Safety management of construction machinery?

Safety management of construction machinery

1. Tower crane

(1) Foundation

The concrete foundation of the crane should meet the following requirements:

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The concrete strength grade is not less than C35; the allowable deviation of the foundation surface flatness is 1/1000; the position, elevation and verticality of the embedded parts and the construction technology comply with the factory instructions. The concrete foundation of the crane should be inspected and accepted before it can be used. Slopes and drainage facilities should be built around the concrete foundation of the crane, and a certain safe distance should be maintained from the foundation pit. The metal structure, rails and metal casings of all electrical equipment of the crane should have reliable grounding devices, and the grounding resistance should not be greater than 4Ω.

(2) Disassembly and assembly

The disassembly and assembly of the crane must be carried out by a professional team that has obtained the disassembly and assembly qualification certificate issued by the construction administrative department, and technical and safety personnel should be present to monitor it. . Before dismantling and assembling the crane, the disassembly and assembly operation methods, quality requirements and safety technical measures should be prepared in accordance with the relevant factory regulations. After approval by the technical director of the enterprise, it will be used as the disassembly and assembly operation technical plan and disclosed to all operators.

Inspection items before disassembly and assembly operations should meet the following requirements:

The concrete foundation should meet the technical requirements; all mechanisms, parts, structural welds, and important parts of the crane to be disassembled and assembled should be inspected Check bolts, pins, hoisting mechanisms, steel ropes, hooks, spreaders, electrical equipment, circuits, etc. to eliminate hidden dangers before disassembly and assembly operations: inspect the tools, safety belts, safety helmets, etc. used by disassembly and assembly personnel. Check and replace those that fail immediately; check the cranes, transport vehicles and other auxiliary machinery equipped in the disassembly and assembly operations, they should be in good condition, and the technical performance should meet the needs of the disassembly and assembly operations; the power supply voltage, transportation roads, working sites, etc. of the disassembly and assembly site should be It has the conditions for disassembly and assembly operations; the establishment of safety supervision posts and the implementation of safety technical measures have met the requirements.

Crane disassembly and assembly operations should be carried out during the day. Operations should be stopped when encountering severe weather such as strong winds, thick fog, rain or snow. Commanders should be familiar with the disassembly and assembly operation plan, abide by the disassembly and assembly process and operating procedures, and use clear command signals to conduct command. All personnel involved in disassembly and assembly operations should obey the command. If the command signal is found to be unclear or wrong, the operation should be stopped and continued until the contact is clear. Disassembly and assembly personnel should wear safety protection equipment when entering the work site; fasten safety belts when working at heights; be familiar with and conscientiously implement the disassembly and assembly processes and operating procedures. When abnormal conditions or difficult problems are discovered, they should report to the technical department in a timely manner. The person in charge reported that they should not act on their own and should prevent accidents caused by improper handling.

When disassembling and assembling the upper slewing and trolley luffing boom, the disassembly and assembly requirements of the factory instructions should be followed; and the balance of the crane should be maintained.

For structures connected by high-strength bolts, connecting bolts made by the original factory should be used. Self-made bolts should have quality test certificates, otherwise they shall not be used. When connecting bolts, a torque wrench or special wrench should be used, and they should be tightened according to assembly technical requirements.

During the disassembly and assembly process, when unexpected circumstances such as sudden changes in weather, sudden power outage, mechanical failure, etc. make it impossible to continue the operation for a short period of time, the disassembled and assembled parts must be brought to a stable state and fixed securely. Only after checking and confirming that there are no hidden dangers can the operation be stopped. When installing the crane, the traveling buffer stops and limit switch bumpers of the cart must be installed firmly and reliably, and safety protection devices such as railings, platforms, handrails, and retaining rings should be installed in all parts. During the crane installation process, technical inspections must be carried out in stages. After the installation of the whole machine, technical inspection and adjustment of the whole machine should be carried out. The movements of each mechanism should be correct, smooth and without abnormal noise, the braking should be reliable, and the safety devices should be sensitive and effective; under no load conditions, the verticality of the tower body and the foundation plane should be The allowable deviation is 4/1000. After passing the phased and complete inspection, the inspection record should be filled in and the technical person in charge can review and approve it before it can be delivered for use.

