Collect information about fire protection (fire prevention)

Fire control common sense

1, solid fire should be put out with water, foam, ammonium phosphate dry powder and halon fire extinguisher.

2. Dry powder, foam, halon and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers should be used to put out liquid fires.

3, gas fire should use dry powder, haloalkane, carbon dioxide fire extinguisher.

4. When the charged object catches fire, haloalkane, carbon dioxide and dry powder fire extinguisher should be used to put out the fire.

5. Fire-fighting equipment for metal fires shall be settled through consultation between the design department and the local public security fire supervision department. At present, there is no formal fire extinguisher in China.

6. Please refer to "Use of Fire Extinguishers" for the use of fire extinguishers and fire extinguishing methods.

Fire extinguisher use method

Classification of fire extinguishers

There are many types of fire extinguishers, which can be divided into: portable and cart-type; According to the power source driving the fire extinguishing agent, it can be divided into gas cylinder type, pressure storage type and chemical reaction type, and according to the filled fire extinguishing agent, it can be divided into foam, dry powder, haloalkane, carbon dioxide, acid and alkali, clear water and so on.

Fire extinguisher suitable for fire and its usage (portable)

1. foam extinguisher's fire-fighting adaptability and usage.

application area

It is suitable for fighting general Class B fires, such as oil and grease fires, and also suitable for Class A fires, but it cannot fight water-soluble flammable and combustible liquids, such as alcohol, ester, ether, ketone and other substances in Class B fires; It is also impossible to put out live equipment and class C and D fires.

Usage: You can carry the lifting ring on the top of the bucket and go to the fire quickly. At this time, care should be taken not to tilt the fire extinguisher excessively, nor to hold it horizontally or upside down, so as to avoid mixing the two chemicals and spraying it in advance. When the distance from the ignition point is about 10 meter, the cylinder can be turned upside down, with one hand holding the bail tightly and the other hand holding the cylinder bottom ring, aiming the jet at the combustion products. When putting out flammable liquid fire, if it is already flowing and burning, spray foam from far and near to make the foam completely cover the burning liquid surface; If burning in a container, the foam should be shot at the inner wall of the container, so that the foam can flow along the inner wall and gradually cover the fire surface. It is strictly forbidden to spray directly on the liquid surface, so as to avoid the burning liquid from being scattered or rushing out of the container due to the impact of the jet, and expand the combustion range. When putting out the fire of solid matter, the jet should be aimed at the place where the fire burns most violently. When putting out a fire, with the shortening of the effective spraying distance, users should gradually approach the burning area and always spray foam on the burning object until it is extinguished. When in use, the fire extinguisher should always be turned upside down, otherwise the spraying will be interrupted.

(Portable) foam extinguisher should be stored in a dry, cool, ventilated and convenient place, not near high temperature or places that may be exposed to sunlight to prevent carbonic acid from decomposing and failing; Anti-freezing measures should be taken in winter to prevent freezing; And should always wipe the dust, dredge the nozzle, keep unobstructed.

2. The cart-type foam extinguisher is suitable for fire and its use.

Its adaptability to fire is the same as that of portable chemical foam extinguisher.

Usage: When using, it is usually operated by two people. First push and pull the fire extinguisher to the fire point quickly, and stop at a place about 10 meters away from the fire point. After one person applies the spray hose, hold the spray gun tightly with both hands and aim at the burning place. The other is to turn the handwheel counterclockwise, so that the screw rises to the highest position, so that the bottle cap is completely opened, and then pour the steel bottle backwards, so that the pull rod touches the ground, rotate the valve handle 90 degrees, and spray foam to extinguish the fire. If the valve is installed at the spray gun, the person in charge of operating the spray gun will open the valve.

The fire extinguishing methods and precautions are basically the same as those of portable chemical foam extinguisher, which can be used for reference. This kind of fire extinguisher can give full play to its advantages because of its long spraying distance and long continuous spraying time, and can be used to extinguish the initial fire of large-area storage tanks or tankers.

