There is a kind of fish in the north, whose name is Kun Kun, and it doesn't know what it means thousands of miles away.

There is a kind of fish in the north, whose name is Kun Kun. I don't know the meaning of this sentence-there is a kind of fish in Beihai, and its name is Kun. Kunming is very big. I don't know how many miles it is.

Source of works

Happy Travel is Zhuangzi's first article, which can be regarded as Zhuangzi's masterpiece both ideologically and artistically. The theme of "Happy Travel" is to pursue the outlook on life of absolute freedom. The author believes that only by forgetting the boundary between things and me, reaching the realm of no self, no work and no name, and swimming in infinity without any foundation, can we truly "travel happily". Firstly, this paper expounds the difference between "small" and "big" by comparing Dapeng with small animals such as pheasants and pigeons. On this basis, the author points out that both Fu and Xue pigeons who are not good at Yu Feixiang, Dapeng who can fly high in Wan Li by the wind, and Liezi who can go against the wind are "waiting for something" and are not free, which leads to and expounds the truth that "there is no one but himself, and the gods are useless and the saints are nameless". At last, through the argument between Keiko and Zhuangzi about "usefulness" and "uselessness", the article shows that only people who are not used by the world are "carefree". The full text is rich in imagination, novel in conception, magnificent and grotesque, with Wang Yang's wanton and romantic spirit between the lines.

original work

A pleasant hike

There is a kind of fish named Kun (kūn) in the north. Kun is so big, I don't know its thousands of miles; Become a bird. Its name is Peng. Peng's back is thousands of miles away; Fly away angrily, its wings hang in the sky like clouds. If it is a bird, shipping will migrate to Nanming. South ghost, Tianchi also.

"Qi Xie", ambition is strange. "Hehe" says: "Peng moved to Nanming, and the water hit three thousand miles. Tuán went to Wan Li and went to rest in June. " Wild horses, dust and creatures are blowing with interest. The sky is gray, and its positive color is evil? Far away and everything is extremely evil? It looks down. If it is, it's gone.

And the product of husband's water is not thick, then the negative boat is weak. Cover the depression with a glass of water, and the mustard will sail; If you cover a cup, it's glue. Shallow water makes a big boat. The wind is not thick, and its negative wing is weak. Therefore, nine Wan Li, the wind is next, it is the wind of today; Those who carry the blue sky but don't die, and then go south today.

Táo and Xue Dover said with a smile, "I will fly (xuè) to grab the elm square (yú fāng), and I will only be controlled by the ground when I don't arrive. What do you think? " Suitable for ignorant people, there will be three meals, and the stomach will still be as expected; The fittest is a hundred miles, leaving grain (ch not ng); The fittest travels a thousand miles, and food gathers in March. What do you know about the second worm?

Little knowledge is not as good as great knowledge, and small years are not as good as big years. What if I know? Chao (zhāo) knows nothing about the future, and Li (Hü i) and Guo (gū) don't know the spring and autumn, so this is a small year. There are ghosts in southern Chu, five hundred years old is spring, and five hundred years old is autumn; In ancient times, there was a big Toona sinensis (chūn), which was eight thousand years old for spring and eight thousand years old for autumn. This is also a big year. Peng Zu has a long-standing reputation, and everyone is a horse. Aren't you sad?

The problem of soup is also a thorn. In the north of poverty, there is a ghost sea and Tianchi. There is a kind of fish, which is thousands of miles wide. He who doesn't know his accomplishment is called Kun. There is a bird, its name is Peng, its back is like Mount Tai, and its wings are like clouds hanging from the sky. It's nine Wan Li who rolled the corner and reached the top. If you lose the clouds and the sky, you can seek the south again, which is also suitable for the south. Yan smiled and said, "Where's the teacher?" ? I jumped to my feet, but after counting down, I flew among Artemisia, which is also flying. And he's comfortable? "This little debate also.

Therefore, a husband who knows how to be an official, who is better than the countryside, combines morality with jun, and seizes the country has a high opinion of himself. However, Song still laughed: The reputation of the world is not persuaded, and the world is not in love. It is long gone to rely on the internal and external points to fight for the realm of honor and disgrace. There are countless others in the world. Although, there are still trees. Liezi's husband went against the wind, but líng was good and went back in ten or eight days. There are countless people who are blessed. Although this is off-line, there are still things to do. It is evil for a husband to resist the debate of six qi with the meaning of heaven and earth, but to swim endlessly (wū). Therefore, to a person who doesn't have himself, the God-man is useless and the sage is nameless.

