The Classical Gardens of Suzhou

Suzhou Garden refers to the garden buildings in Suzhou, China, mainly private gardens. It began in Gusu (5 14 BC), the capital of Wu State in the Spring and Autumn Period, formed in the Five Dynasties, matured in the Song Dynasty, flourished in the Ming Dynasty and flourished in the Qing Dynasty. By the end of Qing Dynasty, there were more than 170 gardens of various colors in Suzhou. Now there are more than 60 well-preserved gardens and 19 open gardens. It covers a small area, but it is good at artistic conception. With unique artistic techniques, it decorates and arranges in a limited space, changing the scenery and making endless changes. From 65438 to 0997, Suzhou classical gardens, as the representative of China gardens, were listed in the World Heritage List.

Suzhou is a famous historical and cultural city in China, with the reputation of "paradise on earth and city of gardens". It has always been famous for its beautiful scenery and elegant gardens, and has the reputation of "Jiangnan Garden is the best in the world and Suzhou Garden is the first in Jiangnan". Suzhou classical gardens "enjoy the beauty of mountains and rivers without leaving the city walls, and Lingquan lives in the downtown area". 1985, Suzhou Garden was rated as one of the top ten scenic spots in China. As a world famous historical and cultural city, Suzhou has accumulated the charm of Wu culture for more than 2500 years. Around 1 1 century BC, the local tribe called itself "Wu Gou" and Suzhou called it "Wu". In 5 14 BC, He Lv, the king of Wu, established his capital here, and its scale and status have not changed so far, which is rare in the world. There are not only lakes and mountains, magnificent momentum, but also poetic images of small bridges and flowing water in the south of the Yangtze River-Suzhou, known as the "land of plenty in the south of the Yangtze River", is rich and beautiful, and is one of the first 24 historical and cultural cities announced in China. Suzhou has been the economic and cultural center of Jiangnan since ancient times, with complete urban pattern, beautiful scenery and unique natural landscape. This is a famous tourist attraction. As we all know, Suzhou gardens adopt the method of reducing the landscape, giving people the artistic effect of seeing the big from the small, and winning the reputation of "garden city" for Suzhou ... As a typical example of Suzhou classical gardens, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Netlion Garden and Huanxiu Villa were all born in the heyday of Suzhou private gardens. The natural beauty of Suzhou gardens, with its profound artistic conception, exquisite creation, elegant art and rich cultural connotation, has become a model and representative of many classical gardens in Suzhou. Suzhou is good at gardens, which makes people lament the exquisite craftsmanship and natural exquisiteness of gardening. Classical gardens such as Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Netlion Garden and Huanxiu Mountain Villa were listed in the World Cultural and Natural Heritage List in 1997 and 65438+February respectively (Canglang Pavilion was added in 2000). Lion Grove, Lovers Garden, Art Garden and Retreat Garden are all world cultural heritages. Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden represent Song (960 ~ 1276), Yuan (127 1 ~ 1368) and Ming (1368 ~/kloc) respectively.

Suzhou is located in temperate zone, with four distinct seasons, mild climate and abundant rainfall. It has a humid monsoon climate in the north subtropical zone, with annual average precipitation 1 100 mm, annual average temperature 15.5℃ and 1 monthly average temperature of 2.5℃. The average temperature in July is 28 degrees Celsius. The city is low-lying, with plains accounting for 55% of the total area, dense water networks, fertile land and rich products. Ye Ping is rich in Daoxiang and Bibo, and its agricultural and sideline products are very rich. People's poems "Know the red lotus beside the fragrant rice", "Peach blossoms and flowing water are rich in mandarin fish fat" and "Buy ling in the night market and carry it on a boat in spring" are all praises for Suzhou's rich products. Mainly planting rice, wheat and rape, producing cotton, sericulture and fruit. The specialties are Biluochun tea, Yangtze river swordfish, Taihu whitebait and Yangcheng Lake hairy crab. Suzhou is a famous "land of abundance" and "land of silk", and is known as "paradise on earth". Topography Suzhou City belongs to the Yangtze River Delta Plain and Taihu Plain, two provincial-level natural geographical areas, and four secondary natural areas, namely, sandbar area along the Yangtze River Plain, Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou Plain, Taihu Lake and lakeside hilly area, and Yangcheng-Dianmao low area. The terrain is characterized by gentle plains. The whole city is low and flat, and it slopes slowly from west to east. The plain is 3-4 meters above sea level, and the area around Yangcheng Lake and Wujiang River is only about 2 meters.

