Tour guide words of four ancient civilizations (ancient India, ancient Egypt, ancient Babylon and ancient China), including: geographical location, ancient buildings and characteristics.

Egypt is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. It has a long history, an ancient culture and many places of interest, and is known as the "Museum of World Places of Interest". It spans two continents: Asia and Africa. Most of the land is located in northeast Africa, and the Sinai Peninsula east of Suez Canal is located in southwest Asia. It borders the Mediterranean Sea in the north, Sudan in the south, the Red Sea in the east, Palestine and Israel in the west, and Libya in the west. The coastline is about 2700 kilometers long and the national area is 654.38+0.023 million square kilometers. Cairo, the capital, with a population of150,000, is the largest city in Africa. Egypt is rich in tourism resources and developed in tourism. Besides the famous pyramids, the Nile and the Sphinx, the unique Arabian customs here are also unique.

Cairo, the capital of Egypt, located at the junction of East and West, is the largest city on the African continent and the center of the Arab world. There are monuments everywhere here. As long as you know a little about history, your impression of Cairo will be very different. Some people say that seeing Cairo is like "appreciating a carefully drawn painting". /kloc-Today, 0/00 years later, Egypt looks the same. Thousands of temples, picturesque oriental markets, luxury hotels and apartments along the Nile, and vast residential areas have formed a harmonious unity between the long past, which is still full of vitality, and the booming modern society.

Since ancient times, the pyramids have been called one of the seven wonders of the world and attracted much attention. Today, the research on it continues, and new discoveries are made from time to time. Memphis, the capital of ancient Egypt, and its surrounding historical sites are world cultural heritage. Among them, pyramid of khufu of Giza and the Great Sphinx are the most famous. The pyramids of Giza are thought to have been built 4500 years ago. The Greeks visited here in the 5th century BC, and since then, it has been a tourist attraction for more than 2,000 years. Traveling in this area, you will learn how the architectural art of the pyramids has matured.

Besides the pyramids, there are many huge buildings in Egypt. There are temples, mourning halls and buildings with both functions. They are dotted with the Nile valley and are wonderful attractions. Huge murals and reliefs on stone pillars are still colored until now, which has aroused great interest. The "settlement" of so many giant buildings is the Luxor Temple and the KelNike Temple on the east bank of Luxor, and the Queen Hatshepsut Funeral Home on the west bank, which is absolutely not to be missed.

India is located in the Indian subcontinent in southern Asia. It is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of one billion and hundreds of languages. If calculated by purchasing power parity, India is the fourth largest economy in the world. India's topography is divided into three parts: the Himalayas are located on the Sino-Indian border in western Nepal, the Ganges Plain is in the north, and the Deccan Plateau is in the south.

The name "India" comes from Sanskrit and is named after the Indus River. Indians call themselves "bharata" (/bhā rata). Countries bordering India include Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Bhutan, Sikkim (India has incorporated it into its own country and no longer regards it as a neighbor), Nepal and Pakistan, and India faces Sri Lanka and Maldives across the sea.

There are countless beautiful temples, magnificent churches, magnificent mosques, Buddhist temples, synagogues and Zoroastrian temples on the Indian subcontinent. Mumbai, a commercial metropolis in western India, can be said to be a microcosm of India's religious, ethnic and linguistic diversity. In addition to the above-mentioned religious temples and churches, there are also famous Armenian churches, Shinto temples and Datong temples in the city.

The ancient Babylonian civilization is located in today's Iraq, and ancient Babylon, ancient China, ancient Egypt and ancient India are also called "four ancient civilizations".

The ancient Babylonian civilization is an important part of the civilization in the two river basins, including Sumerian civilization, Akkadian civilization, Assyrian civilization and other important parts. The earliest slave country of mankind was born in the two river basins around 3500 BC, and Babylon is one of the oldest known ancient countries in the East. According to historians' inference, Sumerians living in this area had developed culture around 4000 BC, and not only invented characters, but also invented "books on clay tablets" for writing characters. After 3500 BC, Sumerians established many small slave countries in the south of the two river basins. After the decline of Sumer, the ancient Babylonian city-state rose.

