How to prevent AIDS?

(1) With the introduction of 1993 classified diagnostic criteria of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the diagnosis scope of AIDS has been expanded, which is conducive to the prevention and treatment of AIDS. According to the decrease of CD4T lymphocytes, certain drugs should be given.

(2) AIDS vaccine: The second phase trial of two AIDS vaccines containing gp 120 was conducted in the United States, with 296 participants, but it was temporarily suspended because six people were infected. Thailand is conducting UBI synthetic vaccine trials;

(3) blocking mother-to-child transmission: CD4+T lymphocytes >; 200/μl pregnant women with AIDS receive AIT treatment before delivery and during delivery, which has a certain protective effect.

Second, comprehensive prevention.

(a) popularize knowledge of AIDS prevention and control, understand the route of transmission, clinical manifestations and prevention methods;

(2) Strengthen moral education, prohibit promiscuity, especially sexual promiscuity with foreigners, and ban prostitutes;

(3) Avoid sexual contact with HIV-infected people, AIDS patients and high-risk groups;

(4) It is forbidden to use syringes and needles with intravenous drug users;

(5) HIV testing must be carried out when using imported blood, blood components and blood products;

(6) Blood donors in China are strictly selected, and they should be tested for HIV negative gradually to prevent the spread of HIV;

(7) Those who donate blood, organs, tissues and semen should be tested for HIV;

(eight) the establishment of AIDS testing center;

(nine) to promote the use of condoms to avoid anal sex;

(10) People infected with AIDS or HIV should avoid pregnancy, and babies born should avoid breastfeeding.

Transmission route

The spread of AIDS is mainly through sexual behavior and body fluid exchange. Body fluids mainly include semen, blood, vaginal secretions, milk, cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue of people with nervous system symptoms. Other body fluids, such as tears, saliva and sweat, exist in small quantities and generally do not lead to the spread of AIDS.

Saliva is unlikely to spread HIV. So kissing doesn't usually spread. However, if there is a wound or rupture in the mouth of a healthy person, and there is also a rupture in the mouth of an AIDS patient, if the two sides kiss, it is possible to spread HIV through blood. Sweat does not spread HIV. It is impossible for AIDS patients to spread HIV through objects they have touched. However, razors and toothbrushes used by AIDS patients may have a small amount of blood of AIDS patients; There may be semen on the towel. If you use personal hygiene products on patients, you may be infected. Patients who get AIDS due to promiscuity often suffer from other sexually transmitted diseases. If you use personal hygiene products with them, you may be infected with other diseases even if you are not infected with AIDS. Therefore, personal hygiene products should not be used with others.

General contact will not infect AIDS, so AIDS patients should not be discriminated against in their lives, such as eating and shaking hands, which will not infect AIDS. The food and soup eaten by AIDS patients will not be infected with HIV. HIV is very fragile. If you leave your body and are exposed to the air, you will die in a few minutes.

(1) Sexual transmission

HIV can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. Genital diseases (such as syphilis, gonorrhea, condyloma acuminatum) or ulcers increase the risk of viral infection. There are a lot of viruses in semen or vaginal secretions of HIV-infected people. Through anal sex and vaginal sex, the virus will spread. The probability of oral sex transmission is very small. Unless there is a wound or rupture in the mouth of a healthy person, HIV may be transmitted through blood or semen. Generally speaking, people who accept anal sex have a great possibility of infection. Because the internal structure of anus is weak, the rectal wall is more easily damaged than the vaginal wall, and the virus in semen may enter uninfected body through these small wounds for reproduction. This is why gay men are more likely to be infected with HIV than lesbians. This is why in the early days when HIV was discovered, some people mistakenly thought it was a homosexual disease. Now that HIV has spread all over the world, AIDS is no longer an exclusive disease for homosexuals.

(2) Blood transmission

Transfusion transmission: If there is HIV in the blood, people who input this blood will be infected. Spread of blood products: Some patients (such as hemophilia) need to be injected with biological products made of certain components extracted from blood. Some blood products may contain HIV, and the use of blood products may lead to HIV infection.

In1980s and1990s, many ordinary patients were infected with HIV through blood transfusion, because the blood test did not include AIDS testing. Now the whole world is aware of this problem, so the possibility of HIV infection due to blood transfusion in developed countries is almost zero.