An important feature of Suzhou Garden is that it is not only the product of history and culture, but also the carrier of China's traditional ideology and culture. The Classical Gardens of Suzhou

It is manifested in the naming, plaques, couplets, calligraphy stones, carving and decoration of garden halls, as well as the meanings of flowers and trees and the feelings of stacking stones. It is not only a beautiful art that adorns gardens, but also stores a lot of historical, cultural, ideological and scientific information, and its material and spiritual content is extremely profound. Some reflect and spread various philosophical concepts and schools of thought such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; Some preach the philosophy of life and cultivate noble sentiments; With the help of classical poems and literary works, the landscape is embellished, germinated and rendered, so that people can turn the landscape into feelings, produce artistic beauty and obtain spiritual satisfaction in the process of living and sightseeing. The park has a well-preserved collection of calligraphy works by famous calligraphers in China, which is a precious work of art and has high cultural value. In addition, Suzhou Classical Garden, as the first house garden in China, reflects the life style and etiquette of folk living and leaving their relatives in the south of the Yangtze River in ancient China, and is the material for understanding and studying the folk customs in the south of the Yangtze River in ancient China. Suzhou classical gardens have always been called "literati gardens". Bai Juyi said in the Collection of Caotang: "Building the land is a platform, gathering boxing stones is a mountain, and fighting around the water is a pool", which is the paradigm of literati gardens. Suzhou gardens fully embody the theme of "natural beauty". In the design and construction, various methods are used to organize the space according to local conditions, such as borrowing scenery, comparing scenery, dividing scenery, isolating scenery, etc., resulting in the artistic effect of twists and turns, seeing the big from the small, and alternating reality with reality. Through overlapping mountains to control water, planting flowers and trees, and configuring garden buildings, a poetic landscape garden is formed, and an "urban mountain forest" where man and nature live in harmony is created in the city. Suzhou Gardens, which absorbed the essence of garden buildings in the south of the Yangtze River, are the outstanding cultural heritage of China, and are naturally listed as the cultural heritage of human beings and nature by the United Nations. Suzhou gardens are good at skillfully combining limited space into changeable scenery and winning with small and exquisite structure. Master Garden, Lion Forest, Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden are collectively called "Four Famous Gardens in Suzhou", and are known as "the best gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, and the best gardens in the south of Suzhou". Suzhou Garden represents the style and artistic level of private gardens in China, and it is a rare tourist attraction. Suzhou gardens are the art of time and history. A large number of plaques, couplets, paintings, sculptures, stone tablets, furniture, ornaments and so on. The garden is full of exquisite works of art that decorate the garden, and all of them contain China's ancient philosophy, cultural awareness and aesthetic taste. "Rain surprises poetry and dreams of banana leaves", which is a vivid portrayal of Suzhou gardens; "Lotus leaves a book in the wind", which is the best description of garden artistic conception. Classical windows of time have brought us into Suzhou Gardens.

The Classical Gardens of Suzhou

(English name: The Classical Gardens of Suzhou) The World Heritage Committee commented on Suzhou classical gardens in this way: No garden can better reflect the ideal quality of Chinese classical garden design than the gardens in Suzhou, a historic city.

Rebuild Gankun in a short distance. Suzhou garden is recognized as a model to realize this design concept. These gardens built in11~19th century, with their elaborate design, embody the profound artistic conception that China culture conforms to and transcends nature. The Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master Garden and Huanxiu Mountain Villa in Suzhou were listed in the World Heritage List on 1997 according to the cultural heritage selection criteria C (Ⅰ) (Ⅱ) (Ⅲ) (Ⅳ) (Ⅴ). In 2000, Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Art Garden, Lovers Garden and Retreat Garden were approved as the expansion projects of Suzhou classical gardens.

