Brief introduction of Paris commune

The Paris Commune Uprising is an armed struggle of the Paris proletariat, with the support of the broad masses of the people, to overthrow the reactionary rule of the landlord bourgeoisie and establish proletarian state power. The time is from March 187 18 to May 28, 2008. Although the armed uprising lasted only 72 days, it was the first worldwide movement of the proletariat to overthrow the capitalist system, which was recorded in the glorious history of the proletarian revolution.

/kloc-In the middle of 0/9th century, the economy of the second French Empire deteriorated, foreign relations were frustrated one after another, and various social contradictions became increasingly fierce, and the autocratic rule of the French emperor louis bonaparte fell into a comprehensive crisis. 1870 France declared war on Prussia on July 9 in order to get rid of the predicament and divert the attention of the domestic people. However, the course of the war completely violated Bonaparte's wishes. The French army was losing ground on the battlefield, Bonaparte was trapped and surrendered in Sedan on September 2. When the news reached Paris, citizens were very angry. On September 4th, the People's Revolution broke out, overthrew the Second Empire and established a "national defense government" headed by General Trox. At this time, Pu Jun continued to advance to France, the nature of the war changed, and France became a party to the war of resistance against aggression. However, the "national defense government" regarded the growing patriotic enthusiasm of the people as a scourge, ignored the national interests of the country, made peace with the humiliation of the enemy, attempted to hand over Paris to the enemy, and used the enemy's hands to suppress the people's revolution, enabling the Pu Jun army to March in, surround Paris and occupy more than one third of French territory. On June 365438+1October 3 1 day, 1.7 million French troops surrendered to Prussia, which aroused great indignation among the people of Paris and broke out the second uprising aimed at overthrowing the treasonous government. Although the uprising was suppressed again, the two uprisings trained the proletariat and the people in actual combat, and made it clear that only by overthrowing the bourgeois regime can national independence be maintained. To this end, in the struggle against the government's traitorous policy, the Paris proletariat used the government's decree to establish the National Self-Defense Force, and gradually established a new type of armed force with people's nature throughout the country. The patriotic and enthusiastic Paris workers broke through the government's restrictions, set up 194 workers' camps in just three weeks, elected a group of revolutionaries as the battalion commanders of the workers' camps, set up an "internal committee", obtained a large number of weapons and military supplies, and set up a garde nationale with workers as the main body in Paris. 1871February, the Paris proletarian revolutionary armed forces formally established the Central Committee of the National Defence Force, elected the commander-in-chief and 20 members, and drafted the articles of association, which made the most important preparations for the armed uprising.

187165438+1On October 28th, the "national defense government" signed a truce with Prussia and ceded land for compensation. On February 17, thiers, leader of the Orlean Party, came to power. As a result of reaching a compromise with Prussia, the French bourgeoisie concentrated on dealing with the domestic proletariat, especially the workers' armed forces in Paris, in an attempt to consolidate its dominant position. From March 8th to17th, the thiers government sent 20,000 more government troops to Paris, preparing to seize the artillery of the National Guard and arrest members of the Central Committee. At that time, the National Guard had 4 17 cannons, which were concentrated in Mont martel Highland and Lengmeng Highland. At 5: 00 am on March 18, a regiment of government troops occupied the artillery field in martel. The gunfire woke up the nearby residents, and the news that the cannon was robbed spread quickly. Soldiers of the National Guard in this area immediately gathered together, and people, including many women, children and the elderly, also flocked to the Mont martel Highland. Government soldiers defected and joined forces with the people to arrest reactionary officers, policemen and gendarmes. The government forces that attacked Lengmeng Highland failed to tow away the artillery quickly, and were quickly defeated by the National Guard.

The sneak attack by government troops failed. At this time, armed uprisings in various parts of Paris, especially in the work area, are rapidly unfolding. The national guard and the people automatically took up arms, built roadblocks, set up sentries, sent patrols, and concentrated scattered artillery. The central government took urgent measures to lead the armed uprising and occupied some areas. After noon, the national guard began to withdraw from the area and enter the center of Paris. The uprising changed from defense to attack. 15, the national guards launched street fighting according to the central attack order, and captured the military organs and strongholds such as the War Department. At 2: 00/kloc-0: 00, Wandom Square was controlled, and government troops and gendarmerie were scared to flee everywhere. At about 22 o'clock, the National Guard entered the city hall and raised the red flag. At this point, the Central Committee mastered the whole city of Paris, and the armed uprising overthrew the thiers regime and achieved great success. On March 28th, the Paris Commune held a general election. A large number of workers, socialists and internationalists participated in the leadership of the Paris Commune, and a brand-new proletarian state power was born.