(3) Diffusion of * * * needles:

Using dirty needles can transmit HIV from one person to another. For example, intravenous drug users use needles; Needle, needle, etc. Be reused in the hospital. Not only HIV, but also other diseases (such as hepatitis) may spread through needles. In addition, it is also very dangerous to use syringes, acupuncture needles and tooth extraction tools that are contaminated by blood and have not been strictly disinfected. Therefore, in some western countries, the government also has special departments to distribute needles to drug addicts free of charge, just to prevent the spread of AIDS.

(4) mother-to-child transmission

If a mother is infected with AIDS, she is likely to transmit it to her child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. However, if the mother takes anti-AIDS drugs during pregnancy, the baby will be much less likely to be infected with HIV, or even completely healthy. Mothers infected with HIV should never breastfeed their children.

Although AIDS is terrible, the spread of the virus is not very strong. It won't go through our daily active communication. In other words, we will not kiss, shake hands, hug, * * eat, * * use office supplies, * * use toilets, swimming pools, * * use telephones, sneeze, etc. And it doesn't matter if we are infected, we can even take care of people infected with virus or AIDS.

Why don't mosquitoes get infected with HIV?

Mosquito bites may spread other diseases (such as yellow fever and malaria). ), but they will not spread HIV. Because when they bite a person, they don't inject blood into themselves or the person who has been sucked in front. Instead, they inject their own saliva, which can prevent people's blood from clotting naturally. Moreover, HIV will only survive in insects for a short time and will not continue to reproduce in insects. Insects themselves don't get AIDS.

disease control

The simplest way to prevent AIDS is to use condoms every time during sexual intercourse to avoid the exchange of body fluids. So in some western countries, some schools and organizations distribute free condoms. But it is not necessary to use two condoms at the same time, but it is easy to break. Drug addicts should not use needles with others. HIV does not spread through daily contact such as air, food and water. The spread of AIDS is mainly related to human social behavior, which can be completely blocked and prevented by standardizing human social behavior.

susceptible population

After research and analysis, people have made it clear who is susceptible to AIDS, and collectively referred to this susceptible group as the high-risk group of AIDS, also known as the susceptible group. The susceptible population of AIDS mainly refers to gay men, intravenous drug users, hemophiliacs, those who receive blood products such as blood transfusion and those who have sex with the above-mentioned high-risk groups.

(1). Gay men

Including bisexuality, because anal sex is a high-risk group of AIDS. But homosexuality is not equal to AIDS!

(2) Drug addicts

Intravenous drug users account for about 15% ~ 17% of all AIDS cases, mainly because they repeatedly use unsterilized or incompletely sterilized syringes and needles during drug use, and injection equipment contaminated by HIV has undoubtedly caused the epidemic and spread of AIDS among drug users, making drug users the second largest AIDS risk group. Abuse of addictive drugs and drugs is an important reason for the frequent occurrence and prevalence of AIDS. Drug abuse is prevalent in Europe and America, and gradually spread to Asia (especially Thailand). A recent survey by the National Institute of Drug Abuse shows that among the 240 million people in the United States, about 654.38 billion people have used drugs illegally, 30 million to 40 million people often use one or more drugs, and another 2 million people often use psychedelic drugs, which can directly inhibit the function of the immune system. In Thailand in Asia, it is estimated that there are 654.38 million+intravenous drug users, 75% of whom are in Bangkok. Many drug addicts are homosexual or promiscuous, and AIDS is more common among those with overlapping risk factors. There are about 400,000 HIV-positive drug users in the United States, twice as many as men. In addition, it is reported that the incidence of AIDS among women who have had sexual contact with male drug users is more than 30 times higher than that of the general population, indicating that the incidence of AIDS caused by drug abuse is high. However, in different regions, due to different social culture, customs and lifestyles, the proportion of HIV infection due to drug abuse is also very different. Most AIDS patients in the United States come from gays and bisexuals, while in Europe, there are more AIDS patients from drug users. For example, the infection rate of injecting drug users in Italy is particularly high, which is estimated to be around 20% ~ 70% in big cities such as Rome and Malan. According to the data of 1986, 5 1% of AIDS in Italy comes from injecting drug users; In Spain, 48% of AIDS patients come from drug addicts, 32% ~ 42% in Sweden and 17% in the United States. Because drug users use unsterilized needles, they will also be infected with other infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B, and directly damage their immune function, thus making drug users more likely to become AIDS attackers.