3. Adaptability of air foam extinguisher to fire and its use.

Scope of application:

The scope of application is basically the same as that of chemical foam extinguisher. However, solvent-resistant foam extinguisher can also extinguish the fire of water-soluble flammable liquids, such as the initial fire of burning solvents such as alcohol, ether and ketone.

How to use:

When in use, you can quickly rush to the fire with your hands or shoulders. When it is about 6 meters away from the burning material, pull out the safety pin, and hold the opening handle in one hand and the spray gun in the other. Squeeze the opening handle hard, open the seal or puncture the seal of the gas cylinder, and the air foam can be ejected from the nozzle of the spray gun. The fire extinguishing method is the same as that of portable chemical foam extinguisher. However, when using the air foam extinguisher, the fire extinguisher should always be in an upright position, and it should not be used upside down or horizontally, otherwise the spraying will be interrupted. At the same time, always hold the open handle tightly, and don't let go, otherwise the injection will be interrupted.

4. Acid and alkali fire extinguishers suitable for fire and their use.

Scope of adaptation:

It is suitable for putting out the initial fire of Class A substances, such as wood, fabric, paper and other fires. It cannot be used to put out fires caused by the burning of Class B substances, nor can it be used to put out fires caused by Class C combustible gases or Class D light metals. At the same time, it cannot be used to put out the fire of charged objects.

How to use:

When in use, the upper part of the steel cylinder should be lifted by hand and rushed to the fire site quickly. Never put the fire extinguisher on your back, and don't tilt it too much to prevent the two liquids from mixing and spraying in advance. When it is about 6 meters away from combustible materials, the fire extinguisher can be reversed and shaken several times to speed up the mixing of the two liquids; Hold the lifting ring with one hand and the bottom ring under the cylinder with the other hand, and aim the jet at the place where the combustion is the fiercest. At the same time, with the decrease of injection distance, users should push closer to the burning place.

5. How to use a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher

When putting out a fire, you only need to lift or carry a fire extinguisher to the fire site. Put down the fire extinguisher and pull out the safety pin when it is about 5 meters away from the combustibles. Hold the handle at the root of the horn with one hand and the pressure handle of the switch valve with the other hand. For carbon dioxide fire extinguishers without water hose, the horn should be at 70-90 degrees with the upper plate. When using, you can't directly grasp the outer wall of the horn or the metal connecting pipe with your hands to prevent your hands from being frostbitten. When putting out fire, when combustible liquid burns in a flowing state, the user sprays the jet of carbon dioxide extinguishing agent from near and far to the flame. If combustible liquid burns in the container, the user should raise the horn. Spray into the combustion container from the upper part of one side of the container. However, the carbon dioxide jet can not directly impact the surface of combustible liquid, which prevents combustible liquid from being washed out of the container, expands the fire and brings difficulties to fire fighting.

Cart-type carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are generally operated by two people. When in use, two people push or pull the fire extinguisher to the burning place together and stop at a distance of about 10 meter from the burning object. One person quickly takes off the horn, unfolds the spray hose, holds the handle at the root of the horn, and the other person quickly turns the handwheel counterclockwise to the maximum position. The fire extinguishing method is the same as the portable method.

When using a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, if it is used outdoors, it should be sprayed in the upwind direction. If it is used in an outdoor narrow space, the operator should leave quickly after the fire is put out to prevent suffocation.