Yao resigned from the world and said, "Although the sun and the moon rise, the fire will never stop; Is it not difficult to be light? It's raining and I'm still immersed in it; It's hard in Jersey, isn't it? Master ruled the world, but I still died; I regard myself as lacking, please give it to the world. " Xu You said: "Zi governs the world, and the world has been governed; I will be the son of Judah, and I will be named? Name, real guests; Will I be a guest? Wren (jiāo) and Wren (liáo) nest in the depths of the forest, but there is only one branch; The mouse drank the water from the river, but the river was full. Rest yourself, it's useless to the world! 囎囎 (páo) people have not been cured, but the body hopes not to surpass it (zǔ)! "

Shoulder to shoulder, he asked Uncle Lian, "I heard that Jieyu is too big to be right, but he does the opposite. I was frightened by his words. Or a river man who has no ambition; It is inhuman to have a big court. " Uncle Lian said, "What do you mean?" He said, "There are gods and people living in the mountains. If the skin is like ice and snow, nao (nào) is like a virgin, not eating grains, sucking wind and drinking dew, riding clouds against dragons and traveling around the world; Its spirit is condensed, so that things are not defective (cι) but boiling (lτ) and mature. I am crazy, I don't believe it. " Uncle Lian said, "Of course. G incarnation has nothing to do with the viewpoint of the article, and deaf people have nothing to do with the sound of bells and drums. Are you deaf or blind? Husband knows! It is also true that his words are still women. People are also virtuous, and everything is one, and the world is in chaos. What's the harm? What's the harm? People are also hurt by things: the sky is soaked but not drowned, the drought is flowing, and the mountains are burnt but not hot. Is it that its dust chaff (chén gòu bǐ kāng) will still be in Tao Zhu? Who wants to take things as things? " The talent and wealth of the Song Dynasty were just suitable for all the Yue people. It was useless for the Yue people to cut their tattoos. Yao ruled the world, governed the internal affairs of the country, and went to see Sizishan. Fen (fén) is the yang of water, while Yan (o) is lost in the world.

Keiko said to Zhuangzi, "Wang Wei brought me a great seed (gū), and I made five stones (dàn). In order to fill water slurry, its firmness cannot be bootstrapped. If you think this is embarrassing, there is no room. Xiāo is big, I think it is useless. " Zhuangzi said, "The master used it badly. In the Song Dynasty, there was a kind medicine that did not affect turtle hands. In the world, it is for (píng) (pì) and (kuàng). When the guests hear it, please buy its square hundred gold. Get together and beg, and say,' I have worked for you all my life and only counted a few gold. Now I have won one hundred gold skills at a time. Please come with me.' The guest gets it, so as to say (shùi) the prince of Wu. The more difficult it is, Wu Yueyue will do it. In winter, he will fight with the Vietnamese and defeat them. Split the ground and seal it up. If you don't help the tortoise, or seal it, or you can't help it, it will be different. This son has five stone heads. Why don't you think it's a big bottle floating in the Jianghu, but you're worried that it will be lost? The master still has a heart and a husband! "

Keiko said to Zhuangzi, "I have a big tree. People call it Chi (chū). Its big book is swollen but not in the rope ink, and its twigs are curled but not in the rules, which the craftsmen ignore. This son's words are big and useless, and everyone goes with him. " Zhuangzi said, "I'm not alone. Bow your head to the arrogant; It is indisputable that things are getting better; I won the machine and died in vain (w ǔ ng) (g ǔ). Today's husband is a cow, the size of which is like a cloud hanging in the sky. This can be great, but you can't catch mice. There are big trees today, no matter how hard it is. Why not plant them in a land with nothing, in a vast wasteland, wandering around doing nothing and sleeping under them? If you don't kill an axe, you won't use it, and it will be miserable! "

Translation of works

There is a kind of fish in the North Sea. Its name is Kun. Kunming is very big. I don't know how many miles it is. Kun becomes a bird, and its name is Peng. Peng Bei is thousands of miles long; When it vibrates its wings and flies directly, its wings are like clouds hanging on the horizon. This bird will migrate to the South China Sea when the wind blows the sea. The sea in the south is a huge natural pool.

