International Phonetic Alphabet and Pronunciation Conditions of 22 Consonants in Putonghua

Mandarin * * * has /p/, /ph/, /m/, /f/, /t/, /th/, /n/, /l/, /k/, /kh/,/? /、/x/、/t？ /、/t？ h/、/？ /、/t？ /、/t？ /、/? /、/? /,/ts/, /tsh/, /s/22 consonant phonemes.

Pronunciation conditions: When consonants are pronounced, the muscles in the obstruction area are locally tense, such as the tip of the tongue when pronouncing [t] and the root of the tongue when pronouncing [k]. The airflow when pronouncing consonants is stronger than that when pronouncing vowels. Phonetics divides the process of consonants into three stages: forming resistance, maintaining resistance and removing resistance.

Obstruction is the beginning of the formation of obstruction in pronunciation, and it is the process that the pronunciation organ must form an obstruction state when it turns from a static or other state to a consonant. For example, when the sound [p] is pronounced, the lips are closed and the soft palate rises; Holding resistance is the persistence of resistance in pronunciation, and it is the intermediate process from the beginning of resistance to the final removal of resistance in pronunciation organs; Eliminating obstacles is the process of eliminating obstacles in pronunciation, and the pronunciation organs change from a certain state to the original static state or other States.

Extended data:

Most syllables in Putonghua begin with consonants, but a small number begin with vowels. For example, "y and [I]" y and [i], "crooked" w ā i [uai], "an" ā n [an] and so on. Syllables with consonants and syllables without consonants can have different meanings, such as "Ban" and "An". The space before a vowel is equivalent to an initial, which is called "zero initial". If necessary, it can be indicated by the symbol φ. Generally, you can't write phonetic notation before vowels.

Φ is not a Chinese phonetic alphabet, nor an international phonetic symbol, but a common symbol representing Chinese zero initial. In Mandarin, the syllables beginning with A, O, E, I, U and U are semi-vowels with slight friction. They all appear in the position of zero initial phoneme, and they are not written during phonetic notation or phonetic notation. Semi-vowel is not a consonant phoneme in Mandarin, but a phoneme variant of zero initial in Mandarin.

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