What are the water-saving cultivation techniques for vegetables, rice and fruit trees?

1. Irrigate and save water according to the water demand law of vegetables and plants. Water the soles of feet before sowing to ensure the germination of seeds; When seedlings emerge, water should be replenished once or covered with soil several times to reduce soil moisture evaporation and ensure seedlings to bloom. Water or not water at seedling stage, and pay attention to prevent overgrowth. Every time the seedlings are transplanted, they should be watered with transplanting water and seedling buffer water. After the seedlings survive, they should loosen the soil, keep the soil moisture and squat down the seedlings. When setting the value, water should be poured to promote rooting and slow down seedlings. After delaying the seedlings, water them once, and at the same time, cultivate and squat the seedlings. For vegetables with storage organs, after irrigation with water once in the later stage of the rosette, intertillage should be carried out to conserve moisture and squat seedlings, but squatting seedlings should not be excessive, and certain soil moisture must be maintained during squatting seedlings. At the peak of organ growth, it is necessary to irrigate frequently and more to obtain high yield.

2, according to the growth characteristics of all kinds of vegetables for irrigation and water conservation. Vegetables with shallow roots, such as Chinese cabbage and cucumber, which like wet and fat, should be more fertile and diligent. Vegetables with deep roots such as eggplant and beans should be wet first and then dried. For instant lettuce, we must ensure that we will never lack fertilizer or water. For fruits and vegetables that grow at the same time as vegetative growth and reproductive growth, avoid watering at the initial flowering stage, "water vegetables and replace flowers with water"; For purely propagated seed-collecting plants, water them before harvesting, "water the flowers instead of the vegetables".

3. Irrigation according to soil quality and seedling morphology.

(1) Soil quality characteristics: sandy soil should be irrigated more, and organic fertilizer should be applied to improve soil quality to save water; Sow in dark water in clay land, and often irrigate in low-lying land with small water to prevent alkali.

(2) Seedling performance: leek in greenhouse, check whether it overflows from the tip in the morning. Look at the posture and color of the stem end (faucet) of cucumber in greenhouse; Cucumber in the open field, look at the drooping leaves in the morning, see if the leaves wither at noon, and see the recovery speed at night. The leaves of tomatoes, cucumbers and carrots are dark in color and slightly withered at noon. There are many blue wax powders of cabbage and onion, which are brittle and hard, indicating water shortage and need to be irrigated immediately. Otherwise, the leaves are pale, not wilting at noon, and the stems are jointing, indicating that there is too much water and it needs to be drained to dry.

4. Popularize irrigation and mulching techniques for moisture conservation in key periods, and give priority to ensuring water supply for fruits and vegetables during flowering and fruit setting. Vigorously promote plastic film mulching and straw mulching technology to reduce soil moisture evaporation and play a role in moisture conservation.

5. Increase the application amount of organic fertilizer. Applying more organic fertilizer can reduce the water consumption per unit production, applying enough organic fertilizer in dry land can reduce the water consumption by 50%~60%, and implementing straw mulching in places where organic fertilizer is insufficient can improve the drought resistance of soil. Rational application of chemical fertilizer to improve soil water use efficiency. .

6. Deep ploughing and deep loosening. Water storage with soil, deep ploughing and deep loosening, breaking plough bottom, thickening active soil layer, increasing water permeability, increasing soil water storage capacity, reducing surface runoff, and saving and utilizing natural precipitation more.

7, conditional use sprinkler irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation is an ideal irrigation method for field crops at present. Compared with surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation can save water by 50%~60%. However, the pipeline used for sprinkler irrigation has great pressure, equipment investment, energy consumption and high cost, and is suitable for high-efficiency economic crops or areas with good economic conditions and high production level.

8, vegetable water-saving cultivation skills:

(1) Make the vegetable field into a border with a width of about 75 cm and a height of about 10 cm, and longitudinally open a small ditch with an upper width of 15 cm, a lower width of 10 cm and a depth of about 10 cm in the middle of the border.

(2) Apply sufficient base fertilizer before planting vegetables, then cover the whole border surface with plastic film with appropriate width, and tie it tightly to avoid hanging on the border wall, and the periphery is tightly sealed, and then leave an openable "trap" at one end of the border surface for irrigation or fertilization.

(3) When planting vegetables, there should be two rows in each border, that is, one row on both sides of the furrow on the border, and the spacing between plants should be determined according to the requirements of different vegetables. The planting method can directly open planting holes in the plastic film at the border, plant vegetable seedlings (or seeds) into the holes, and seal the gaps around the holes with soil. After that, in the process of vegetable growth, if irrigation or fertilization is needed, the "living mouth" at one end of the furrow can be uncovered, then water and fertilization can be carried out from the "living mouth", and then it can be sealed after irrigation.

Rice:

1, the source water is converted into paddy soil water by passing through the water;

2. Convert soil water into rice water through rice root absorption;

3. Through the physiological process in rice, the water absorbed by rice participates in metabolic activities and forms rice yield. In these three processes, the dissipation of water is ineffective.

How to reduce these ineffective lost water and make effective use of it is the potential of rice water saving. In the aspect of water saving in the first transformation, water conservancy projects and management measures such as water conveyance and water distribution are mainly adopted to reduce the loss of water conveyance and improve the effective utilization rate of irrigation water.

Fruit tree:

L, selecting drought-resistant tree species and rootstocks. Different fruit tree species have different drought tolerance, and cultivated tree species should be judged according to their water demand and drought tolerance. At present, pomegranate, jujube, fig and stone fruit trees have the strongest drought tolerance among cultivated tree species. Walnut, plum and grape have moderate drought tolerance. Apple, pear, persimmon and other tree species have the weakest drought tolerance. The drought resistance of rootstock root system has great influence on the drought resistance of fruit trees. Therefore, varieties grafted with drought-resistant rootstocks should be selected for drought-resistant cultivation of fruit trees, such as Shandingzi, Xifu Begonia, Xinjiang Wild Apple, Begonia, Yamanashi, Prunus armeniaca and Vitis amurensis. M7 and MM l06 in dwarf rootstocks are relatively drought-resistant.

2. Strengthen cultivation management. Adopting reasonable cultivation techniques also plays an important role in drought resistance of fruit trees, mainly including the following aspects:

(1) Reasonable close planting. Under the site condition of little rain and water shortage, reasonable close planting can make fruit trees get enough water and nutrients and realize high-quality harvest. Medium density planting is usually carried out, that is, the plant spacing is 2.5-3 meters ×4 meters, the garden is as flat as possible, and it is planted in a big pit (L meters square).

(2) reasonable pruning. The ideal tree shape for drought resistance is free spindle shape and slender spindle shape. At the same time, less damage should be caused when pruning, and more protective piles should be left. After pruning, it is necessary to cut and saw with sealing oil or moisturizing oil in time to avoid evaporation of tree juice, wipe off excess buds in spring and sparse invalid branches in summer.