The magnificent walls and palaces of Babylon fully show the architectural level of the ancient two river basins. Nebuchadnezzar II built Babylon on a large scale, making it the most prosperous city in the world at that time and the most important industrial and commercial city in the Middle East. The city of Babylon is surrounded by two walls. Outside the outer wall is a ditch filled with water and an earth embankment. The center of the main road in the city is paved with white and rose stone slabs. Another city has eight gates, the north gate of which is the famous Isdal Gate. The surface is decorated with blue glazed tiles, on which there are many bulls and mythical monsters. The city of Babylon was built very magnificently. It wasn't until 100 years later that Herodotus, a Greek historian known as the "father of history", came to Babylon and still called it the most magnificent city in the world. The Euphrates River runs through the city from north to south. The main buildings in the city, the temples of Esajina and Etmelenkita, are 965,438+0 meters high. Each side of the base is 965,438+0.4m long, and there are 7 floors on it. Each floor is made of glazed tiles of different colors. At the top of the tower, there is a glazed tile temple dedicated to the golden statue of Mark. It is said that this is the language used by the Lord to confuse people in the Bible, so that people failed to create the Tower of Babel. Goddess Gate, one of the essences of urban ancient buildings, is12m high and nearly 20m wide. The doors and walls are inlaid with vivid glazed animal patterns, as well as the "Hanging Garden" known as the Seven Wonders of the World, and the striking stone carvings of people fighting lions.

Babylon's "Hanging Garden", which is listed as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, is also called "Hanging Garden". It is located beside the Euphrates River. King Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BC) of the new kingdom of Babylon is famous for building magnificent cities and palaces. He presided over the construction of this famous garden when he was in office. According to legend, he married Semiramis, a Persian princess. The princess misses her lush homeland day and night and is unhappy. In order to please his beloved princess, the king ordered a 25-meter-high garden to be built in the capital Babylon. The garden adopts the way of three-dimensional overlapping gardens. On a high platform, layers are stacked, exotic flowers and grasses are everywhere, and irrigation water sources and water pipes are buried. The garden is surrounded by high walls inlaid with many colorful lions. The princess is very happy to see her. Seen from a distance, this garden is also called "Hanging Garden".

Chinese civilization, also known as Chinese civilization. It is one of the oldest civilizations in the world and the only uninterrupted civilization in the world. It is generally believed that Chinese civilization has three direct sources, namely, the Yellow River civilization, the Yangtze River civilization and the northern grassland civilization. Chinese civilization is the brilliant achievement of the exchange, integration and sublimation of the three regional civilizations. The important factors that have produced Chinese civilization are the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. The agricultural civilization produced in the Yellow River basin is influenced by the natural geographical factors in the historical period, and it is constantly transitioning and developing to the agricultural civilization in the Yangtze River basin. The agricultural civilization in the Yangtze River basin is the inheritance and development of the agricultural civilization in the Yellow River basin. Early agriculture in the Yellow River basin was mainly to grow millet, while agriculture in the Yangtze River basin was mainly to grow rice.

Characteristics of ancient architecture in China;

(A) pay attention to the overall management of the environment

Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China has had the concept of overall management of the built environment. Although all the planning systems in "Zhou Li" about wilderness, metropolis, customs, townships, cities, mountains and temples may not be fully realized, it at least shows that there was a large-scale regional planning idea of systematic planning. The riding pipe advocates that "every country is the capital, not at the foot of the mountain, but above Guang Chuan", which shows that environmental relations must be considered in urban site selection. China's theory of geomantic omen originated very early. Apart from wearing the cloak of superstition, it mostly emphasized the relationship between environment and architecture. Ancient cities paid attention to the unified management of urban ontology and surrounding environment. Xianyang, Qin is a super-scale urban environment, starting from Sakan in the north, running through the Weihe River in the middle and reaching Nanshan in the south. At the peak, it is 200-300 miles from east to west. Famous capitals such as Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi), Luoyang (Northern Wei Dynasty), Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and Beijing (Ming and Qing Dynasties) have their business scope far beyond the city walls. Even ordinary governments, states and counties integrate suburbs into the overall urban environment. Important scenic spots, such as five towns in wuyue, Buddhism and Taoism, suburban gardens, etc. , also put environmental management in the first place; Mausoleum area pays more attention to geomantic geography. Most of the buildings in these places rely on the environment to show their artistic charm.

