Papers on Vietnamese history and Sino-Vietnamese exchanges

Ancient history - basically an era in which the vassal era and the independent era of South Vietnam alternated with each other

After the Qin Dynasty unified China (221 BC), it sent fifty Ten thousand troops invaded the south. The Qin Dynasty's first large-scale invasion and the subsequent invasion by Zhao Tuo (Note: Zhao Tuo sent officials for the Qin Dynasty and will appear later, please pay attention) aroused the heroic resistance of the Yue people, indicating that the northern The invasion has entered a new phase of large-scale and systematic aggression.

The Qin Dynasty army occupied some territories of the people of various ethnic groups south of the Yangtze River and established Minzhong (Fujian), Nanhai (Guangdong), Guilin (northern Guangxi) and Xiang (western Guangxi and southern Guizhou), etc. County (214 BC). However, the deeper the Qin army penetrated into Yue areas, the more it encountered heroic resistance from the Ouyue and Luoyue people. The Ouluo people and other people of various ethnic groups temporarily retreated to the deep mountains and dense forests. They organized anti-Japanese forces, selected outstanding talents as generals, and ambush the Qin army at night. The Yue people persisted in the long-term resistance war for ten years. More than 100,000 Qin troops were wiped out. The leader of the Qin army, Tu Sui, was also killed.

Sima Qian, the famous Chinese historian, wrote: "At that time, the Qin case brought disaster to Hu in the north and hung on the road in the south. The troops were trapped in a useless place and could not retreat. After more than ten years of traveling, Ding Nan Being imprisoned, Ding Nu lost her life and passed away in the Taoist tree. When the Qin Emperor died (in 209 BC), the world was in rebellion." ("Historical Records" Volume 112)

In 207 BC, Zhao Tuo, an official of the Qin Dynasty, occupied the three counties of Nanhai, Guilin and Xiang and established the Nanyue (Guangdong) Kingdom (--this is what I have called " South Vietnam", from which the history of Vietnamese civilization basically began), claiming to be king. Zhao Tuo's claim to the throne was, to the Northern Dynasty, just a separatist force within the Chinese feudal group. Not long after he became king, Zhao Tuo returned to the Northern Dynasty (at that time, the Han Dynasty had replaced the Qin Dynasty in China, and the Han Dynasty official who persuaded Zhao Tuo to return to the Northern Dynasty was also famous. I will leave it to you to find out for yourself. Take a look, it will be more interesting).

After establishing the Nanyue Kingdom, Zhao Tuo sent troops many times in an attempt to annex the Ouluo Kingdom. Zhao Tuo's army attacked the Xianyou Mountain (Xianshan, Hebei Province) and Wuning (Guiwu, Hebei Province) areas (both are place names of the Yue Kingdom, what are the place names of Henan, Hebei, and Hexi now), but they were all defeated.

The failure of the Qin Dynasty's invading army and the failure of Zhao Tuo's first several invasions showed that our people at that time were capable of resisting large-scale planned invasions by foreign enemies. The source of this power is the social order, living habits and unique culture that the Yue people have established for themselves over thousands of years, which has been highly expressed as early as the Ouluo Kingdom. The second source is that in the cause of founding and defending the country, the spirit of national unity has been increasingly strengthened. Its historically significant manifestation is the unification of the two small brother kingdoms of Wenlang and Shu into a large Ouluo Kingdom. Within the scope of Ouluo Kingdom, the scattered tribes are weakening day by day, and the ethnic factors are increasing day by day. Therefore, the national spirit - the expression of self-consciousness - is further improved.

Zhao Tuo knew that he could not defeat the powerful country militarily, so he withdrew his army to Wuning Mountain and made peace with King Anyang. He sent his son Zhonggu to Ouluo Kingdom to surrender to King Anyang and become a vassal. King Anyang married his daughter Meizhu to Zhongshi. Zhongshi became a son-in-law in Ouluo Kingdom.