Qi Xie is a book that records some strange things. It is recorded in the book: "When Peng moved to the South China Sea, flapping his wings on the water surface could stir up waves of 3,000 miles, fly around the whirlwind to the high altitude of Wan Li, and leave the North Sea by the June wind." Swimming like wild horses, flying dust and animals are all moved by the wind. The sky is boundless, is it its original color? Is it boundless? When Peng looked down, he actually saw the same thing.

If the collected water is not deep, then it has no strength to carry a big ship. Pour a glass of water in the low-lying place in front of the hall, and a grass can be regarded as a boat. If you put a cup on it, it will stick. This is why shallow water makes a big ship. If the concentrated wind is not strong enough, then there is no strength to load a huge wing. Therefore, Peng flew at an altitude of 90,000 miles, and the wind was smooth. With the wind, he carried the blue sky unimpeded, and then began to fly south.

Cicada and Little Turtledove laughed at Peng and said, "We struggled to fly, but we stopped when we met elms and sandalwood trees. Sometimes we can't fly but land on the ground. Why fly nine Wan Li to the South China Sea? " People who go to the suburbs only bring the three meals they ate that day and come back full; People hundreds of miles away have to spend the whole night preparing dry food; People thousands of miles away have to save food for three months. What do cicadas and turtledoves know

Xiao Zhi can't compare with great wisdom and short life can't compare with long life. how do you know Fungi in ephemera do not know night and dawn. Spring begets summer and dies, and summer begets autumn and dies. I don't know a year. This is short-lived. There is a big tree in southern Chu called Gui Ling, which regards 500 years as a spring and 500 years as an autumn. In ancient times, there was a tree called Toona sinensis, which regarded 8,000 years as a spring and 8,000 years as an autumn. This is longevity. But Peng Zu, who lived 700 years, is now particularly famous for his long life. Isn't it sad that everyone wants to compete with him?

Shang Tang asked the spine and said the same thing. Tang asked Spine, "Is there any limit in the up and down direction?" The spine said: "Beyond infinity is infinity! In the far north without vegetation, there is a sea, that is Tianchi. There is a fish in it. Its body is thousands of miles wide. No one knows how long it is. Its name is Kun. There is a bird. Its name is Peng. Peng's back is like Mount Tai, and his wings are like clouds in the sky. Take a whirlwind to Wan Li, cross the clouds, form a blue sky, and then fly south, and you will fly to the South China Sea. The sparrow in Ozawa sneered and said to Peng,' Where are you going? I jumped and flew, but I fell a few feet high and circled among Artemisia, which was also an excellent flight. "Where will it fly?" "This is the difference between big and small.

Therefore, those who are smart enough to perform the duties of an official, whose behavior can shelter the people of a township, whose virtue can appeal to the heart of a king and whose ability can win the trust of the whole country look at themselves like the bird mentioned above. Song laughed at such people. Song Zi Rong was praised by everyone in the world, so he was not particularly encouraged. All the people in the world slander him, so he is not depressed. He decided his own affairs with foreign countries, distinguished the boundaries between honor and disgrace, and felt that was all. He does not pursue everything in the world desperately. Even so, he didn't reach that level.

Liezi walks with the wind and enjoys himself. Come back in fifteen days; He didn't try his best to pursue happiness. Although this avoids walking, it still has something to rely on. If he conforms to the nature of all things in the world, controls the changes of six qi and invites him to swim in infinite places, what will he rely on? Therefore, the person with the highest self-cultivation can let nature take its course and forget yourself. The person with the highest self-cultivation has no intention of seeking merit, and the sage with moral knowledge has no intention of seeking fame.