(2) Single image grouping sequence

In ancient China, the form of single buildings was relatively simple, and most of them were stereotyped. Isolated single buildings do not constitute a complete artistic image, and the artistic effect of buildings mainly depends on the group sequence. A temple, as a foil in the sequence, will not be too big, and its image may be relatively dull, but if it is the main body, it may be very tall. For example, there are not many single building styles in the Forbidden City in Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but through the transformation of different spatial sequences, each single building shows its own independent personality as a whole.

(C) the unity of structural technology and artistic image

The wood structure system of ancient buildings in China has strong adaptability. This system consists of four columns, two beams and two beams, which form a basic framework called a compartment. Compartments can be connected left and right, front and back, overlapped up and down, combined at will, or modified into octagon, hexagon, circle, fan or other shapes. There are two kinds of roof frames: lifting beam type and bucket type. In either case, the roof can be made into an arc shape without changing the frame system, and the cornices can be made up at the corners of the house, and the styles such as double eaves, hooks, interspersed and hanging can also be made. The artistic modeling of single building mainly depends on the flexible collocation of rooms and multi-style arc roofs. In addition, the components of the wood structure are convenient for carving and painting, so as to enhance the artistic expression of the building. Therefore, the modeling beauty of ancient buildings in China is also manifested as structural beauty to a great extent.

Standardization, diversification and unity

The buildings in China are mainly made of wood. In order to facilitate the manufacture, installation, work estimation and material calculation of components, it is inevitable to standardize components, which also promotes the modularization of design. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, standardization and modularization sprouted in Kao Gong Ji, and matured in the Tang Dynasty at the latest. By the third year of Song Yuanming (1 100), the "architectural style" was completely standardized, and the "Regulations of the Ministry of Industry" promulgated in the twelfth year of Qing Yongzheng (1734) was further simplified. The standardization of architecture promotes the unity of architectural style and ensures that every building can reach a certain artistic level. Standardization does not limit the composition of the sequence too much, so the standardization of single buildings and the diversification of group sequences can go hand in hand. As a space art, it is obviously a mature and progressive phenomenon. The single buildings in ancient China seem to have changed a little, but the group combinations are varied, because of the high unity of standardization and diversification.

(5) Poetic natural gardens

China Garden is an outstanding achievement of ancient architecture in China and an important typical garden in the world. The aesthetic taste of people with cultural literacy, using the method of building space composition, typifies natural beauty and turns it into garden beauty. The interest contained in it is poetic; The spatial composition technique adopted is free, flexible and smooth sequence design. China gardens pay attention to "skillful borrowing and skillful body" and attach importance to the exquisite interpretation of scenery, so as to organize rich viewing pictures. At the same time, it also simulates natural mountains and rivers, creating special skills of overlapping mountains and managing water. Whether mountains and rivers are connected or not, poetry and painting can be more profound and interesting.

(six) pay attention to the performance of the building's character and symbolic significance.

The political and ethical contents of ancient architecture in China require it to show distinctive personality and specific symbolic significance, so many methods have been adopted. The most important thing is to use the environment to render different emotional appeal and atmosphere, so that people can get a variety of aesthetic feelings; Secondly, different building grades include volume, color, style and decoration. , is stipulated to express the social system and architectural content; At the same time, we also try our best to use many figurative auxiliary arts, even the words of plaques and inscriptions, to reveal and explain the character and content of the building. Important buildings, such as palaces, temples and temples, have specific symbolic themes. For example, Qin Shihuang built Xianyang, the palace symbolized Wei Zi, Weishui symbolized Tianhan, and Shanglinyuan dug a pond symbolized Penglai in the East China Sea. In Qing Dynasty, Kangxi and Qianlong built Yuanmingyuan, Summer Resort and Eight Temples outside Chengde to simulate important national buildings and places of interest, symbolizing unity in the city. There are five rooms and twelve halls in the hall, symbolizing everything in the world. The composition of some Lama temples symbolizes the Buddhist world such as Mount Sumi.