What are the architectural art, characteristics and historical value of the Kremlin and Red Square?

The Moscow Kremlin, known as the "Eighth Wonder of the World", is a symbol of the Russian state. It is one of the largest architectural complexes in the world, a historical treasure, and a treasure house of cultural and artistic monuments.

The Kremlin is located in the center of Moscow, covering an area of ??28 hectares. Under the western wall is the 7-hectare Red Square. The Moskva River passes through the city along the south wall of the Kremlin and the south of Red Square. From the 16th to 17th centuries AD, the Kremlin was the royal palace of successive tsars. With the transfer of political power to St. Petersburg in 1703, the Kremlin continued to maintain its status as a religious center. When Moscow became the capital again in 1918, the Kremlin once again became the seat of the government departments of the Soviet regime and is still the political center of the Russian Federation.

At the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries, a Slavic settlement appeared on the Borovecki Hills, which was the prototype of the Kremlin. In the first half of the 12th century, Grand Duke Dolgoruki built a wooden castle, the Kremlin, on a low hill here (the current red brick building was built from 1485 to 1495). The Kremlin means "fortress" or "inner city". Moscow gradually developed with this castle as its core. Some large cities in Russia have ancient "Kremlins", but after 1547, only the castle in Moscow was called "Kremlin". The Kremlin basically took shape and remains so to this day. Italian and Russian architects worked together to perfectly combine the Italian Renaissance architectural style with the traditional Russian architectural style.

The Kremlin is roughly triangular in shape. The palace wall is 2,235 meters long, ranging from 5 to 19 meters high, and 3.5 to 6.5 meters thick. It has four gates and nineteen pointed towers. . The famous "Kremlin Bell" originated from the self-ringing bell on the Spassk Tower. It was installed from 1851 to 1852. It is connected to the school clock of the Observatory and has the most accurate time. The tower is 67.3 meters tall. The gate below is for entering the Kremlin. Main channel.

To the west of the Kremlin are the Alexander Garden and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, where newlyweds come to lay flowers.

Now, Manesh underground shopping mall and square have been built, which are integrated with the garden, and fountains and sculptures can be seen everywhere. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was built before Victory Day in 1967 to commemorate those who died in World War II. The everlasting flame on the tombstone has been burning to this day since it was lit. The tombstone is engraved with "No one knows your name, but your achievements will last forever." When foreign leaders come, they all come here to lay flowers.

When visiting the Kremlin, the first thing you see is the Conference Building. This is a modern building with 6,000 seats and luxurious interior decoration. In addition to meetings, it is also a place for high-level performances.

Go forward and you will see the Cannon King and the Bell King. The King of Cannons has a history of more than 400 years. The cannon weighs 40 tons and has a muzzle diameter of 0.92 meters. There are 4 shells piled in front of the gun. Each weighs 2 tons. There are exquisite reliefs on the gun carriage, including a portrait of Tsar Fedor. It was never used as it was too heavy and bulky.

The Bell King is well-deserved. It weighs 202 tons, is 6.14 meters high and 6.60 meters in diameter. It is four and a half times heavier than the Yongle Bell in Beijing. It took two years to cast in 1735. Due to During the fire, a piece of the clock fell off. This piece weighed 11.5 tons. The bell is cast with images of Tsar Alexei and Queen Anna, as well as statues of gods.

Beside the Bell King is the Ivan the Great Bell Tower built of white stone, which is 81 meters high and used to be the highest point in Moscow. There are more than a dozen large and small ancient bells hanging in the building. Whenever they ring, they can be heard far away.

Further forward, there is Church Square, the oldest square in Moscow. The white stone church with 5 roofs is the Assumption Church, where the grand dukes and tsars of all ages have held coronations.

On the right side of the square is the Church of the Annunciation, close to the Moskva River. Small in scale, but the most charming, it is the palace family chapel and the place where royal weddings are held. It contains the oldest icon murals in Russia.

The Angel Church opposite is the tomb of kings. After the capital was moved to Petersburg, emperors of all dynasties were buried in the "Peter and Paul Cathedral" in St. Petrograd.

