Joke Collection Website - Bulletin headlines - The current situation of my country’s water resources and the measures taken by countries around the world to save water

The current situation of my country’s water resources and the measures taken by countries around the world to save water

The current situation of China’s water resources is not optimistic

China is a country suffering from severe drought and water shortage. The total freshwater resources are 2.8 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 6% of global water resources, ranking fourth in the world after Brazil, Russia and Canada. However, the per capita freshwater resources are only 2,200 cubic meters, which is only 1/4 of the world average. 1/5 of the United States, ranking 121st in the world, is one of the 13 countries with the poorest per capita water resources in the world.

After deducting the difficult-to-use flood runoff and groundwater resources scattered in remote areas, China’s actual available freshwater resources are even less, only about 1.1 trillion cubic meters. The per capita available water resources It is about 900 cubic meters, and its distribution

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Extremely uneven. By the end of the 20th century, more than 400 of the country's more than 600 cities had water shortage problems, of which 110 were experiencing serious water shortages. The total urban water shortage across the country was 6 billion cubic meters.

According to monitoring, groundwater in most cities across the country is currently subject to a certain degree of point and area pollution, with the trend increasing year by year. Increasingly serious water pollution not only reduces the use function of water bodies, further aggravates the contradiction of water shortage, has a serious impact on China's ongoing sustainable development strategy, but also seriously threatens the drinking water safety of urban residents and the people. of health.

Current situation of China's water resources

1. China's water resources basin division

China is divided into ten major river basins according to river systems:

Ⅰ Heilongjiang River Basin II Liao River Basin III Hai River Basin IV Yellow River Basin V Huaihe River Basin VI Yangtze River Basin VII Pearl River Basin VIII Southeast River Basin IX Hainan River Basin X Inland River Basin.

2. China's water resources assessment

In the early 1980s, with the support of the Ministry of Water Resources, the first water resources assessment work was carried out nationwide. The hydrometeorological data of 2018 were used to evaluate the amount of water resources in the country. The results are shown in Table 5 and Table 6.

(1) Total precipitation. The average annual precipitation from 1956 to 1979 was 6.2 trillion cubic meters, equivalent to a precipitation depth of 648mm, which is about 20% lower than the global land average. Affected by climate and topography, precipitation is extremely unevenly distributed across regions, decreasing from the southeastern coast to the northwest inland. The multi-year average annual precipitation in Taiwan Province is 2535mm, while the multi-year average annual precipitation depth in the Tarim Basin and Qaidam Basin is less than 25mm.

(2) River runoff. In my country, about 56% of precipitation returns to the air through evaporation from the land surface, and the remaining 44% forms runoff. The national river runoff is 2.7 trillion cubic meters, and the equivalent runoff depth is 284mm. Among them, groundwater discharge is 678 billion cubic meters, accounting for about 27%; glacier meltwater recharge is 56 billion cubic meters, accounting for about 2%; water inflow from outside the country is about 17.2 billion cubic meters.

(3) Soil water flux. According to estimates of land surface evapotranspiration and groundwater discharge, the national soil water flux is about 4.2 trillion cubic meters (accounting for about 67% of total precipitation), of which about 16% recharges underground aquifers through gravity, and is finally produced by River discharge forms the river base flow, and the remaining 3.5 trillion cubic meters are consumed by evapotranspiration from soil and vegetation.

(4) Amount of groundwater resources. The amount of groundwater resources refers to the total recharge of groundwater that is directly related to precipitation and surface water. According to the current status of water resources development and utilization, the national average groundwater resource volume for many years is approximately 828.8 billion cubic meters, of which 676.2 billion cubic meters are distributed in hilly areas and 187.4 billion cubic meters are distributed in plain areas. The repeated exchange volume between mountainous areas and plain areas is approximately is 34.8 billion cubic meters.