(3). Hemophilia patients

The third most susceptible population is hemophiliacs. About 65,438+0% of all AIDS patients are infected with hemophilia. Because hemophilia is a disease caused by the lack of coagulation factor VIII in the body, if exogenous coagulation factor VIII is not input, patients can bleed after minor trauma. It is reported that coagulation factor VIII mainly exists in the freeze-dried concentrated preparation of blood products for treating hemophilia. This freeze-dried concentrated preparation is a product in recent years, and it is dangerous to contact infectious pathogens. Each batch of concentrated preparations comes from the plasma of 2,000 to 5,000 different blood donors. At present, about 6% to 8% of blood donors in the United States carry HIV, so there are many examples to prove that hemophiliacs are infected with AIDS with coagulation factor VIII produced in the United States. According to statistics, the positive rate of serum AIDS antibody in patients with hemophilia A treated with this factor VIII is as high as 60% ~ 90%. Due to the use of factor VIII, several cases of AIDS have appeared in Chinese mainland. In a survey in Hong Kong, 7 1.2% of the infected people were hemophiliacs. In addition, according to the detection and analysis of hemophilia, the composition of lymphocytes in ordinary hemophilia patients has been slightly unbalanced, and patients with mild abnormal immune function are more likely to be infected with HIV.

(4) those who receive blood transfusion or blood products.

Besides hemophiliacs, the infusion of other blood and blood products (concentrated blood cells, platelets, frozen fresh plasma) is also related to the spread of AIDS. The first reported AIDS patient related to blood transfusion was a baby who became ill after receiving 1 AIDS patient's blood. Recently, someone summarized the data of 8 cases of AIDS related to blood transfusion in the United States/KLOC-0. The time from receiving blood transfusion to presenting clinical symptoms 10 ~ 43 months (average 24.5 months) is 16 months after receiving blood. These 18 AIDS patients received concentrated blood cells (16 cases), frozen plasma (12 cases), whole blood (9 cases) and platelets (8 cases) respectively. At least eight blood donors were found to be at risk of contracting AIDS. Therefore, whether the blood recipient is infected or not is related to whether the blood donor is an AIDS patient and whether there is a risk of suffering from AIDS. According to the Guangzhou Municipal Health Supervision Office, during the period from 1986 to 1989, 10 batches of gamma globulin imported from China were tested for HIV, of which 8 batches (80%) were HIV positive, which indicated that users of imported gamma globulin could also be infected with HIV.

Because now the whole world is aware of this problem, the probability of HIV infection in the above two types of patients due to blood transfusion is getting smaller and smaller.

(5) Those who have sex with high-risk groups.

Those who have sex with the above-mentioned high-risk groups are another susceptible group of AIDS. The susceptibility of homosexuality has been mentioned before, and the main point here is the susceptibility of people who have heterosexual sex with high-risk groups to AIDS. There are many examples to prove that AIDS can spread to each other in heterosexual life. It is reported that two female AIDS patients who are not intravenous drug users have no history of blood transfusion, but both have fixed sexual partners of male AIDS patients. Although this sexual relationship existed before the diagnosis of male patients, mild or asymptomatic AIDS is also contagious. Having sex with homosexuals, hemophiliacs, blood recipients, intravenous drug users and other high-risk groups may be infected with AIDS, thus becoming a susceptible group for AIDS transmission. According to the recent report of the national 10 joint investigation team on STD/AIDS infection in provinces and cities, 2687 people at high risk of sexually transmitted diseases were analyzed and counted, including male 1027, accounting for 38.2%, female 1660, accounting for 6 1.8%,1. Among 2,687 respondents, 885 cases of sexually transmitted diseases were found, mainly gonorrhea (74.3%), and the prevalence rate of women (34.0%) was 2. 1 times that of men (16.0%). Of the 2687 people, although all the AIDS antibodies are negative, they are at risk of suffering from AIDS. If there is an AIDS epidemic, these people will be the main targets.

