What is a cattle farm like?

What are the general requirements for cattle farm construction?

General requirements for the construction of cattle farm: the address should be selected in a place with high and dry terrain, sunny and leeward, and no high-rise shelter. It faces south, or slightly to the southeast, not exceeding 15 degrees, with convenient transportation, abundant water, good water quality, convenient electricity use, far away from major highway trunk lines, towns and residential areas, and far away from livestock and poultry slaughtering and processing plants, and in the downwind, which is convenient for epidemic prevention. The cattle farm is built in a high, dry, leeward, sunny, well ventilated, low groundwater level, convenient water supply and drainage and quiet place, and the old cattle farm can also be used for reconstruction. The scale of the cattle farm should be determined according to the number of cattle raised, and each cow should occupy 0.8 to 1 square meter of ground. Three-stage cows only refer to lactating cows, fattening cows and lactating cows. Because of their different physiological conditions, they have different requirements for pens.

1, feed the cows.

The contradiction between the design of existing fences and animal welfare. In highly intensive industrial cattle raising, there are contradictions in the design of pens for pregnant and lactating cows. On the one hand, in order to improve the utilization rate of cowshed, prevent embryos from dying or aborting due to fights, fights, shoving and food competition between strong and weak cows, and facilitate the observation of estrus and timely breeding of cows, at the same time, in order to avoid cows stepping on newborn calves and other reasons, positioning fences are used to limit feeding during pregnancy and lactation. On the other hand, keeping cows in a narrow single pen will undoubtedly bring many behavioral and other problems to cows. The "confinement" feeding of dairy cows in the unit fence obviously reduces their behavior posture, has no chance to realize behaviors such as digging, searching and nesting, and greatly reduces their exercise, leaving dairy cows in a boring environment, which leads to prolonged delivery time, dystocia, indigestion and poor estrus effect after weaning.

After long-term investigation and comparison, the design of movable cow positioning fence is reasonable. The right partition of the dairy cow positioning column can be moved. When the cows are lactating for about 1 week, the right partition will be removed, and when the next cow to give birth enters the fence, a removed partition can be reinstalled. Practice has proved that this positioning rod design can completely overcome the above contradictions, and the operation is very simple. After 7- 10 days, the calf was strong and agile. Even if the right fence is removed, the possibility of being trampled by cows can be completely avoided, and the lactation of cows will not be affected. After the right partition is removed, the activity space of dairy cows is enlarged, and the basal metabolism is relatively improved in the next lactation period 10-20 days, which can avoid abnormal estrus of dairy cows. At the same time, it provides exercise opportunities for cows to avoid being "imprisoned" and forced to raise, which fully embodies the concept of being kind to animals and animal welfare. There is no right partition in the positioning fence after the right partition is removed, which brings greater convenience to the cleaning and disinfection of the fence house and is beneficial to animal health care.

2, grow and breed into a cowshed

The contradiction between breeders and cows has existed for a long time. Experts at home and abroad have conducted in-depth research on the influence of temperature, humidity, density and ventilation in the cowshed on the growth and fattening of cattle, forming a complete theoretical and practical system, but few people pay attention to the contradiction between people and cattle when breeders enter the cowshed. Although the cattle industry is developing continuously, the design of planting and breeding barns is similar, and the same model is used at home and abroad. In this mode, when the breeder enters the cowshed for cleaning, the cows in the cowshed will rush headlong and bite the broom and the breeder's trouser legs as a play. At this time, the breeder will stop to complain loudly and even kick these "disobedient" cows. This kind of scene can often be seen in every cattle farm, which not only affects the work efficiency of breeders, but also affects the feeding and rest of cattle. Moreover, the abuse and kicking of cattle by breeders will make cattle in a state of fear and stress, which is not conducive to animal welfare.

After years of exploration, it is considered that it is best to change the mode and feed the breeder through the passages on both sides of the barn. This model has two outstanding advantages. First of all, the breeder is efficient, completely free from the interference of cattle, and can also bring the dung cart directly into the dung area. In the original mode, the breeder had to shovel the feces that had not been missed from the leaking floor to the dung cart outside. Cleaning 1 cowshed (12 cowshed) can save at least 1 hour compared with the two modes, so that large-scale cowshed can save a lot of labor costs. Secondly, the feeding and rest of cattle are not affected by the breeder, nor will they be scolded and kicked by the breeder, which reduces the pressure and is more conducive to animal welfare. Of course, this model requires the breeder to carefully train the cows to ensure that each cow defecates in the feces area. Although drinking water areas are installed in the defecation area to induce cattle to defecate in this area, it still needs breeders to spend more time on training.