The Grand Kremlin, the main palace of the Kremlin, was completed in 1849 and later became the place where the Supreme Soviet held meetings. The Orthodox Patriarch's Palace, built in the 1650s, is now a museum of Russian culture and art in the 17th century. The Great Hall where the Party Congress is held in the Kremlin was built in 1961. It was built underground so as not to affect the beauty of those ancient buildings.

The Grand Kremlin is the royal palace of the Tsars of all dynasties. A white, blue and red Russian flag is placed on the dome. This is now the office of the Russian President, and Putin lives here, but unfortunately he is not allowed to visit.

Further down, there is the Armory Hall and the Diamond Hall. It is actually an exhibition hall for valuables of Russian tsars. It was built in 1851 and used to be a place where weapons were manufactured and stored. Famous collections include: the crown, pure gold scepter, scepter, the ivory throne of Ivan the Terrible, the diamond treasury of Tsar Alexei, and the wedding dress of Catherine II, studded with precious stones. Saddle and saber. There is also a 17th-century "Bible" with a silver cover inlaid with 3,017 gems, etc. Each piece is priceless.

The Kremlin contains architectural classics with unique architectural and plastic arts. The Kremlin had a decisive influence on promoting the development of Russian architectural art, which was particularly prominent during the Renaissance.

From the 13th century to the founding of St. Petersburg and into the 20th century, the Kremlin was directly and literally linked to all major events in Russian history. In 1990, based on cultural heritage selection criteria, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square were included in the World Cultural Heritage List.

Red Square is a famous square in the center of Moscow, the capital of Russia. It is located in the center of Moscow and adjacent to the Kremlin to the southwest.

Origin of the name:

Its predecessor was the "Outside the City Industrial and Commercial Zone" developed by Ivan III in the east of the city at the end of the 15th century. In 1517, a great fire broke out in the square, which was once known as the "Fire Square". From the second half of the 17th century it was renamed "Red Square".

History:

In Russian, "red" means "beautiful", and "Red Square" means "beautiful square". The large-scale expansion of Red Square took place after 1812. At that time, Napoleon's troops set fire to Moscow, and the people of Moscow widened Red Square as they rebuilt their homes. By the 1920s, Red Square was merged with the adjacent Vasilevsky Square to form its current size. Red Square is 695 meters long from north to south and 130 meters wide from east to west, with a total area of ??more than 90,000 square meters. The square is paved with ocher red square stones, and the tiles are shiny. Both sides of the square are slope-shaped, and the entire Red Square seems to be slightly raised. To the south of the square, on a slope slightly sloping toward the Moskva River, stands Vasily Brazheny Cathedral. This church was built from 1555 to 1561 to commemorate the Russian tsar's occupation of the Principality of Kazan and Astrakhan. It is known as an outstanding representative of ancient Russian architectural art. The church is a clever combination of 9 large and small churches. The surrounding 8 smaller churches surround the larger church in the middle, forming a group of exquisite buildings. The nine churches are all dome towers, with the central main tower 47 meters high and surrounded by eight onion-shaped domes with different heights, shapes, colors, patterns and decorations. The church is built of red bricks and decorated with white stone components. The dome top is shining with golden light and is decorated with bright red, yellow and green colors. The whole church was filled with a strong festive atmosphere. In front of the church, there are monuments to patriots Junin and Pozharsky.

To the north of Red Square is a three-story red brick building whose style imitates ancient Russian architecture, with eight minarets in the north and south. This is a historical museum built in the 19th century with a collection of 4.5 million exhibits. On the east side of Red Square is the largest state-owned department store complex in Moscow. It was built in the early 1920s and has two floors, with a business area of ??nearly 80,000 square meters.