Heritage login process

From 65438 to 0997, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master Garden and Huanxiu Mountain Villa, as representatives of Suzhou classical gardens, were listed as world cultural heritage. In 2000, Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Lovers Garden, Art Garden and Retreat Garden, as expansion projects of Suzhou classical gardens, were also listed as world cultural heritage.

Heritage registration standard

Log in because it meets the following evaluation criteria of world cultural heritage: (1) stands for unique artistic achievements and creative masterpieces; (2) It can have a significant impact on the development of architectural art, memorial art, town planning or landscape design in a certain period or in a certain cultural region of the world; (3) It can provide a unique or at least special witness for the disappearing civilization or cultural tradition; The Classical Gardens of Suzhou

(4) An outstanding example of a certain architectural style in the development of human history; (5) It can be regarded as an outstanding example of traditional human habitation or use, representing one (or several) cultures, especially under the influence of irreversible changes.

Edit this part of the World Heritage Garden.

Humble Administrator's Garden

Humble Administrator's Garden, together with Beijing Summer Palace, chengde mountain resort and Suzhou Lingering Garden, is called the four classical gardens in China, and is known as "the mother of China gardens". Now it is a national key cultural relics protection unit. Humble Administrator's Garden, located in Loumen, Suzhou, is the largest garden in Suzhou and a masterpiece of Suzhou gardens. It was built in Zhengde period of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1506 ~ 152 1). Most of the existing gardens were formed in the late Qing Dynasty (early 20th century AD), covering an area of 62 mu. The layout theme of Humble Administrator's Garden is centered on water, and the pool area accounts for about one-fifth of the total area. Many pavilions are built by the water. The main buildings are Yuanxiangtang, Xiang Xue Weiyun Pavilion, Dashuang Pavilion, Liuting Pavilion, Eighteen Datura Flower Pavilion and Thirty-six Yangyang Pavilion. The Humble Administrator's Garden is properly laid out, cleverly conceived, fresh in style, simple and natural, beautiful and generous.

pavilion of surging waves

Canglang Pavilion, located in the south of Suzhou, is the oldest garden in Suzhou. Founded in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty (104 1 ~ 1048), it was once the residence of the famous Han Shizhong in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty (12nd century). The gardening art of Canglang Pavilion is different from others. Without entering the garden gate, a pool of green water surrounds the garden. The park is dominated by rocks, facing an earthen mountain, on which Canglang Stone Pavilion is located. There is a pool under the mountain, and the mountains and rivers are connected by a winding corridor. Ming Dow Hall in the southeast of the rockery is the main building of the garden. In addition, there are 500 immortal temples, Kanshanlou, Cuilinglong Pavilion, Yangzhi Pavilion and Yubei Pavilion.

Lion Grove

Lion Grove is one of the four famous gardens in Suzhou with a history of more than 600 years. Located in the northeast of Suzhou, it was founded in Yuan Dynasty (AD 1342). Because there are many stone peaks in the garden, which look like lions, it is named "Lion Forest". Lion forest is rectangular in plane, with an area of about 15 mu. There are many beautiful rockeries in the forest, and the buildings are patchwork. The main buildings are Yanyutang, Jianshan Tower, Waterfall Pavilion and Wenmei Pavilion. Lion Forest has a distinctive theme, rich depth of field, distinctive personality, ingenious fake holes and valleys, and unique charm of every grass and tree.

Lingering Garden

Lingering Garden is one of the four famous gardens in China. Lingering Garden, located outside Nagato, Suzhou, was founded in the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, it was called "Hanbilou", commonly known as "Liuyuan", and later changed to "Lingering Garden". Lingering Garden covers an area of about 50 mu, with mountains and rivers in the middle, which is the essence of the whole garden. The main buildings are Hanbishan Building, Mingse Building, Quxi Building of Cui Yuan Pavilion and Qingfengchi Pavilion. The number of buildings in Lingering Garden ranks first among Suzhou Gardens, Master of Nets Garden.

Its excellent handling of space fully embodies the superb skills and outstanding wisdom of ancient gardeners. There are four scenic spots in the park, ranking first among Suzhou gardens in terms of proper treatment of architectural space.