(6) Other high-risk groups of AIDS

In theory, any population can be susceptible to AIDS, but the real susceptible population is mainly the five groups mentioned above. From the age point of view, although AIDS can occur at any age, the facts show that more than 90% of them occur in people under the age of 50, and mainly in two age groups, namely adults and infants aged 20-40. According to the analysis of 2 1726 AIDS cases in the United States, the incidence rate is mainly young and middle-aged, accounting for 89% in 20-49 years old and 47% in 30-39 years old. The average age of patients in Zaire is 33.6 years old, and 3/4 of them are between 20 and 39 years old. Thus, teenagers occupy an important position among AIDS patients. In addition, in the past, most adolescent AIDS patients were men, but statistics show that the number of female patients is increasing. The ratio of male to female decreased from 4: 1 in 1985 to 3: 1 in 1988, and the female patients increased by 80% between 1987 and 1988. The younger group (under 20 years old) is mainly infected by using blood products and receiving blood transfusion. It is reported that the proportion of patients aged 15 to 16 who received blood transfusion or blood products was 72%, but with the increase of age, the proportion of patients aged 17 to 19 dropped to 20%. However, the number of people infected with AIDS due to sexual behavior increases with age, from 9% aged 13 to 14 to 24% aged 15 to 16 and 69% aged 17 to 18. Among male patients aged 20-24, the most common reason for female patients is heterosexual contact (about 44%); Followed by intravenous drug users (28%), but among all young women and adult AIDS patients, 28% of their spouses are male intravenous drug users. Due to gender, nationality or race differences, the incidence and causes of AIDS among adolescents are also different. In the age group of 13 ~ 19 in the United States, the incidence of AIDS in men (18/ million) is 4.5 times that of women (4/ million), and that in blacks (27/ million) and Latinos (25/ million) is 3 times that of whites (7/ million). Six times. Among white teenagers, most (50%) are infected by blood products. 24% were infected through same-sex contact; Among blacks, 44% of AIDS patients were infected through homosexual contact, and 19% was infected through heterosexual relationship. In Latin America, 35% of adolescent patients are infected by intravenous drugs and 29% by homosexual contact. Compared with whites, black and Latin American teenagers have a higher proportion of heterosexual contact and intravenous drug use because there are more female patients among them. Because mothers with AIDS can also spread it through placenta, birth canal and milk, and give it to their babies before or after birth, children born to women with AIDS are also vulnerable to AIDS.

Characteristics of HIV

At room temperature, HIV in liquid environment can survive 15 days, and articles contaminated by HIV are contagious for at least 3 days. In recent years, some research institutions have proved that the survival time of HIV virus in separated blood depends on the virus content in the separated blood. Blood with high virus content is still alive even if it is stored at room temperature for 96 hours. Even a drop of blood the size of a needle tip, if it meets fresh lymphocytes, HIV can still replicate and spread in it. Blood with low virus content loses vitality after natural drying for 2 hours; Even if the blood with high virus content is dried for 2-4 hours, once it encounters lymphocytes, it can still enter the culture medium and continue to replicate. Therefore, isolated blood containing HIV can cause infection. However, HIV is very fragile and can be inactivated when heated to 56 degrees 10 minute. If boiled, it can be quickly inactivated; When the temperature is 37℃, treat with 70% alcohol, 10% bleaching powder, 2% glutaraldehyde, 4% formalin, 35% isopropanol, 0.5% lysol and 0.3% hydrogen peroxide for 0/0 min to inactivate HIV.

Although HIV can be seen everywhere, these viruses also have weaknesses. They can only survive in living cells in blood and body fluids, but not in air, water and food. Without these blood and body fluids, these viruses will soon die. Only when the blood or body fluid with the virus directly enters another person's body can it spread. Like hepatitis B virus, it will be destroyed by protease in the digestive tract after entering it. Therefore, daily contact, such as shaking hands, kissing, eating, sharing a room or office, touching the phone, door handle, toilet, sweat or tears, will not be infected with AIDS.

The impact of HIV on diseases

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. After people are infected with HIV, the virus begins to attack the human immune system, and one function of the human immune system is to repel diseases. In a few years, HIV will weaken the immune system. At this time, people will be infected with opportunistic infections, such as pneumonia, meningitis and tuberculosis. Once an opportunistic infection occurs, this person is considered to have AIDS. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS itself is not a disease, but a state or syndrome that cannot resist other diseases. People will not die from AIDS, but from AIDS-related diseases.

:: HIV infection

HIV-infected persons refer to those who have been infected with HIV, but have not shown obvious clinical symptoms and have not been diagnosed with AIDS; Aids patients refer to people who have been infected with HIV and have obvious clinical symptoms and are diagnosed with AIDS. The similarity between the two is that they both carry HIV and are contagious. The difference is that AIDS patients have obvious clinical symptoms, while HIV-infected people have no obvious clinical symptoms and look like healthy people. This period is called incubation period, and incubation period is asymptomatic infection period. During this period, there were no conscious symptoms and positive signs except HIV antibody. The incubation period ranges from half a year to 12 years, and a few can reach more than 20 years. The average incubation period of HIV in human body is 6 years.