(3) Lifting and lowering of the tower

When the crane tower is raised and lowered, the following requirements must be met: During the lifting operation, there must be a dedicated person to command, a dedicated person to look after the power supply, a dedicated person to operate the hydraulic system, and a dedicated person to Remove and install bolts. Non-operation personnel are not allowed to board the operating platform of the jacking frame.

Only one person should be allowed to operate in the control room, and command signals must be obeyed; lifting should be carried out during the day, and sufficient lighting should be provided when operating at night under special circumstances; lifting operations are not allowed when the wind force is level 4 or above. When the sudden increase reaches Level 4, it must be stopped immediately, and the connecting bolts of the upper and lower towers should be tightened; the cable should be loosened in advance before jacking, and its length should be greater than the total jacking height, and the cable drum should be tightened . When descending, the cable should be tightened in time;

When lifting, the gap between the lifting frame roller and the standard section of the tower must be adjusted, and the lifting arm and balance arm should be in a balanced state according to regulations. The rotary mechanism is braked. When the last connecting bolt (pin) between the rotary table and the tower body standard section is difficult to remove, the diagonal bolts should be re-inserted; then other measures should be taken. Do not loosen the bolts (pins) by rotating the boom;

When lifting, after the lifting legs (climbing claws) are in place, the safety pins should be inserted before continuing to the next action: After the lifting is completed, each connecting bolt should be tightened to the specified torque, the hydraulic joystick should be moved to the middle position, and the power supply of the hydraulic lifting mechanism should be cut off.

(4) Tower and attachment

The stress strength of the anchor point of the building attached to the crane should meet the design requirements of the crane. The arrangement, mutual spacing and attachment distance of the attachment rod system should be carried out in accordance with the factory instructions for use. When there are changes, it should be designed separately.

Install the attached frame and attached rods; the theodolite should be used to measure the verticality of the tower; and the attached rods should be used for adjustment. The verticality deviation is allowed below the highest anchor point. is 2/1000;

When laying out the attachment frame and attachment supports, the inclination angle of the attachment rod shall not exceed 10°; the attachment frame should be set at the connection between the tower and the standard section to tighten the tower body. The diagonal corners of the tower should be reinforced when there are no diagonal braces; when the tower body is raised to the specified anchorage spacing, anchoring devices with the building should be added in a timely manner. The height of the free end of the tower height above the anchoring device should comply with the factory regulations;

During crane operation, the anchoring device should be checked frequently. If looseness or abnormality is found, the operation should be stopped immediately. Do not continue until the fault is eliminated. When dismantling the crane, the corresponding anchoring devices should be dismantled as the tower is lowered. It is strictly prohibited to dismantle the anchoring device before lowering the tower; it is strictly prohibited to install or disassemble the anchoring device when encountering strong winds of level 6 or above; the installation, disassembly, inspection and adjustment of the anchoring device should be carried out by dedicated personnel, and safety belts and safety belts should be worn when working. Wear a safety helmet and comply with regulations on safe operations when working at heights.

Precautions during the use of tower cranes: Every month or after continuous heavy rain, the concrete foundation should be checked for uneven settlement. All safety devices on the crane should be kept sensitive and effective. If a malfunctioning safety device is found, it should be repaired or replaced in time. After all safety devices are adjusted, they should be sealed (with fire paint or lead seal) and fixed. Unauthorized adjustment is strictly prohibited. Phase misalignment and phase failure protection devices and emergency power-off switches should be installed in the power circuit; the cable drum should be flexible and effective, and no cables should be towed. Crane at radio station. When constructing near a TV station or other strong electromagnetic wave transmitting antenna, workers who come into contact with the hook should wear insulating gloves and shoes, and a temporary discharge device should be attached to the hook.