This is Zhao Tuo's conspiracy to invade Ouluo Kingdom. During his several years as a son-in-law, Zhongshi spied on the situation in Ouluo and learned how to make and destroy crossbows, so he fled back to his country and reported to Zhao Tuo. This time Zhao Tuo used a combination of military and espionage methods to annex the Ouluo Kingdom. King Anyang suffered a defeat and committed suicide by jumping into the sea. This event occurred around 179 BC.

After Zhao Tuo occupied the Ouluo Kingdom, he merged the Ouluo Kingdom into South Vietnam and divided it into two counties: Jiaozhi (northern) and Jiuzhen (north of the central part). He also sent officials and troops to build camps and rule.

In 111 BC, the Han Dynasty mobilized hundreds of thousands of troops south to attack South Vietnam. After the South Vietnamese resisted for a while, some of the kings and ministers of the Zhao Tuo Dynasty were killed or captured. The leader of the Xiyu region in Ouluo (King Xiyu) took the opportunity to revolt and planned to restore the country's independence. But King Xiyu was killed by General Huang Tong of the Left Army. The envoys from the Zhao Dynasty hurried to Hepu (Guangdong Province) with hundreds of cattle, thousands of jars of wine, and the household registers of Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen counties, and handed them over to Han officials as a sign of surrender.

The South Vietnamese Kingdom was destroyed. The Ouluo area passed to the hands of the Han Dynasty.

The Han Dynasty established the Jiaozhi Department here and appointed a governor to be stationed in Mileng (Anlang, Vinh Phu Province) to take charge of nine counties.

The nine counties include: Jiaozhi (northern), Jiuzhen (north of the central region), Riliang (central central region) and six counties outside our country: Dan'er, Zhuya (Hainan Island), Nanhai, Hepu (Guangdong), Yulin, Cangwu (Guangxi). At the head of each county was a prefect who was in charge of politics and a captain who was in charge of the army.

Below the county are counties. Most of the counties in Jiaozhi County are still under the jurisdiction of General Luo, although they wear the coat of county magistrates and have bronze seals in their hands. At the beginning, the Han Dynasty, like the Zhao Dynasty, still adopted the policy of "the generals govern the people as before" and "rule them according to their customs". The basic form of exploitation was forced tribute of valuable products. In addition, souvenirs and slaves were traded.

The scope of direct rule of the Han Dynasty was, like the Zhao Tuo period, only limited to a part of the central area (the location of state and county governance). But its assimilation plot is more explicit than in the past. The Han Dynasty exiled many sinners and moved a large number of poor people to Jiaozhi.

According to statistics from the Han Dynasty, there were 143,643 households and 981,735 people in the three counties of Ouluo.

In the early years of AD, internal chaos occurred in the northern court. Wang Mang usurped the throne of the Western Han Dynasty and established a new dynasty (8-23 AD). The Eastern Han Dynasty replaced Wang Mang again. During that period, the officials of the Han Dynasty in the Jiaozhi area conspired to separate the country, but they soon surrendered to the Eastern Han Dynasty. From then on, the foreign rule with Xiguang as the prefect of Jiaozhi and Ren Yan as the prefect of Jiuzhen became more cruel. This manifests itself in both the mode of exploitation and the degree of assimilation.

As for the methods of exploitation, in addition to forcing our people to pay precious items from the south (rhinoceros horn, ivory, tortoise shell, pearls, pei cui, gold and silver, etc.), the Han Dynasty also occupied land to establish manors and carried out heavy land ancestral work. Exploitation, monopolizing the production and trading of salt and iron, etc. In terms of assimilation policies, they forced our people to follow the feudal "ethics" of the Han Dynasty from food, clothing to marriage. They established several schools with the purpose of cultivating some capable officials for the ruling authorities and promoting feudal ideas and morals (Three Cardinal Principles, Five Constant Rules, etc.).

In order to achieve the above two purposes, the Eastern Han Dynasty consolidated and improved the ruling institutions in Jiaozhi, planned to abolish the method of "governing according to its customs", and adopted the laws of the Han Dynasty in order to restrain the people and restrict The power of General Luo. Su Ding succeeded Xiguang as the prefect of Jiaozhi. He was very greedy and cruel, and a money fanatic with "eyes open to money" ("East View of Han Dynasty").