Step 3 protect the cowshed

In the past, in the design of barns to protect cows (weaned cows), in order to consider the production efficiency, we often focused on thermal insulation and ignored animal welfare. In fact, young cows like to frolic, fiddle with objects and dig the ground with kisses. Although some operators put some rubber balls, bricks, chains and other things in the fence to meet the physiological needs of protecting cows, the effect is not ideal. The new design of the cowshed is to set a bar about 0.8 meters above the rest area, and set some hooks on the bar to hang some "toys" that can meet the playful and playful behavior characteristics of heifers (canned food with pebbles inside after disinfection), so that heifers are not nervous and bored in the new environment, which is also conducive to distracting them and avoiding ear biting, tail biting and fighting caused by merger. Obviously, this method is far more disturbing than spraying odorant in the air. This method is more friendly to animals and embodies animal welfare.

Avoid improper site selection. The location of the cattle farm should be 0/00 meters away from the highway/kloc-,far away from the village and animal products processing factory, with few pedestrians and in the downwind of the house. The terrain is high and dry, sheltered from the wind and the sun, with solid soil, strong water permeability, no pollution from pathogenic microorganisms, clean water sources and convenient water intake.

Second, avoid poor design of cowshed location. When arranging the cowshed, we should consider the needs of cattle production. Cowshed should be built in the upwind area of cowshed, adjacent to cowshed, and keep a certain distance. The feeding barn, pregnant barn, breeding barn and reserve barn should be built near the gate of the barn for transportation.

Three bogey cowshed density is too large. In order to save land and reduce investment, some cattle farmers have simple and dense houses, which can not design the layout scientifically and reasonably, resulting in high density of cattle, which is easy to cause environmental pollution and mutual infection of cattle. The distance between cowhouses should be at least 8 meters, and fruit trees and trees can be planted in the middle for shade in summer.

Four bogeys: the architectural model is single. Cowshed, bull shed and fat cowshed all have their specific requirements, so we can't all build the same model. For example, a cowshed needs a nursery, but other cowsheds don't. The walls of the cowshed need to be stronger and the fence needs to be higher. Therefore, what kind of cattle to raise and what kind of cowshed to build.

Avoid building cowshed without windows (or the windows are too small). Some cattle farms have no windows, and some have windows, but the windows are too small and too few, which is not conducive to ventilation and cooling in summer. Under normal circumstances, a barn with 65,438+00 fattening cows needs four 60-70cm windows on the back wall.

Six bogey feces sewage disorderly discharge. There is no septic tank outside the cowshed. First of all, feces and urine are difficult to collect, and fertilizers are easy to run off, which will reduce fertility. Secondly, it will affect the cleanliness of the barn. The sewage ditch in the cowshed should have sufficient slope to facilitate the smooth outflow of sewage in the cowshed; The outflow sequence of sewage should follow the principle of proximity, and sewage should not be circled in the yard. Septic tanks or biogas digesters must be built outside the cowshed. The size of septic tank (or biogas digester) can be determined according to the scale of cattle raising.

Seven bogey do more tiles and less grass. The roofs of cattle houses in rural cattle farms are all covered with tiles, and there is almost no grass. First of all, tile is more expensive than grass, which increases the cost of raising cattle; Second, winter cold tiles are not as good as grass, tiles are hot in summer and cold in winter, and grass is warm in winter and cool in summer.

Don't avoid improper specifications of the trough. The feeding trough should be built on the wall and the bottom of the trough should be U-shaped. The size of the trough should depend on the type and number of cattle.

Nine bogey houses have no sink. Lack of clean drinking water will affect the growth and development of cattle. Therefore, it is necessary to set up a sink or an automatic water dispenser in the cowshed.

Don't give up the small wall. A low cowshed is not conducive to air circulation. If the fence of the cowshed playground is too short, it is easy for cows to climb over the wall and escape, which will bring trouble to management. Generally speaking, the height of the back wall of the cowshed should be about1.8m, and the height of the fence should be about1.3m. ..