Key inspection items before starting should meet the following requirements: The appearance of the metal structure and working mechanism is normal: all safety devices and all indicating instruments are complete and intact; the oil levels of each gear box and hydraulic oil tank meet the regulations: Mainly The connecting bolts of the parts are not loose; the wear of the steel rope and the winding of each pulley are in compliance with the regulations; the power supply cable is not damaged.

Before powering on, the handles of each controller should be in the zero position. When the power is turned on, use a test pen to check the metal structure and make sure there is no leakage before getting on the machine. Before operation, no-load operation should be carried out to test whether each working mechanism is operating normally, whether there is any noise and abnormal noise, and whether the brakes and safety protection devices of each mechanism are effective; operation can only be carried out after confirming that they are normal.

When lifting heavy objects, the total weight of the heavy object and the spreader shall not exceed the specified lifting capacity of the corresponding crane range. The appropriate working speed should be selected according to the lifting weight and the site conditions. When operating each controller, the speed should be increased step by step starting from the stopping point (zero point). Over-blocking operations are strictly prohibited. When changing the running direction, the controller handle should be moved to the zero position, and then turned to the other direction after the motor stops. Direct switching of the running direction, sudden speed change or braking is not allowed.

Before the hook is lifted, the lifting trolley or the traveling trolley reaches the limit device, it should slow down to the stop position and keep a certain distance from the limit device (the hook should not be less than 1m, The traveling wheel shall not be less than 2m). It is strictly prohibited to use a limit device as a control switch to stop operation.

When lifting heavy objects, free falling is strictly prohibited. When the heavy object is in place, a slow positioning mechanism can be used or the brake can be used to lower it slowly. When lifting heavy objects for horizontal movement, they should be at least 0.5m higher than the obstacles they cross.

During operation, when there is a power outage or voltage drop, the controller should be moved to zero position immediately and the power supply should be cut off. If there is a heavy object hanging on the hook, the brake should be slightly loosened and tightened repeatedly to make the heavy object slowly drop to a safe zone. If you encounter strong winds or gusts of level 6 or above during operation, you should stop the operation immediately, lock the rail clamp, completely loosen the brake of the slewing mechanism, and the boom should be able to rotate with the wind. During operation, when the operator temporarily leaves the control room, he must cut off the power supply and lock the rail clamp.

After the operation is completed, the crane should be parked in the middle of the track, the boom should be turned to the downwind direction, and the brake should be released and turned. The trolley and counterweight should be placed in a non-working state, and the hook should be raised. Go to 2 to 3m away from the top of the boom. When stopping, each controller should be set to zero, each switch should be turned off in turn, and the doors and windows of the control room should be closed. After getting off the machine, the rail clamp should be locked to fix the crane to the track, turn off the main power switch, and turn on the high-altitude indicator light.

Maintenance personnel must fasten their seat belts when inspecting or repairing high-altitude parts such as towers, booms, and balance arms. For luffing jib and unattached self-elevating tower cranes, placards are not allowed to be hung on the towers.

2. Construction lifts

Construction lifts should be dual-purpose elevators for people and goods, and their installation and disassembly must be carried out by a professional team that has obtained a disassembly and assembly qualification certificate issued by the construction administrative department. And it must be operated and maintained by professionals who have received professional training and obtained operating certificates.

The foundation should be fired concrete upper foundation, and its bearing capacity should be greater than 150kPa. The allowable deviation of the flatness of the upper surface of the foundation is 10m, and there should be drainage facilities.

The overall stability of the elevator should be ensured; the distance from the longitudinal centerline of the elevator guide rail frame to the exterior wall of the building should be a smaller installation size. When installing the guide rail frame, use theodolite to measure and calibrate the elevator in two directions. The allowable deviation of the verticality is 5/10000 of its height. The free height of the top of the guide rail frame, the distance between the guide rail frame and the attached wall, the distance between the connection points of the two attached walls of the guide rail frame, and the height of the lowest attached wall point shall not exceed the factory regulations.

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