Under such a situation, our people's national liberation struggle has reached a new height, with new content and different forms. This is the people's uprising movement throughout the country, and its peak is The uprising of Mrs. Erzheng, who has always shone brightly through the ages.

In March 40 AD, Zheng Zhi and his sister Zheng Er raised an army to revolt at the door. Patriots from all over the country gathered in Mileng. The rebel army marched from Mileng to the plains and attacked Yingxi (Shuncheng, Hebei Province), the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Jiaozhi. Before and after Mrs. Erzheng's uprising, multiple uprisings broke out in four counties: Jiaozhi (northern), Jiuzhen (north of central China), Rinan (central central region) and Hepu (in Guangdong Province, China).

According to the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" (Volume 54 and Volume 86): there are many barbarians and slang people in the four counties of Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, Rinan and Hepu (generally a few in each of the south and south) All nations) rose up together to respond to Mrs. Erzheng's uprising.

Under the leadership of Mrs. Er Zheng, uprisings in various places - from mountains to plains, including the Yue and other ethnic groups in the past Ouluo Kingdom, soon unified into a huge, A mass uprising movement. It is particularly worth pointing out that there are many women among the generals of the rebel army.

After Zhao Tuo annexed the Ouyue Kingdom, our country was merged into South Vietnam. When the Han Dynasty unified China, all the princes and vassals submitted to the Han Dynasty.

The Huns were defeated and rushed to the west. Chitu (Yueshi) used to be neighbors of the Han people, but now they live at the gate of India. The Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian as an envoy to the Western Regions. He once reached Kangju in the west of the Pamir Plateau, and then returned to Chang'an, the capital, via Tibet. Central Asia became a region influenced by the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty had direct contact with Persia, and it is said that it even reached the Roman Empire. The northern part of the Korean Peninsula became the Lelang County of the Han Dynasty. The Dian Kingdom (Yunnan) was wiped out. The various Yue kings in Dongyue and Minyue (Zhejiang and Fujian) all submitted to the Han Dynasty and were soon wiped out.

After Lu Jia's resistance in the South Vietnam Kingdom (Guangdong and Guangxi) failed, he was also wiped out. Ouyue also experienced the same fate and was divided into counties and counties and merged into the territory of China. The Han Empire was entering its heyday.

From then on, it was regarded as a matter of course that all "barbarian" nations and various "foreign states" submitted to the "Emperor" of the Han Dynasty. The Han rulers vigorously spread the idea of ??"respecting the emperor and unifying the country" with the purpose of making all ethnic groups in the border areas submit to the "Son of Heaven" and "Celestial Dynasty". This seems to be something no one dares to argue with!

Mrs. Erzheng’s uprising shocked the country. From the fire of this heroic rise radiates the truth of history: a nation may be small, but it has established a country, has taken control of its own destiny and has become the master of the country. Such a nation will not surrender. No force can destroy it. The uprising of Madam Nguyen was the culmination of the entire struggle of the Vietnamese people, sometimes covertly and sometimes openly. This was a movement for the rise of the whole people. It not only gathered the power of the uprising under the flag of justice held high by Mrs. Erzheng at the door, but also ignited the fire of uprising throughout the former Ouluo Kingdom. The uprising was successful because it was a broad mass movement rather than the spontaneous action of individual tribes and chiefs. It embodies the lofty spirit of all ethnic groups, men, women, and children from all walks of life to unite under the banner of Mrs. Erzheng, expel foreign invaders, and establish a country.

The outbreak of Mrs. Erzheng’s uprising was an awakening of the national spirit. A small nation won victory, conquered the side and became king, and established an independent political power. This was a direct denial of the authority of the Han Empire to "pacify the world". Mrs. Erzheng rose up together with the whole people, and worked with the whole people to safeguard their autonomy for three years. This is a country and a nation that resisted the largest empire in Asia that was in its prosperous period. It was women who led the uprising. This is the greatest glory of Vietnamese women. They deserve to be the descendants of the "fairy dragons" with noble qualities praised in legends; they deserve to be the eagles soaring on the foreheads of the mountains praised by modern progressive humans.