Yao wanted to give up the world. He said, "The sun and the moon came out, but the little torch didn't go out. Isn't it too difficult to compare its brightness with the sun and the moon? " It's no use watering the land when it rains, just to moisten the seedlings! If you become king, the world will be ruled and I will still be in its place. I feel very ashamed. Please allow me to give you the world. "Xu You said," you govern the world, and the world has been well governed. I will take over your job. Didn't I come here to be famous? "? Names are objects attached to reality. Should I be an object in name only? Wren can nest in the depths of the forest with only one branch; Moles drink river water as long as they are full. Please go home, the world is of no use to me! Although the cook does not cook, the priest should not overstep his authority and act as a cook. "

Shouwu asked Lian Shu for advice: "I listened to a conversation with Jieyu, which was full of big talk." Once you go on, you will never get back to the original topic. I was frightened by his words, as if the Milky Way in the sky has no boundaries, which is far from the words of ordinary people. It's really unreasonable. " Uncle Lian asked, "What is he talking about?" Shouwu relayed: "On the distant Gushe Mountain, there lived a man of God. His skin was as white as snow and his body was as soft as a virgin. He doesn't eat grains, drinks the breeze and nectar, and travels around the world by flying dragons in the clouds. His expression is so focused that everything in the world is disease-free and crops are abundant every year. " I think it's all false. It's not credible at all. Uncle Lian said, "Yes! For the blind, we can't enjoy patterns and colors with them. For the deaf, we can't listen to the music of bells and drums with them. Is it just that the bones are deaf and blind? There are also deaf and blind people in thought! This seems to mean that you should take my responsibility. The man of god, his virtue, is involved in everything to get the governance of the whole world, who will be busy taking the management of the world seriously! Nothing can hurt such a man from foreign objects, nor can he be drowned by a terrible flood. He doesn't feel hot when the drought on earth melts rocks and cracks mountains. The dust, chaff and other wastes he left behind can also create a virtuous and benevolent gentleman like Yao Shun. How can he take it as his duty to be busy managing everything? In the northern Song Dynasty, some people sold hats to the southern state of Yue. Vietnamese people have no hair and are covered in patterns, so there is no place to use hats. Yao governed the people of the world, stabilized the national political situation, and paid a visit to the four outstanding men in Gushe Mountain and north of Fenshui. He couldn't help feeling lost and forgetting his position in governing the world. "

Keiko said to Zhuangzi, "Wang Wei gave me the seed of a big gourd. After I plant it, the gourd is big enough to hold five stone heads. Use it to hold water, but it's too fragile to lift. Cut it open. It's too big and shallow to hold anything. I think it's not small, but it's useless. " Zhuangzi said, "You are really not good at using big objects. In the Song Dynasty, there was a man who was good at making drugs to prevent his hands from freezing and cracking. His family has been rinsing silk cotton for generations. A guest heard about it and asked for 100 gold to buy his prescription. The Song countryman called the whole family to discuss and said,' My family has been using this medicine for rinsing silk floss for generations, and the income a year is only a few ounces of gold; Now once you sell this prescription, you will get 100 gold immediately. Please promise me to sell it. The guest bought a prescription and went to lobby the king of Wu. At that time, the Vietnamese country was in trouble, and the king of Wu appointed him as a general. In the winter, he fought a water war with the Vietnamese and was defeated, so the king of Wu cut land and sealed Hou as a reward. It is also a prescription to prevent hand frost crack. Some people get paid for it, while others just use it to wash silk cotton. This is because the use method is different. Since you have a big gourd that can hold five stone heads, why not tie it to your body as a waist boat and float around the rivers and lakes? But you are worried that it is too big to hold, which shows that your heart is too shallow and narrow! "

Keiko said to Zhuangzi, "I have a big tree, which people call Ailanthus altissima;" There are many growths on its trunk, which are inconsistent with the ink, and the branches are irregular in bending. Growing on the roadside, carpenters don't even look at it. What you say now is too big, it's useless, and everyone doesn't believe it. "Zhuangzi said," Haven't you seen wild cats and weasels? Bend over there, waiting for the small animals that are scratching around; When it catches small animals, it jumps east and west, not avoiding competition; But as soon as I stepped into the trap of catching animals, I died in the net. Look at that yak, it is as big as a cloud in the sky; This is big enough, but it can't catch mice. Now that I have a big tree, it's useless to worry. Why not plant it in an empty place, on the Yuan Ye in vast expanse, wander around it at will, and lie under it with peace of mind; In this way, the tree will not be cut down by an axe, and nothing will hurt it. It's useless, where will there be any hard work? "