After thiers ran to Versailles, only 65,438+0,000 men were defeated. In order to fight back against the Paris proletariat, on the one hand, he assembled the stragglers of the reactionary army, on the other hand, he asked Bismarck to release prisoners of war and regroup and reorganize the army. At this time, Paris was still surrounded by the enemy, with 654.38+500,000 Pujun troops in the east and north, and Versailles troops in the west and south waiting for the opportunity to fight back. The situation is extremely unfavorable to the commune.

But the commune was careless and didn't take preventive measures. On the morning of April 2, Versailles troops shelled Paris and attacked the Neuilly Bridge in the west of Paris. After several hours of fierce fighting with more than 65,438+0,000 enemy troops, 2,000 soldiers of the commune gave up positions such as Neue Bridge. The guns of Versailles awakened Paris, and the commune executive Committee immediately decided to attack Versailles. On the morning of April 3, the commune hastily mobilized 40,000 people and marched into Versailles in three ways. More than 65438+100000 people attacked from the east, repelled the enemy gendarmerie, and were stopped by powerful enemies to retreat; More than 6000 people on the left marched from the southeast and won the first battle. For lack of ammunition and reinforcements, they were forced to retreat to a place 5 kilometers away from Versailles. Unfortunately, they were surrounded by the enemy, and commander Duval was captured and killed. More than 65,438+100,000 right-wingers attacked along the avenue through the Nai Bridge. After occupying Rouerie, they joined the northern army and were forced to retreat after a large number of troops were dispatched. This attack was defeated because the commune leaders were blindly optimistic about the military situation, lacked preparations for large-scale military operations, and the attacking troops did not have unified leadership and fought separately. Versailles was hit hard by the commune and was forced to change the strategy and tactics of quick decision.

On April 6th, thiers reorganized its army into two armies, and together with 50,000 prisoners released by Pu Jun, the total was about 1 100000. The armies of Versailles and Pu Jun in the east and north surrounded Paris. The military work of the commune has made little progress, with only 65,438+600,000 combat troops and 45,000 reserve troops. Although the commune has 1200 cannons, due to poor organization, it can only configure and use 200 cannons and lacks skilled gunners. However, in order to defend the revolutionary achievements, the commune soldiers fought bloody battles with the enemy under the command of loyal and determined military generals with wisdom and courage. On April 7th, the troops of Versailles captured Nai Bridge and its nearby strongholds with superior artillery fire. Dombrowski, commander of the Paris Yugoslav capital, led 5,000 poorly equipped soldiers to wage a fierce battle with enemies nine times their own on the western front. On 17, 250 commune fighters fought with 5,000 enemies in Kang Bei Castle for 6 hours. On 2 1 day, the commune soldiers who stuck to the direction of Nai fought day and night, fought hand-to-hand with the enemy and repelled the enemy who crossed the Seine. On the southern line, Versailles troops bombarded the battery with hundreds of heavy guns to seize the battery of ISI and Wang Fu, and commune soldiers stubbornly resisted to defend the battery. By the end of April, the commune had controlled the western and southern lines of Paris, which greatly consumed the Versailles army. At the beginning of May, the commune adjusted its defense deployment in Paris. Dombrowski commanded the first army to fight against the onslaught of six enemy infantry divisions and 1 cavalry units on the western front. Commune soldiers made full use of five armored vehicles and 65,438+00 gunboats on the Seine River to fight the enemy, which not only resisted the main attack of the enemy with a small amount of troops, but also supported southern operations. On the southern front, the main targets of enemy attacks are still the ISI and Fort Wang Fu. On the night of May 3rd, the officers of the 55th Battalion defending Mulan Sacado Bao Mian mutinied, and the enemy suddenly occupied the main stronghold of the southern line, and hundreds of commune soldiers were killed or captured. Then Versailles launched a general attack on all fronts, and on the 8 th, the ISI fortress fell. Although the commune strengthened its military command at this time, the overall situation was difficult to recover. On 13, Wang Fu fortress was captured. On the western front, 8,000 exhausted commune fighters fought 80,000 well-equipped enemies, and sometimes took the initiative to attack. However, from May of 17, the troops of Versailles began to bombard Paris with heavy artillery, and gathered130,000 people to prepare to attack Paris.