The country gained independence. However, the relative strength between the enemy and ourselves is very different.

After hearing the news of the Zhengbian uprising and proclaiming himself king, Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty went to the marsh and ordered the counties in South China to manufacture carriages and ships, build roads and bridges, and reserve military supplies in preparation for reoccupying our territory. In April 42 AD, the Han Dynasty named Ma Yuan - a veteran general who had suppressed Qiang uprisings many times and whose hands were stained with the blood of farmers in Wancheng (Anhui), China - as "General Fubo", with the order of He led 20,000 troops and 2,000 vehicles and ships south to invade our country. Ma Yuan's army cooperated with water and land, first concentrated in Hepu (Guangdong), and then entered the Langbo (Xianshan, Hebei Province) area.

King Zheng and other generals sent troops from Mileng to Langbo to attack the enemy. There, our army and the invading army fought a fierce battle. King Zheng's army fought bravely, but due to its weak strength, it suffered a defeat and was forced to retreat to Kam Khe (An Loc District, Vinh Phu Province). Ma Yuan led his troops to pursue him. After nearly a year of heroic resistance, our army finally failed due to its weak strength. Mrs. Erzheng returned to her home and threw herself into the river to commit suicide. (In May 43 AD, according to folklore, Mrs. Erzheng was martyred on February 6th of the lunar calendar. Since ancient times, on February 6th every year, our people have organized gatherings to worship two great national women Yingwei to commemorate them. ) At this point, the war of resistance led by Mrs. Er Zheng has basically failed. But in many places the people and the rebels continued to fight the enemy. General Duyang is still active in the Jiuzhen area.

According to legend: Lady Shengtian resisted the enemy in the upper reaches (North Vietnam). Mrs. Ba Nan led the army to guard the mountain pass despite the danger. Madame Li Zhen blocked the river and attacked the enemy's navy. Although our army is weak, it fights very bravely. Soon after, Li Zhen, Shengtian, and Mrs. Ba Nan all followed Mrs. Er Zheng and committed suicide.

In November 43 AD, Ma Yuan marched towards Jiu Zhen through the chisel (An Mo, Ninh Binh Province) to suppress the rebels. The local chiefs and the people of Jiuzhen continued to fight bravely. Ma Yuan slaughtered hundreds of leaders and thousands of rebels. More than three hundred leaders were captured and exiled to Lingling, (Hunan Province). Our country has lost its independence again. ——Because Fubo General Ma Yuan left many Chinese-issued prisoners and soldiers to garrison the Yue Kingdom, there is a saying that the Chinese are called "Ma Liu people".

On the one hand, Vietnam, as a vassal state of China, basically maintained a stable supply of supplies, although the rise and fall of the central imperial power caused occasional changes in the relationship between the two parties. After the decline of the Han Dynasty, Sun Quan of the Wu State during the Three Kingdoms period effectively managed South Vietnam to a certain extent.

——Everyone can get in touch with Vietnam at that time by playing the Three Kingdoms game, whether it is the Three Kingdoms series or the Three Kingdoms Heroes series. On the other hand, Vietnam was also nurtured by the advanced, powerful and rich Chinese culture, which enabled Vietnam's economy, politics, culture, industry and commerce to develop and improve rapidly.

It was not until the end of the Tang Dynasty that Vietnam Wu Quan defeated China in the Battle of Bai Deng River, finally achieving Vietnam's desire for independence.

However, Vietnam's politics did not become stable with independence, especially after Wu Quan's death, the country immediately fell into chaos. It was not until 1009 that three great dynasties appeared in Vietnam - the Li Dynasty. , Chen Dynasty and Hou Li Dynasty. Under the management of these three dynasties, Vietnam has maintained long-term peace and stability for more than 700 years. During this period, although it was invaded by the Mongol army and the Ming Dynasty, they were all repulsed. This resulted in the creation of many Vietnamese national heroes who will go down in history. The Nguyen Dynasty, which followed the three major dynasties, once used external forces to complete the great cause of reunification with Thailand and France, but it also attracted the covetousness of outsiders.