7. 12 1 1 How to use portable fire extinguishers

When using, the handle or shoulder of the fire extinguisher should be close to the fire. Put down the fire extinguisher about 5 meters away from the burning place, first pull out the safety pin, hold the opening handle in one hand and the nozzle at the front end of the injection hose in the other. If the fire extinguisher has no spray hose, you can hold the opening handle with one hand and the bottom ring part at the bottom of the fire extinguisher with the other hand. Firstly, aim the nozzle at the burning place, and open the handle hard to make the fire extinguisher spray. When the rescued combustible liquid is flowing and burning, the user should aim at the root of the flame from near to far and from left to right and push it forward quickly until the flame is completely extinguished. If combustible liquid burns in a container, the quasi-flame should sweep from one side to the other. When the flame is driven out of the container, the jet should follow the flame until it is completely extinguished. However, it should be noted that the jet can not be directly sprayed on the surface of the burning liquid, so as to prevent the impulse of the extinguishing agent from rushing the flammable liquid out of the container, which will expand the fire and make it difficult to put out the fire. If the initial fire of combustible solid substances is put out, the jet should be aimed at the most violent place. After the flame is extinguished, measures should be taken in time to prevent reignition. 12 1 1 When using the fire extinguisher, it should not be inverted or placed horizontally, otherwise the fire extinguishing agent will not be sprayed out. In addition, when used outdoors, it should be sprayed in the upwind direction; When putting out a fire in a narrow room, the operator should evacuate quickly after the fire, because the extinguishing agent 12 1 1 is also toxic to prevent harm to human body.

8. How to use the cart type 12 1 1 fire extinguisher?

When putting out a fire, there are generally two operations. First push or pull the fire extinguisher to the fire, and stop at a distance of about 10 meters from the burning place. One person quickly loosens the spray hose, grasps the spray gun and aims at the burning place. The other man quickly opened the fire extinguisher valve. The fire extinguishing method is the same as the portable 12 1 1 fire extinguisher.

Maintenance of cart fire extinguisher

The maintenance requirements of fire extinguishers for trolleys are the same as those for portable 12 1 1 fire extinguishers.

9. 130 1 Use of fire extinguishers

130 1 The use method and application scope of the fire extinguisher are the same as those of 12 1 1 fire extinguisher. However, because the extinguishing agent 130 1 is sprayed in fog, its extinguishing ability is not as high as that of the fire extinguisher 12 1 1 when it is used outdoors in windy weather, so it should be sprayed in the windward direction.

10. Dry powder fire extinguisher adapted to fire and its use method

Sodium bicarbonate dry powder fire extinguisher is suitable for the initial fire of flammable, combustible liquids, gases and charged equipment; Ammonium phosphate dry powder fire extinguisher can be used not only for the above kinds of fires, but also for the initial fire of solid substances. But they can't put out the fire of metal burning.

When putting out a fire, you can quickly walk to the fire with a fire extinguisher in your hand or a fire extinguisher on your shoulder, and put down the fire extinguisher about 5 meters away from the burning place. If you are outdoors, you should choose to spray against the wind. If the dry powder fire extinguisher used is of external pressure storage type, the operator should hold the spray gun tightly with one hand and lift the opening bail on the gas cylinder with the other hand. If the cylinder is opened by handwheel, loosen it counterclockwise, turn it to the highest position, and then lift the fire extinguisher. When the dry powder is ejected, it is quickly aimed at the root of the flame. If the dry powder fire extinguisher used is built-in gas cylinder or pressure storage type, the operator should first unplug the safety pin on the opening handle, then hold the nozzle at the front end of the spray hose, and press the opening handle with the other hand to open the fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. When using a fire extinguisher with a spray hose or an accumulator fire extinguisher, always hold down the handle with one hand and never let go, otherwise the spray will be interrupted.

When using dry powder fire extinguisher to put out flammable and combustible liquid fires, the quasi-flame should be directed at the main parts. If the extinguished liquid fire is flowing and burning, the root of the quasi-flame should be shot from near to far, left and right, until all the flames are extinguished. If combustible liquid burns in the container, the user should shake the root of quasi-flame left and right to make the sprayed dry powder flow cover the whole opening surface of the container; When the flame is driven out of the container, the user should continue to spray until the flame is completely extinguished. When extinguishing the flammable liquid fire in the container, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the nozzle is not directly aimed at the liquid level to prevent the impact of the jet from splashing flammable liquid, which will expand the fire and bring difficulties to the fire extinguishing. If the flammable liquid burns in a metal container for a long time, the wall temperature of the container is higher than the self-ignition point of the flammable liquid, and it is easy to re-ignite after fire extinguishing. If we cooperate with foam extinguisher, the fire fighting effect will be better.