Creation background

Zhuangzi was brilliant, intelligent and diligent, and "learned everything". He is not born useless. However, "today, the world is also confused. Although I have a prayer, I can't get it. " On the one hand, the corrupt society that "the thief is punished and the thief is a vassal" makes him disdain to associate with it; On the other hand, the reality of "princes can't do it" makes him unable to show his ambition. Since the world is so filthy and he can't talk to Zhuang, his soul seeking freedom has to soar in the fantasy world and seek liberation in the realm of absolute freedom. It was in this situation that he wrote the song "Pursuing the Depressed Soul"-"Happy Travel".

works appreciation

Happy Travel is the representative work of Zhuangzi's philosophical thought. In terms of conception, it adopts the writing technique of visual literary thinking, and uses a lot of simple fables, myths and dialogues, with rich and colorful styles. Imagination gallops like a fine horse in the universe, absorbing interesting themes related to the central idea of expression, and vividly propagating the author's thoughts of despising high officials and being generous, clinging to the emperor's kindness and generosity, denying reality, and pursuing absolute freedom without self, reactive power and namelessness. It profoundly exposed the hypocrisy of the rulers to win over talents with meritorious service, which had a positive impact on the development of prose in later generations. Although there are some negative factors in the works that escape from reality and pursue the realm of inaction, a large number of readers are attracted by the author's artistic charm and become a famous fable prose in ancient China.

In terms of conception, the full text arranges three parts: metaphor, explanation and expression around the carefree tour. In this metaphor, neither Peng nor Ba knows how to fly with the wind, which shows their arrogance and complacency. Turning to the second part, political dignitaries, like those poor little birds, show their talents in a mediocre way. Finally, they put forward that only with an open mind and nothing to ask for can we reach the realm of freedom and nothingness without self, reactive power and namelessness.

The characteristics of Zhuangzi's works are exquisite conception, good at combining imagination with reality, good at combining dialogue with explanation, good at combining satire with analysis, which makes people read and think, and makes them memorable.

In the metaphor, write Peng's figure first. From the strong back and wings, we can "hit the water for three thousand miles" and go straight to Wan Li. We can regard the sky as the sea and the ground as smoke. Cicada and pigeon can only take off in the same place, without Peng's arrogant mind. Peng's back and wings, no matter how big, can't fly high without the help of the wind. Ant birds bite off more than they can chew, just like some people want to be as poor as Peng Zu and live a long life. The author compares Peng and Biao, two birds with different shapes, and points out that both can fly in the air by the wind, but from this, he thinks that he is ignorant and pathetic because of his great ability and extraordinary ability.

The article turns to explain the reasons, starting with the comparison between self and non-self. People who have their own positions can often achieve the "four ones" by virtue of their high talents, do their duty to the monarch, and only rely on power to play their mediocre talents. When you enter the realm of open-mindedness, no desire, no ego, and no name, you can get rid of secular entanglement, which is also the highest standard of no ego. The third part is expression. Through two dialogues between Yao Rangxian and Keiko, the author uses the Great Xuan and the Big Tree to illustrate the author's idea of opposing the use of the Great Xuan to show off his position, and emphasizes the need to lift foreign preferential conditions and achieve the realm of selflessness, futility and anonymity. This is the purpose of the author's writing.

The ingenious and colorful conception lies in the author's clever use of vivid fables, which set off the insects, fish, birds and beasts in nature and the senior officials, gifted scholars and wise kings in society; Good at using the dialogue between animals and characters, so that all levels are mutually restricted and linked, causing people's association and entering the point of in-depth thinking. It can be said that metaphor is used to introduce reasoning, and comparison is used to illustrate reasoning, so that Dapeng can be compared with Xiaobi, 98,000 miles and seven feet, mediocre officials and sages to illustrate reasoning and give readers a clear impression.

Famous comments

Jin Xiangxiu and Guo Xiang's sense of joy: more than 90,000 Fu Dapeng. From the beginning, it was far away, the small ones were big, but the poor ones did their own things, and they were happy after sharing. However, mans things, the same capital, get what they want, and then be happy. Only when saints and things follow the great changes can they stay and pass forever. Do you just connect alone? If you don't lose what you are waiting for, you will be just like Datong.