3. Modern History

Insert a sentence: No matter how much Vietnam brags about itself, an embarrassing reality for them is that their history is always inseparable from the word "China" , if this word is deleted from their history books, Vietnamese history will become a plate of sand without any organic connection.

The contact between Vietnamese and the West began with Portuguese explorers in 1516. Later, the Dutch and British attempted to open trade routes, but they failed. France, which had sent troops to support the Nguyen Dynasty, decided to invade Vietnam by force because its requests for missionary and trade were rejected. The old empire, which was weak and seriously ill, had too much time to take care of itself and was unable to respond to Vietnam's call for help to help deal with the invasion of the new powerful. Even though the patriotic veteran General Feng Zicai led the Black Flag Army at Zhennanguan (now called Munanguan, in Guangxi) Pingxiang City, Province) defeated the French invaders, but the Manchu Qing government still signed a treaty that humiliated the country. (This defeat prompted the French Prime Minister to take the blame and resign. The French newspaper said that "win without victory", which naturally corresponds to China's "defeat without defeat") In 1885, Vietnam finally became a French colony, and the Vietnamese people's resistance to colonial movement began. Expand. In 1930, with the assistance of the Communist International, Ho Chi Minh founded the Communist Party of Vietnam in Hong Kong. In 1941, he founded the Vietnam Independence League (Vietnam League for short) in southern China, and actively launched guerrilla warfare during World War II. .

In 1945, the French army was disarmed by Japan, and Emperor Bao Dai of Vietnam declared independence, but the real power was in the hands of the Japanese occupying forces. In August of the same year, Japan surrendered, the Viet Minh launched a general uprising, and Emperor Bao Dai abdicated. , Ho Chi Minh once again declared Vietnam independent. After the end of World War II, Britain, which was responsible for disarming the Japanese troops in South Vietnam, actually supported France's comeback, and the First Indochina War (1946-1954) broke out. In the end, the French army was defeated in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, and the French army committed suicide. Vietnam was in full retreat.

Focus on the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu was a decisive victory achieved by Vietnam in the Anti-French War after World War II. On March 13, 1954, the Vietnamese People's Army, with the support of the Chinese people, launched a fierce attack on Dien Bien Phu. On May 7, the Dien Bien Phu area was liberated, more than 16,000 enemy defenders were annihilated, and French commander De Castelli was captured alive. This battle was the first time that the Vietnamese army carried out a position offensive under the planning of the Chinese advisory group. The victory at Dien Bien Phu accelerated the war process and was of great significance for the signing of the "Indochina Armistice Agreement." The four heads of the advisory group: Mei Jiasheng, Deng Yifan, Luo Guibo, and Wei Guoqing. Due to Wei Guoqing's series of telegrams and the Central Military Commission's reply, when Chinese military advisers later looked back on history, they tended to believe that Wei Guoqing played a decisive role in changing the Dien Bien Phu battle plan. The Vietnamese army cadres believed that Vo Yuan Giap must have taken the initiative in this matter and made the greatest contribution. But they were unaware of the telegrams from the Chinese military advisory group. Half a century later, as historical files were declassified one by one, memoirs of the parties involved came out one after another. Comprehensive research on this shows that around January 20, 1954, on the Vietnamese side of the Dien Bien Phu front line, both Vo Nguyen Giap and Wei Guoqing were determined. During the change, a judgment was made almost at the same time: the initial motion should be changed from "quick resolution" to "steady and steady action." With the concerted efforts of China and Vietnam, the Vietnamese People's Army creatively dismantled the cannon and transported it to high mountains that the French army thought was impossible for shelling, completely destroying the morale of the French army.

In this decisive battle, the Chinese advisory team's strategy and operational command skills left a deep impression on the Vietnamese!

The Geneva Agreement temporarily divided Vietnam into north and south, with the 17th degree north latitude as the dividing line. The north was controlled by the Vietnamese Communist Party led by Ho Chi Minh, and the south was controlled by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam with Ngo Dinh Diem as president.