On the afternoon of May 26th, 2 1, Versailles army entered Paris from Truman, and a bloody street battle that shocked the world started. In order to defend the commune regime, the Paris proletariat and the broad masses of people rose up against the enemy. They set up roadblocks in the streets and squares, and everyone, men, women and children, took up arms and fought to the death with the enemy. At dawn on the 22nd, enemy troops of about 12 divisions occupied most of Paris. On the 25th, commune soldiers fought fiercely with the enemy. On the left bank of the Seine, commune soldiers fought hand-to-hand with the enemy until they were surrounded by the enemy. In the city center, women and children fought side by side with commune fighters to resist the repeated attacks of the enemy. On 27th, the enemy began to besiege the last two workers' areas, and 200 commune soldiers and 5,000 Versailles soldiers started hand-to-hand combat at Abbe Cemetery in lachaise. Until the evening, most of the commune soldiers died heroically, and all the captured soldiers were shot in front of a wall in the cemetery. This wall will always be the "commune member wall" commemorated by the world proletariat. On 28th 16, the last barricade held by commune soldiers was conquered. The armed uprising of the heroic people of Paris was brutally suppressed by the Versailles army after indomitable struggle.

According to statistics, 72,900 commune fighters died in the battle, 29,800 were shot dead, and more than 60,000 were put into prison or exiled.

The Paris Commune Uprising is an epoch-making great revolution, the first universal movement of the proletariat to overthrow bourgeois rule and establish proletarian state power, which has provided rich and valuable experience for the proletarian international proletarian movement. The high revolutionary fighting spirit of commune soldiers will always inspire the world proletariat to fight. There are many reasons for the failure of the Paris Commune. Objectively speaking, the French bourgeoisie is rising, and the historical conditions for proletarian revolution are not yet available. In addition, the commune failed to spread the revolution to all parts of France, won the support of other provinces and farmers, and formed a strong alliance of workers and peasants. The most important thing is the lack of strong leadership and correct ideological guidance of a mature proletarian party. Subjectively, due to the historical limitations of the French proletariat itself, there have been some serious mistakes in the military struggle: First, the defensive policy has always been adopted wrongly, and the counter-revolutionary forces in Versailles have not been wiped out by various opportunities. Especially on the issue of marching into Versailles, instead of attacking Versailles after the victory of the uprising and destroying the effective force of thiers, they were busy organizing elections, delaying fighters, giving the enemy a breathing space and making a comeback. When the fighting became more and more fierce in April, the front-line commanders in Paris only received orders to "defend". Instead of taking active and effective measures to launch an attack at the right time, they passively wait for a strong enemy to attack, which is equivalent to waiting for failure. Second, the lack of military preparations and the unclear situation of the enemy have led to mistakes in military deployment and command. After the victory of the uprising, Paris was immersed in joy, and the commune lacked vigilance and military preparation for its counterattack against Versailles. On April 2 nd, the guns that shelled Paris sounded, and people in the commune thought it was a holiday salute. On April 3, without adequate preparation, he hastily decided to attack Versailles, which failed and caused great losses to the commune. Third, the army is disorganized and undisciplined. After the success of the uprising, the commune had more than 60,000 troops, 200,000 guns, 1 2,000 cannons, 5 fortresses and a fortified ring fortress area, which was enough to use ammunition for several years and billions of francs from French banks, and could organize powerful attacks and long-term defense. However, the commune did not make good use of these conditions, the troops lacked the necessary organizational discipline and unified leadership, and the phenomenon of free action and freedom of coming and going occurred from time to time.

The commune soldiers lacked enough weapons in the battle, but there were 280,000 rifles in the warehouse. Communes also made mistakes in choosing military leaders. Although the Paris Commune uprising failed, her achievements are indelible. These experiences and lessons are the precious wealth of the world proletarian revolution.