Jin Zhi Dun's On Freedom: A man with a free husband is sober-minded. Zhuang Sheng suggested the avenue, but gave it to Peng Biao. Peng has a wide range of ways to make a living and is not suitable for being a test tube; I feel sorry when I smile from a distance. People are happy to take advantage of the weather, and swimming is endless. If things are not dry, they are far away. If you don't feel mysterious, if you don't hurry, you will feel uncomfortable. This is why you are happy. If a husband has a desire, when he is satisfied, he is innocent, hungry is full, thirsty is thirsty, and he can't taste the whole grain, so he is absolutely disgraceful! If you are not satisfied, why are you happy!

Song Loujian's Kun Becomes Peng: Kun is bigger than Wan Li, and his tolerance is increasing. At one time, Russia turned its feathers, leaving its name in Peng. The scale of the family can be transformed, but the Longmen is not enough. Tianchi will migrate and clouds will soar. Blame it on Qi Xie's ambition, that is, being strong is strong. Flying kites and jumping fish are never bragging.

Cheng Yuan Li Duan's "ancient meaning": Big Pengfei goes south, winding nine Wan Li. I don't know what to do. I'm flying in absinthe. For the big ones, it is fun, and the small ones are also complacent.

Ming Lu Xixing's "South China Zhen Jing Auxiliary Ink": meaning business, implication. The midline leads, the snake sleeps, the grass clouds break the moon, and the silk is broken. As an audience, I am allowed to read this article.

Lin Yunming's Genesis of Zhuangzi in Qing Dynasty: In the article, there are narratives, quotations, metaphors and arguments. This is a rest, not a rest. I thought it was continuous, not continuous. I thought it was complicated, but I saw clouds and air floating on the reverse paper. In an instant, I suddenly became different.

Qing Xuan Ying's "Interpretation of the South China": a fish and a bird are described for no reason, with a point but no point; I don't think metonymy means metonymy. Fang is writing in the virtual, and he is idle.

Liu Qingxi's Introduction to Literature and Art: Zhuangzi's grammar is intermittent, such as "wandering", suddenly saying "Peng", suddenly saying "Fu", "learning dove" and "Fu", and then the next one says "the debate about this size", so the above breakpoints are all continuous. And then the rest between Song and, Jieyu and Keiko continued.

Qing Liu Feng Bao's South China Snow Heart Collection: The word "carefree travel" was first written, which was the first moral article in the South China Collection. The whole spirit only lies in "reasoning", "arguing" and "endless travel", which is the focus of the whole article. However, the sudden change of Kun Peng had an immediate impact on the word "carefree travel", which got rid of all the arguments and made people unpredictable. The so-called washing foreign things for China's use. Laozi talks about the essence of morality, only inferring the meaning of the text; The purpose of Zhuangzi's free and unfettered is to experience the whole spirit from fables, just like the robbery without grinding words, but ethereal and ethereal, pushing the South China to be a must. Among them, there is a realm of freedom step by step, such as Wuyi nine songs and thousands of valleys and rocks, which is overwhelming.

Brief introduction of the author

Zhuangzi (about 369 BC and 280 BC) was born in Song Guomeng (now Minquan County, Shangqiu City, Henan Province) during the Warring States Period. About the same time or later than Mencius, he was an influential philosopher in the history of China and a representative of the Taoist school in the Warring States Period. Used to be a lacquer garden official. Chu Weiwang hired him as a photograph, but he was rejected. He "refused to be an official for life". He denied the existence of God's creator, and believed that everything originated from Tao, and that human life and death was only a short link in the development of Tao, which had great positive significance. However, because he only saw the changing relativity of things and ignored the stipulation of the essence of things, his dialectical view became sophistry. His articles open and close vertically and horizontally, change for no reason, and use fables. Imagination is rich and peculiar, which occupies an important position in the history of prose development. There are 52 original books and 33 existing books of Zhuangzi, which have far-reaching influence in the history of China's academic thought and occupy an important position in the history of ancient literature. His comments, such as "Boundless Beauty", "Forgetting words with pride", "Wandering between things" and "Skillfully understanding cows", also have a high position in the history of aesthetics.