After Vietnam was divided into North and South, the Communist Party of North Vietnam sneaked into the south to carry out propaganda and guerrilla warfare, which led the United States to send troops to intervene, triggering the Second Vietnam War (1965-1975), which is also known as the Second Vietnam War (1965-1975). During the Vietnam War, China dispatched General Chen Geng, a strategist, strategist, and revolutionary, to head the Chinese Military Advisory Group, and also dispatched a large number of "engineers" to assist. The entire division of the Vietnamese army was equipped with brand-new Chinese equipment, and the latest military radars, firearms and other military materials were provided free of charge. China withheld its own rations and supplied them to Vietnam in large quantities. When China and Vietnam later turned against each other, the sandbags on the Vietnamese military fortifications were printed with red letters "Chinese rice"! According to subsequent statistics, China’s aid to Vietnam was equivalent to US$40 billion! With the strong support of China and the Soviet Union, the United States used all kinds of tricks and tied its own hands. In the end, it was unable to transform its huge air superiority into ground superiority and comprehensive superiority. Under strong domestic pressure and the fact that both sides suffered heavy casualties, anti-war slogans began to spread in the United States in 1968, forcing the United States and North Vietnam to conduct preliminary peace negotiations. Later, it was determined that the Civil War was a domestic matter of Vietnam, so the two sides An armistice agreement was signed in 1973, and U.S. troops withdrew from Vietnam. In 1975, the South Vietnamese government collapsed, and the Communist Party of North Vietnam fully liberated Vietnam. On July 2, 1976, North and South Vietnam were officially unified and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was established with its capital in Hanoi. After reunification, Vietnam was recovering and prospering on the one hand, but on the other hand it suffered from the economic sanctions imposed by the US embargo. Vietnam was almost sealed in its own utopia. As a result, the economy was ruined and the people were impoverished.

After the conflict between China and the Soviet Union, Le Duan, a new generation of Vietnamese leader, came to power. Between the powerful Soviet Union and China, which was still weak at the time, the Vietnamese leader chose to fully support the Soviet big brother. embrace. With the support of the Soviet Union, it continued to provoke border conflicts, and finally the Sino-Vietnam border war broke out in 1978. During the 10-year war, despite the support of the Soviet Union, it eventually collapsed with the increasing decline of Big Brother, and China All the nearly scrapped and unprocessed artillery shells that had been hoarded for 20 years after the Korean War were dumped on a small country with a territory smaller than Yunnan Province in China. Basically, when China later took turns to use Vietnam as a training ground for all major military regions and divisions, the Vietnamese people and domestic economy fell into a terrible quagmire of war, and finally had no choice but to make peace. ——It is said that Comrade Le Duan (of course he is still called comrade, everyone in the party calls him comrade, comrade plus brother!) inspected Lang Son after the war and saw that the mountains were covered with bomb craters, his face was livid, and he did not say a word.

In 1987, in order to comply with the world trend, Vietnam opened its doors to improve relations with the free world. In 1992, China, Taiwan and Vietnam officially opened navigation. Today, Taiwanese businessmen have ranked first among foreign investors in Vietnam, and tourists are also flocking to the area. In February 1993, the United States officially lifted the embargo on Vietnam. In 1994, the United States and Vietnam announced the restoration of diplomatic relations. Western developed countries have released themselves from the shackles of U.S. economic sanctions on Vietnam. Vietnam has become an economic stage for countries to compete with each other.

After the smooth restoration of relations between China and Vietnam, China gradually increased its investment in Vietnam. With the conclusion of border negotiations, the relationship between the two countries entered a new stage. Nowadays, China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong have become important destinations for foreign investment in Vietnam. For specific negotiations and remaining disputes, please refer to the previous work and skip them. It is said that Taiwanese compatriots are the best: when recruiting in Vietnam, they are directly asked "whether they can speak Mandarin, and those who cannot speak Mandarin are not recruited."

Reference: "Vietnam History" published by Vietnam in 1977