When using ammonium phosphate dry powder fire extinguisher to put out solid combustible fire, it should be sprayed in the place where quasi-combustion is the fiercest, up and down, left and right. If conditions permit, the user can spray the fire extinguisher along the periphery of the combustion object, so that the dry powder extinguishing agent can be evenly sprayed on the surface of the combustion object until the flame is completely extinguished.

1 1. How to use the cart type dry powder fire extinguisher?

The use method of cart dry powder fire extinguisher is the same as that of portable dry powder fire extinguisher.

Thirteen skills to escape from fire

Everyone is praying for peace. However, the weather is unpredictable and the talent is in danger. Once the fire came, surrounded by smoke, poison gas and flames, many people died in the fire, and some survived. "Only desperate people, there is no desperate situation." In the face of billowing smoke and raging flames, it is very possible to save yourself as long as you use the knowledge of self-help and fire escape calmly and tactfully. Therefore, if you master more skills to save yourself in a fire, you may be able to get a second life in a difficult situation.

The first trick: escape rehearsal, there is no danger.

Everyone should know the structure and escape route of the building where they work, study or live, and organize emergency escape drills when necessary to familiarize everyone with the fire-fighting facilities and self-help escape methods in the building. In this way, when there is a fire, you won't feel cornered.

Please remember: preview in advance will get twice the result with half the effort.

The second trick: be familiar with the environment and memorize the export.

When you are in a strange environment, such as staying in a hotel, visiting a shopping mall, or entering an entertainment place, you must pay attention to the evacuation route, safety exit, and the orientation of stairs for your own safety, so that you can escape from the scene as soon as possible at a critical time.

Please remember: feel at ease, be prepared for danger in times of peace, and reserve a passage for yourself.

The third measure: the exit of the passage is unimpeded.

Stairs, passages, exits, etc. It is the most important escape route in case of fire. They should be kept clear, and sundries should not be piled up or locked, so as to pass safely and quickly in an emergency.

Please remember: if you kill yourself, you will die.

The fourth measure: put out small fires and benefit others.

When a fire breaks out, if it is found that the fire is not big and poses no great threat to human beings, and there are enough fire extinguishing equipment around, such as fire extinguishers and fire hydrants, we should try our best to control and put out the small fire; Don't make a hullabaloo about in panic, run around, and a small fire is left unattended, which will lead to great disaster.

Please remember: race against time to put out the "first fire"

The fifth measure: keep calm, recognize the direction and evacuate quickly.

In case of sudden fire, in the face of smoke and fire, we should first force ourselves to remain calm, quickly judge the dangerous place and safe place, decide the escape mode and evacuate the dangerous place as soon as possible. Don't blindly follow people, crowd each other and rush about. When evacuating, you should pay attention to running to a bright or open place outdoors and try to run below the floor. If the passage has been blocked by fireworks, you should leave with your back to the direction of fireworks and escape to the outside through balconies, transoms, roofs, etc.

Please remember: only when people are calm can they come up with a good solution.

The sixth measure: don't be in danger, don't be greedy for property.

In a fire, human life is the most important. If you are in danger, you should evacuate as soon as possible. Don't waste precious escape time on dressing up or looking for or moving valuables because you are shy or worried about valuables. People who have fled the danger must not return to the danger zone and be trapped.

Please remember: if you stay in the green hills, you are not afraid of running out of firewood.

The seventh measure: simple protection, crawling with your nose.

When you escape through a route full of smoke, you should prevent smoke poisoning and suffocation. In order to prevent the smoke from choking in the fire, you can cover your nose with a towel and a mask and climb away. Smoke is lighter than air and floats in the upper part. Evacuation near the ground is the best way to avoid inhaling smoke and filter out toxic gases. Wear protective equipment such as gas mask, helmet, flame retardant and heat insulation clothing when crossing the fireworks blockade area. If you don't have these protective equipment, you can pour cold water on your head and body or wrap your head and body with wet towels, wet quilts and wet blankets before rushing out.

Please remember: it is better to have more protective tools in your hand than to be unarmed.

Eighth measure: make good use of the passage and don't enter the elevator.