1, opportunistic infection

The so-called opportunistic infection, that is, conditional pathogenic factors, refers to some microorganisms with low invasiveness and weak pathogenicity, which cannot cause disease when the human immune function is normal, but when the human immune function is reduced, it creates infection conditions for such microorganisms to attack the human body and cause disease, so it is called opportunistic infection. Autopsy results show that 90% of AIDS patients died of opportunistic infections. There are dozens of pathogens that can cause opportunistic infection of AIDS, and many pathogens are often mixed. It mainly includes protozoa, viruses, fungi and bacterial infections.

1. Protozoa

(1) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Pneumocystis carinii is a small protozoa, which makes holes in human lungs. People can't see it with the naked eye, and they can't find it with ordinary biological culture methods. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract through air and droplets. When healthy people are infected with HIV, their immune function is destroyed. At this time, Pneumocystis carinii will take advantage of the situation and multiply in patients, filling alveoli with exudate and various forms of Pneumocystis carinii, causing serious damage to the lungs. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was a rare infection before the AIDS epidemic. In the past, it was only found in infants during war and hunger, or in leukemia children receiving immunosuppressive treatment. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a common cause of death among AIDS patients, which is the most serious opportunistic infection among more than 60% AIDS patients, and about 80% AIDS patients will have pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at least once. When AIDS patients are complicated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, symptoms such as progressive malnutrition, fever, general malaise, weight loss and lymphadenopathy first appear. Cough, dyspnea, chest pain and other symptoms occurred later, and the course of disease was 4-6 weeks. Fever (89%) and shortness of breath (66%) are the most common symptoms of the lungs. Some people can still hear lung rales. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a common cause of death in AIDS patients, which often occurs repeatedly and has a serious condition. Chest x-rays of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia show extensive infiltration of both lungs. However, a few patients (about 23%) can show normal or very few abnormalities on chest radiograph. According to the X-ray examination of 180 cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 77 cases showed bilateral interstitial pneumonia, 45 cases showed interstitial and alveolar inflammation, 26 cases showed interstitial inflammation around hilum, 24 cases showed unilateral alveolar and interstitial inflammation, and 8 cases were normal. Pulmonary function examination showed that the total lung volume and vital capacity decreased, and further aggravated with the progress of the disease. Pneumocystis carinii can be found in specimens taken by bronchoscopy or lung puncture, and sometimes other pathogens can be found. This is a mixed opportunistic infection. The course of disease is urgent; It can also be slow and eventually die of progressive dyspnea, hypoxia and respiratory failure, with a mortality rate of 90% ~ 100%.

(2) Toxoplasma gondii infection: Toxoplasma gondii infection in AIDS patients mainly causes toxoplasmosis in the nervous system, with an incidence rate of 26%. The clinical manifestations are hemiplegia, focal neurological abnormality, convulsion, disturbance of consciousness and fever. CT examination showed single or multiple lesions. Toxoplasma gondii can be seen according to histopathological section or cerebrospinal fluid examination. Very few toxoplasmosis involved the lungs (1%). The disease is an animal infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoa Toxoplasma gondii. The route of human infection, congenital infection is transmitted from mother to fetus through placenta. Acquired infection is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat containing cellulose.

(3) Cryptosporidiosis: Sarcocystis is a small protozoa parasitic on domestic animals and wild animals. People attach to the epithelium of small intestine and large intestine after infection, which mainly causes malabsorption diarrhea. The patient showed uncontrollable watery stool, losing 3- 10 liter of water every day, and the mortality rate could be as high as 50%. Diagnosis depends on colonoscopy biopsy or finding oocysts in feces.

2. Virus

(1) cytomegalovirus infection: According to serological investigation, cytomegalovirus is widespread, and most patients infected with cytomegalovirus are asymptomatic, but patients infected with cytomegalovirus can excrete virus in urine, saliva, feces, tears, milk and semen for a long time. It can be transmitted through blood transfusion, mother's placenta, organ transplantation, sexual intercourse and breastfeeding. When AIDS is accompanied by cytomegalovirus infection, it is often manifested as hepatitis, cytomegalovirus pneumonia, cytomegalovirus retinitis, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and rash. In order to diagnose cytomegalovirus infection, inclusion bodies or isolated viruses must be found in biopsy or autopsy samples. According to Guarda's autopsy study on 13 AIDS patients, the most common diagnosis was cytomegalovirus infection (12 cases), followed by Kaposi's sarcoma (l0 cases). All 12 cases of cytomegalovirus infection are disseminated and often involve two or more organs.