The owner of the network garden

Master Wang Garden is located in the southeast of Suzhou. Founded in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 127 ~ 1279), it was then called "fishing hiding". It was rebuilt in the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1736 ~ 1796), taking the old meaning of "fishing and seclusion" and renaming it "Netlion Garden". Wang Shi Garden covers an area of about half a hectare and is the smallest garden in Suzhou. The main buildings in the park are Cong Guixuan, Zhuoying Shuige, Kansong Reading Painting Pavilion and Dianchun Table. The pavilions and pavilions in Master Wang's garden are all near the water, and there is water everywhere in the garden. All kinds of buildings are harmonious and orderly, compact in layout, famous for their exquisiteness and typical Ming style.

Pu Yi

Art Garden is a famous garden built in Ming Dynasty. It was originally built by Yuan, a scholar in Ming Dynasty, and was originally named Zuyingtang. Later, Zeng Sun Wen of Wen Zhiming, who was left assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites in the late Ming Dynasty and a university student of Dongge (equivalent to deputy prime minister), was renamed Yaopu. After the death of the Ming dynasty, it was owned by Jiang Cai, a scholar in the Chongzhen period of the Ming dynasty. Jingting) In the early Qing Dynasty, it was renamed Jingting Mountain House, and later its son Jiang Shijie was renamed "Art Garden". Zhidao Lightyear is the location of the seventh pavilion of satin industry.

Tuisiyuan

Tuisi Garden is located in Dongxi Street, Tongli Town, Wujiang City, Jiangsu Province. It is the main attraction of the ancient town. It was built after Ren Lan abdicated to his hometown in Qing Dynasty. It means "retreat and think about it", so it is named the retreat garden. The total area of the retreat garden is nine mu and eight points. This garden has changed the vertical structure of the previous garden into a horizontal structure, with the house on the left, the yard in the middle and the garden on the right. The whole garden is compact and natural, combined with plants, presenting four seasons scenery, giving people a quiet feeling. The retreat garden is simple and elegant, with more than half of the water surface and buildings close to the water surface. If the garden floats on the water, it is the only waterside garden building in China.

Huanxiu Villa

Huanxiu Mountain Villa is located at No.262, Jingde Road, Suzhou, and is now the Suzhou Embroidery Museum. This garden was originally the former site of Qianjingu Garden in the Five Dynasties, and became a private garden in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Now it covers an area of 2 179 square meters, of which the building area is 754 square meters. The landscape is dominated by mountains, supplemented by pool water, and there are not many buildings. Although the garden is small, it is very imposing. The owner of the network garden

Ouyuan is located in Xiaoxingang Lane, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province. It is named after the East Garden and the West Garden. Dongyuan was built in the early Qing Dynasty, originally named Sheyuan, and later expanded into the present situation. The gate of the house is in the south, and you can enter the West Garden through the entrance hall, sedan chair hall and the small door on the west wall in front of the hall. The main hall in the garden is an old house with woven curtains and a courtyard in the north and south, all of which are rockeries. There is a library in the northeast corner of the North Courtyard, which is connected with the residential buildings, which embodies the combination of the library and the courtyard. From the residential hall to the east, through the courtyard and small living room, is the East Garden. The East Garden is about twice as big as the West Garden. There is a rockery in the northwest and a pool in the southeast. Qucaotang, the main hall at the north end of the city, is a double-eaved building with three main halls under it and a heavy building above it, adjacent to the residential buildings. It is a rare example of Suzhou gardens. The piling technique of Huangshi rockery in front of the hall is superb. It is divided into two parts: the eastern part is large, and there are stone steps to climb the stone wall of the pool, which is magnificent; The west is smaller and gradually declines. There is a "deep valley" between the two mountains that is only over one meter wide. Garden Qu Yuan/Yiyuan Garden/Fengting Garden/Nanban Garden/Beiban Garden/Keyuan Garden/Canyan Garden/Taoyuan Garden/Wufeng Garden/Gusong Garden/Lingyan Mountain Hall/Chai Garden/Planting Garden/Mu Garden/Yin Paradise/Crane Garden/Taying Garden/Laughing Garden/Park Garden/Shiwan Garden/Yin Hui Garden/Gushi Garden/Not included in the World Cultural Heritage.

