, insomnia and dreaminess, irritability and anxiety, excessive psychological pressure, etc., and they are in a sub-health state of exhaustion. The main equipment of electroplating enterprises is 1. Electroplating bath (including oil removal tank, pickling tank, cleaning tank, activation tank, passivation tank and hot water tank for post-treatment, etc.). ).

2. Electrical device: an electrified circuit consisting of rectifier, workpiece (cathode), anode, bath solution and bus bar.

3. Bath heating and electroplating parts drying system 4. Ventilation system 5. Bath filtration system 6. Others (such as pneumatic equipment, lifting equipment, etc. Security countermeasures 1. Safety countermeasures of electroplating enterprises: general requirements II. The third floor of the factory has no countermeasures. Anti-poisoning countermeasures 1 Reform the process, try to adopt low-toxic and harmless processes and substances, and adopt low-cyanide or cyanide-free production processes. Anti-theft alarm devices should be installed in the places where drama drugs are stored and used. The building structure is complete and the doors and windows are tight. Irrelevant personnel are prohibited from entering. Packaging containers and bags of drama drugs are not allowed to be discarded casually, and should be recycled by suppliers after disinfection. Special sorting containers should be stored in the warehouse. 4 Electroplating production should be mechanized and automatically controlled, and the toxic substance production device should be sealed to reduce the contact between personnel and toxic substances and avoid the mixing and contact between cyanide and acidic substances. 5. Improve ventilation. Positions such as painting, electrophoresis and ink painting should adopt positive pressure air supply, and acid mist, paint mist, toxic gas and dust should be absorbed or discharged at high altitude. 6. Strictly control the working temperature and current density. 7. First-aid drugs equipped with cyanide, such as isoamyl nitrite. Four. Fire and explosion prevention countermeasures 1 replace flammable and combustible solvents with flame retardant water-based cleaning agents. 2. Control the storage capacity of all kinds of dangerous chemicals, especially the storage capacity of Class A and Class B flammable liquids. The maximum storage capacity of the use place should not exceed the demand of one day and night. 3 Flammable and explosive places should be of frame or brick-concrete structure, with external fire doors, and the safety exit and evacuation distance should meet the requirements of the specification. 4 Non-combustible materials should be used in the spray booth and its connected ventilation pipes, and paint scale should be cleaned in time. 5 Lighting lamps, switches and motors in inflammable and explosive places shall meet explosion-proof requirements. 6 Flammable and explosive places should have good ventilation measures. 7. Flammable and explosive places should be equipped with flammable gas concentration leakage detection alarm device and fire alarm device. In order to prevent hydrogen explosion, the electrode contact of plating bath should be cleaned frequently to make it conduct electricity well, and the foam height on the liquid surface should be controlled to strengthen ventilation and avoid leaving dead corners on the roof of buildings. 9 Taboo materials should be stored separately to avoid mixing. 10 is equipped with suitable fire fighting equipment. The fire extinguisher should be set in an obvious and easy-to-get place, and other items are not allowed to be piled up around it. V. Countermeasures for Electrical Accidents 1 Any electrical equipment shall not be overloaded or used with faults. 2 Electrical equipment and switches shall be equipped with short circuit protection, overload protection and ground fault protection. 3 Electrical equipment in wet workplaces should be equipped with leakage protection devices. 4 bare charged bodies that may cause electric shock and easy to touch must be equipped with protective covers or covers. 5 wire should be wear-resistant and fuel-resistant pipe laying. 6 The shell of electric heating tube shall meet the requirements of anticorrosion. 7 rectifier and other electrical equipment should be set separately in the power room for centralized placement. The rectifier should be placed in a ventilated and dry place, and its spacing should not be less than 600 mm. The rectifier housing should be safely grounded. 8 Important posts and places should be provided with emergency lighting and evacuation signs. Countermeasures against scalding 1 The surface of high-temperature equipment and pipelines should be insulated, and the pipeline joints and valves should not leak. Special equipment such as steam boilers and elevators shall be purchased from production units with relevant qualifications, and their installation, renovation and maintenance activities shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of laws and regulations. Special equipment and its safety accessories shall be inspected and tested on time. 3. Wear dust masks, gas masks, rubber gloves, goggles, water shoes, breathing apparatus and protective clothing when contacting toxic and harmful substances, corrosive substances, high-temperature substances and dust. 4. Set up emergency sprinkler in the place where acid and alkali are used and stored. Heatstroke prevention and cooling measures should be taken in high temperature season. In addition to strengthening ventilation, we can also spray water on the roof to cool down, provide cool drinks and heatstroke prevention drugs (such as Huoxiang Zhengqi water), and pay attention to the education of heatstroke prevention knowledge and temporary first aid methods. 6 High-noise equipment should be arranged reasonably and isolated as much as possible. 7 polishing, wire drawing, sand blasting and other work should be forced ventilation. Seven. The conductivity of electroplating bath and power supply device is 1. Management of Rectifier (1) Electroplating enterprises should use rectifiers with anticorrosion performance. (2) the power should be appropriate. 2, bath heating equipment (1) the upper limit of the heating zone in the electric heating tube should be below the minimum liquid level of the bath by 50 mm to prevent dry burning and electric shock. (2) The electric heating tank is interlocked with the liquid level meter, and the heating will automatically stop when the liquid level is low. (3) The steam heating pipe should be tested (leak detection and pressure resistance). (4) The steam pipeline shall be wrapped with heat preservation material and marked in red. 8 Ventilation device 1 It is forbidden to merge cyanide tanks and acid tanks to prevent HCN from being produced and causing poisoning. Cyanide tank and alkali tank can be combined. 2 Chromic acid tank and nitric acid tank should be set separately. 3 Organic solvent tanks cannot be combined with other tanks, so fire prevention and explosion prevention measures should be considered. 4. Trough side exhaust hood: the trough width is less than 500mm, one side; 500-800 mm, preferably bilateral; 800-1200mm, bilateral; More than 1200mm, with blow-suction exhaust hood. If the diameter of the circular groove is more than 500mm, a circular exhaust hood 5 should be adopted, and the exhaust port is 5m higher than the roof. 6 The positive pressure pipeline of the exhaust system of cyanide storage tank and organic solvent storage tank does not pass through other rooms (to prevent accidents caused by leakage). The safety technical measures of electroplating enterprises are ranked as 1, and eliminated. Harmless technology is adopted in process and equipment design. Such as: harmless technology, automation, remote control, etc. 2. Prevention. Take technical measures to prevent danger. For example, safety valve, safe voltage, safety screen protection and leakage protection are adopted. 3. weaken. Take technical measures to reduce the harm. Such as: ventilation and detoxification, cooling, shock absorption, noise elimination and other measures. 4. isolation. Separate people from danger and injury, and separate substances that cannot be stored. Such as: adding protective screen, setting isolation operation room, setting safe distance, etc. 5. Warning. Set up eye-catching safety colors and safety signs in dangerous places. When necessary, sound, light or acousto-optic combined alarm device should be set. Preparation before plating (inspection, polishing and insulation treatment)-spreader (basket)-pretreatment (chemical degreasing, electrolytic degreasing, acid rust removal, pretreatment, neutralization, activation, pre-plating, etc.). )-electroplating or oxidation or electroless plating-post-treatment (cleaning, passivation, coloring, sealing, neutralization, drying, etc.). ) "Risk Analysis and Preventive Measures of Electroplating Operation".

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