(2) Herpes simplex virus infection: its transmission route is mainly direct contact and sexual contact, but also through droplets. Viruses can invade the human body from respiratory tract, mouth, eyes, genital mucosa or broken skin. Pregnant women may also pass it on to their babies during childbirth. Infection with the virus can cause skin and mucous membrane damage of AIDS patients, involving oral cavity, vulva, perianal region, back of hand or esophagus, bronchus and intestinal mucosa. Herpes simplex in the mouth and lips is the most common, and its damage is characterized by dense clusters of small blisters, which are slightly red at the base and can form ulcers after being scraped off. Ulcer is characterized by large, deep and painful, often accompanied by secondary infection, severe symptoms, long course of disease, and the damaged part can be cultured.

(3) Epstein-Barr virus: The infection rate of this virus in AIDS patients is very high. Epstein-Barr virus antibody can be detected in the serum of 96% AIDS patients. Epstein-Barr virus can cause primary mononucleosis, accompanied by hemolytic anemia, lymphadenopathy, systemic macula and T cell reduction.

3. Fungi

(1) Candida albicans infection: Candida albicans is a conditionally pathogenic fungus, which often exists in normal skin, mouth, upper respiratory tract, intestine and vaginal mucosa, and can be cultured from skin and mucosal secretions, urine and sputum. When the human body's resistance drops or the flora in the body is out of balance, Candida albicans can become a pathogenic bacteria, causing candida infection. It can be divided into cutaneous candidiasis and mucosal candidiasis. The latter is more common as thrush-the milky white film on the oral mucosa, glossopharyngeal mucosa, gums or lips, which is easy to peel off, revealing a fresh and moist ruddy base. More common in the late stage of serious diseases, or HIV-infected people. If homosexuals continue to have thrush without other explanations, it often indicates that patients have been infected with HIV or will develop into AIDS. Candidal esophagitis can cause dysphagia and pain or retrosternal pain. Esophagoscopy showed irregular ulcer and white false membrane in esophageal mucosa. Others include meningococcal keratitis, candidal vaginitis, candidal balanitis and visceral candidiasis. The diagnosis of candidiasis in skin and mucosa depends on clinical manifestations and fungal examination.

(2) Cryptococcosis is an acute or chronic deep fungal disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans infection. When the human body's resistance is weakened, it is easy to invade through the respiratory tract and occasionally through the intestine or skin. Cryptococcal meningitis is a common complication of AIDS. The mortality rate is very high, which is characterized by fever, headache, insanity and meningeal irritation. Cryptococcus pulmonalis, subacute or chronic onset, accompanied by cough, excessive phlegm, low fever, chest pain, fatigue and nonspecific changes in X-ray examination. The diagnosis of cryptococcosis is mainly based on clinical manifestations and fungal examination.

4. Bacteria

(1) Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis often occurs in patients who have been infected with AIDS but have not yet been infected with AIDS. This may be because Mycobacterium tuberculosis is more virulent than other AIDS-related pathogens, such as Pneumocystis carinii, so tuberculosis is more likely to occur in the early stage of immunodeficiency. 74% ~ 100% of AIDS patients with pulmonary tuberculosis suffer from pulmonary tuberculosis, and its symptoms and signs are often difficult to distinguish from other AIDS-related pulmonary diseases. Aids patients often show diffuse infection. The most prominent clinical feature of AIDS patients complicated with tuberculosis is the high incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. More than 70% of AIDS tuberculosis patients or patients diagnosed with tuberculosis have extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The most common forms of AIDS complicated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis are lymphadenitis and miliary lesions, which usually affect bone marrow, genitourinary tract and central nervous system.

(2) Atypical mycobacterial infection: It is one of the important complications of AIDS, often involving liver, lung, spleen, kidney, blood, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract and lymph nodes. Its manifestations are fever, emaciation, malabsorption, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory examination is nonspecific, and diagnosis depends on pathogen isolation, culture and biopsy.

(3) Other common pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, typhoid Bacillus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Can lead to opportunistic infections.