Buildings designed and built according to codes and standards will have more than two escape stairs, passages or safe sunlight. In case of fire, you should choose to enter the relatively safe stairwell according to the situation. In addition to using stairs, you can also use the balcony, windowsill and roof of the building to climb to a safe place around, and slide down the stairs along the protrusions in the building structure such as downpipes and lightning wires to escape from danger. In high-rise buildings, once a fire breaks out, the power supply system of the elevator will be cut off at any time, or people will be trapped in the elevator because of the thermal deformation of the elevator. At the same time, because the elevator shaft is like a through chimney, toxic smoke directly threatens the lives of trapped people. Therefore, never take the ordinary elevator to escape.

Please remember: it is extremely dangerous to take the elevator when you escape.

The ninth trick: slow down and escape, and slide the rope to save yourself.

High-rise and multi-storey public buildings are generally equipped with any high-altitude descent device or lifeline, through which people can safely leave dangerous floors. Without these special facilities, and the safe passage has been blocked, rescuers can't arrive in time, so they can use ropes or sheets, curtains, clothes, etc. quickly. Make a simple lifeline by your side, wet it with water, and then slowly slide along the rope from the windowsill or balcony to the lower floor or ground; Escape safely.

Please remember: be bold and cautious. The lifeline is in sight.

The tenth trick: shelter and insist on assistance.

If you feel hot when you touch the door with your hand, once you open the door; Flame and smoke are destined to face each other. The escape route was cut off and there was no rescue for a short time. At this time, we can take measures to create shelters and stick to those who are waiting for help. First of all, close the doors and windows facing the fire, open the doors and windows facing the fire, block the doors with wet towels and wet cloth, or cover the windows with a quilt soaked in water, and then constantly spray the room with water to prevent fireworks from infiltrating, and stay in the room until rescuers arrive.

Please remember: Why is Strong Shield afraid of sharp spears?

Eleventh measure: slow down for help.

People trapped by fireworks who can't escape temporarily should try to stay in balconies, windows and other places that are easy to be found and can avoid close contact with fireworks. During the day, you can throw bright clothes out of the window or throw light and dazzling things outside; At night, you can use a flashlight to keep flashing or knocking on things in the window, and send out an effective distress signal in time to attract the attention of rescuers. Because firefighters grope along the wall when entering the room, when they are suffocated by smoke and lose their ability to save themselves, they should try to roll to the wall or door to facilitate firefighters to find and rescue; In addition, rolling to the wall can also prevent the building structure from collapsing and hurting yourself.

Please remember: only by fully exposing yourself can we strive to save ourselves effectively.

Twelfth trick: the fire has reached you, don't run.

If people on the fire spot find themselves on fire, never run or beat with their hands, because running or beating will form wind, accelerate oxygen replenishment and promote the fire. When the clothes on your body are on fire, you should try to take off your clothes or roll on the spot to suppress the flame; It is more effective to jump into the water in time or have someone water it and spray fire extinguishing agent on your body.

Please remember: it's embarrassing to roll on the spot, but fire can be avoided.

Thirteenth trick: jumping off a building is skillful, although it hurts survival.

People in the smoke of a fire are often in a state of extreme terror, close to collapse mentally, and panic can easily lead to desperate harmful behaviors such as jumping off a building to escape. It should be noted that only when firefighters prepare life-saving air cushions and command to jump off a building, or the floor is not high (generally below the fourth floor), they will be burned to death if they don't jump off a building. Even if there is no way out, if life is not seriously threatened, we should calmly wait for the rescue of firefighters. You should also talk about skills when jumping off a building. When jumping off a building, try to jump into the middle of the life-saving air cushion or choose the direction of pool, hood and grass. If possible, try to hold some soft objects such as quilts and sofa cushions tightly or open a big umbrella to jump down to slow down the impact. If you jump off a building with your bare hands, you must scrape the windowsill or balcony, let your body droop naturally and try to reduce the vertical distance. Before landing, put your head in your hands and bend your body into a ball to reduce injuries. Although jumping off a building can ask the Lord, it will cause some harm to the body, so be cautious.

Please remember: jumping off a building is not suicide, the key is to have a way.