Lenin's Mausoleum is located on the west side of Red Square, in front of the center of the Kremlin wall. It was built on January 27, 1924. It was originally a wooden structure and was constructed of granite and marble in 1930. After the Great Patriotic War, the crystal coffin containing Lenin's body was renewed. Half of Lenin's Tomb is underground and half is above the ground. It has three stepped cubes and is built of black and red marble and granite. The mausoleum has a volume of 5800 cubic meters and an internal volume of 2400 cubic meters. The net weight of the stele engraved with "Lenin" in front of the tomb is 60 tons. The top of the tomb is a platform, and on both wings of the platform are viewing platforms that can accommodate ten thousand people. Going down the black marble steps, you can enter the memorial hall in the center of the mausoleum. Lenin lay peacefully in a crystal coffin covered with red party flags and national flags, wearing a yellow jacket and an Order of the Red Banner on his chest. Not far from Lenin's Mausoleum, there is the Lenin Museum, which contains Lenin's relics and Lenin's biography. Between Lenin's Mausoleum and the Kremlin Wall are the cemeteries of other former Soviet leaders. Red Square is a witness to Moscow’s history and the pride of Muscovites.

The popularity of Red Square is comparable to that of Tiananmen Square, but it is not as big as imagined. It covers an area of ??91,000 square meters, which is only about 1/5 of Tiananmen Square. The ground is very unique, all paved with strips of stone, which looks ancient and sacred.

The original name of Red Square is "Torge", which means "market". It was changed to "Red Square" in 1662, and the ancient saying is "beautiful square". Make no mistake!

There are many famous buildings in Red Square. To the south is Basil's Ascension Cathedral, also known as Pokrov Cathedral. It was built by Ivan the Terrible to commemorate his victory over the Kazan Tatar army in 1552. When you see this church, you will be attracted by its unique architectural style. In the center of this church is a church crown with a large spire, eight small domes with different colors and patterns scattered around it, and nine golden onion-shaped church tops. It is extremely wonderful. . Ivan the Terrible ordered the architect to be blinded so that such a beautiful church would never appear elsewhere. Poor architect! In front of Basil's Assumption Cathedral are the statues of national heroes Minin and Pozharsky (the statue was completed in 1818). From 1611 to 1612, they defeated the Polish invading army and liberated Moscow.

In front of the church is a circular platform, commonly known as the guillotine, which was the place where the people were preached and the czar's decree was read. It is also the place where capital punishment is carried out. The execution is carried out in the audience, and the execution order and the criminal's charges are read out on the stage. Throw a few coins into the stage to pay tribute to the unjust dead!

To the south of Basil's Assumption Cathedral is the Basil's Slope. It extends all the way to the Moskva River.

On May 28, 1988, a young German piloted a light plane and landed on the Vasily slope. As a result, the Soviet Minister of Defense and the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Force were dismissed. Don't try it, it's not that fun! Russian missiles can be dangerous!

On the west side of Red Square is the famous Lenin’s Tomb, built of red granite and black feldspar. Lenin's body was placed in a crystal coffin and covered with the flag of the former Soviet Union. The face and hands are illuminated by special lights, clear and peaceful. Opening hours are 10-11am on Wednesday and Thursday. Saturday 1-2 p.m. Compared with Chairman Mao’s Memorial Palace, I think it’s better to call it Lenin’s Hut. Lenin died too early! sad!

On the upper floor of Lenin's tomb, there is a rostrum. Whenever important ceremonies are held, leaders stand on Lenin's tomb to watch and conduct the ceremony.

Between the back of Lenin’s Mausoleum and the red wall of the Kremlin. There are 12 tombstones: Stalin, Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko, Dzerzhinsky and other former Soviet politicians. Stalin's body was originally in Lenin's tomb, but on October 31, 1962, it was moved out of Lenin's tomb. Buried behind Lenin's Mausoleum.

Walking along the Kremlin wall, there are also portraits of Marshal Zhukov, Lenin’s wife Krupskaya, Gorky, the first cosmonaut Gagarin and other former Soviet celebrities on the wall. ashes.

On the east side of Red Square is the National Department Store.

Built in 1893 and designed by Pomerantziv, today it has become one of the ten most famous department stores in the world.

To the north of Red Square is the History Museum, with red bricks and white roofs. It is also a landmark building in Moscow and was built in 1873. On May 8, 1995, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the victory of World War II, a statue of Marshal Zhukov, the hero of World War II, was erected to the north of Red Square.