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Horticultural Technology

Borrow a view window

When visiting Suzhou gardens, the biggest attraction is the application of borrowing scenery and contrasting scenery in China garden design. China gardens pay attention to "changing scenery" and have ingenious designs in scenery arrangement and viewing position, which is the most important feature different from western gardens. China Garden tries to perfectly reproduce the space and structure of the external world in the limited internal space. There are courtyards, pavilions and verandahs in the park, and the internal and external spaces penetrate each other, making it smooth, circulating and flowing. Through the lattice window, the vast natural scenery is condensed into a miniature landscape. Inscriptions can be seen everywhere, adding a rich humanistic atmosphere to the garden. Drops of clear water flow under your feet, reflecting the scenery in the garden, intertwined with reality and reality, bringing the viewer from the tangible real world into the infinite dream space. As far as techniques are concerned, borrowing scenery or putting the beautiful scenery outside the garden into the garden through careful selection and tailoring is called remote borrowing; Or use one scene to set off another scene, which is called borrowing scenery, and so on. This not only makes Suzhou gardens with limited area provide richer landscapes and deeper levels, but also greatly expands the spatial feeling of the appreciators. In the Humble Administrator's Garden "Hongyi Pavilion", you can see the North Temple Tower outside the garden; In the flower window of Canglang Pavilion, you can enjoy the bamboo forest outside the house, which is a common way to borrow scenery. You can appreciate the charm of gardens in Mr. Ye Shengtao's article (8 Chinese Textbook 2 1).

Artistic thinking

China's gardening art has a deep historical origin with China's literature and painting art, especially influenced by the literati's freehand brushwork landscape painting in Tang and Song Dynasties, and it is a model of literati's freehand brushwork landscape simulation. In the course of its development, China gardens have formed two series: royal gardens and private gardens. The former is concentrated in Beijing and the latter is represented by Suzhou. Due to the differences in political, economic, cultural status and natural geographical conditions, there are obvious differences in scale, layout, volume, style and color. Royal gardens are famous for their grandeur, neatness and richness, while Suzhou gardens are famous for their smallness, freedom, exquisiteness, elegance and freehand brushwork. Because the latter pays more attention to the harmony and unity of culture and art, the royal gardens developed in the later period also absorbed a lot of "freehand brushwork" techniques of private gardens in terms of artistic conception, creative thinking, architectural techniques and humanistic content.

Living conditions and living environment

Suzhou's classical gardens and folk houses are integrated, which can be appreciated, visited and lived. The formation of this architectural form is a creation that human beings attach themselves to nature, pursue harmony with nature, beautify and improve their living environment in a densely populated city lacking natural scenery. Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master's Garden and Huanxiu Mountain Villa are four classical gardens with complete architectural types and well-preserved. They systematically and comprehensively show the layout, structure, shape, style, color, decoration, furniture and furnishings of Suzhou classical garden buildings. They are representative works of Jiangnan folk architecture in Ming and Qing Dynasties (14-early 20th century) and reflect this period. It once influenced the architectural style of the whole city in the south of the Yangtze River, and brought the design, conception, layout, aesthetics and construction technology of folk buildings closer to it, reflecting the scientific and technological level and artistic achievements of urban construction at that time. This is a great historical building!

Social and cultural connotation

An important feature of Suzhou classical garden is that it is not only the product of history and culture, but also the carrier of China traditional thought and culture. It is manifested in the naming, plaque, calligraphy, carving and decoration of the garden hall, as well as the meaning of flowers and trees and the love of stacked stones. It is not only a beautiful art that adorns the garden, but also stores many historical, cultural, ideological and scientific information, material and spiritual contents. Some reflect and spread various philosophical concepts and schools of thought such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; Some preach the philosophy of life and cultivate noble sentiments; With the help of classical poems and literary works, the landscape is embellished, germinated and rendered, so that people can turn the landscape into feelings in their lives and sightseeing, produce artistic beauty and obtain spiritual satisfaction. The park has a well-preserved collection of calligraphy works by famous calligraphers in China, which is a precious work of art with high cultural value. In addition, Suzhou Classical Garden, as the first house garden in China, reflects the life style and etiquette of folk living and leaving their relatives in the south of the Yangtze River in ancient China, and is the material for understanding and studying the folk customs in the south of the Yangtze River in ancient China.