(5) Total amount of water resources. After deducting the mutual conversion of surface water and groundwater, the total amount of water resources in my country is 2.8 trillion cubic meters; of which 100.9 billion cubic meters is more than the river runoff, which is the supply of precipitation and surface water in plains, mountain valleys and basins. Part of the groundwater volume. Without groundwater extraction, this part of the water is consumed in the form of phreatic evaporation. Through groundwater extraction, part of the water can be captured from evaporation and utilized.

After calculation, the average annual phreatic evaporation is 84.4 billion cubic meters in the northern plains and 11.9 billion cubic meters in the southern plains.

The current situation of China’s water resources

To what extent is China’s water poverty? A United Nations research report pointed out that 1.2 billion people around the world are facing moderate to high water shortage pressure, 80 countries have insufficient water sources, and 2 billion people have no guarantee of drinking water. It is expected that by 2025, the situation will further deteriorate, and the number of people suffering from water shortage will reach 2.8 billion to 3.3 billion. World Bank officials predict that within the next five years "water will move around the world like oil."

my country is one of the water-scarce countries, with per capita freshwater resources only 1/4 of the world’s per capita amount, ranking 109th in the world. China has been listed as one of the 13 water-poor countries in the world with per capita water resources. Moreover, the distribution is uneven, with a large amount of freshwater resources concentrated in the south, and the freshwater resources in the north are only 1/4 of the water resources in the south. According to statistics, more than half of the more than 600 cities in the country are short of water to varying degrees, and coastal cities are no exception, and are even more serious. At present, my country's urban water supply is mainly surface water or groundwater, or a mixture of the two water sources is used. In some cities, due to over-exploitation of groundwater, the groundwater level has dropped. In some cities, large funnels of hundreds of square kilometers have formed, causing seawater to flow back for dozens of kilometers. . Due to the wanton discharge of industrial wastewater, more than 80% of surface water and groundwater are polluted.

Experts warn: "China will not be able to find potable water resources in 20 years." A report published by the Worldwatch Institute, an influential private think tank in the United States, stated: "Due to the rapid increase in demand for water in China's urban and industrial areas, China will suffer from water shortages for a long time." China's Yellow River The flow has been cut off every year for more than 10 years, including 226 days in 1997. The Huaihe River, which flows through some densely populated areas in China, was also shut down for 90 days last year. According to satellite photos, hundreds of lakes are drying up and some endemic rivers are disappearing. Currently, more than 300 of the more than 600 cities across the country are short of water, and 108 of them are seriously short of water. Among them, Beijing's per capita water availability is 1/13 of the world's per capita water availability, even lower than some arid Arab countries.

But can the general public feel our predicament? No.

As far as production water is concerned, in some places in Ningxia, each acre of rice requires more than 2,000 cubic meters of water a year, and one acre of wheat requires more than 1,200 cubic meters of water. The general water resource utilization rate in rural China is only about 40%. In Ningxia, more than two tons of water are consumed per kilogram of rice. It would be fine if flood irrigation was really good for crops, but in fact this practice is the most fundamental cause of land salinization.

In terms of industrial water, the unit water consumption in my country's steelmaking and other production processes is several times or even dozens of times higher than the advanced level abroad. The water reuse rate is less than 1/3 of that in developed countries.

With such a shortage of water and so much squandering, how can we maintain this false wealth?

Take Hebei Province as an example. According to a report by "Hope" weekly, this region, which has less water resources per capita than Israel, relies on a large amount of overexploitation of groundwater to cover up the important fact of extreme water shortage. The province has accumulated overexploitation of 60 billion cubic meters of groundwater, of which 30 billion cubic meters of deep groundwater cannot be replenished. In another 15 years, Shijiazhuang’s groundwater will be exhausted. Now, the North China Plain has the largest underground complex funnel area in the world, covering 40,000 to 50,000 square kilometers. In many areas of the west, large areas of trees that have been standing for many years have died due to serious over-exploitation of groundwater.

Experts say: We pay a heavy price to stay safe, and the false green color keeps us contented. The contrast between the inside and outside reminds people of a commonly used sentence in "Water Margin" - What a fool!

The natural conditions in Israel are worse than many places in the west of our country, but Israel not only lives a very important life at home but saves water - there are two buttons on the toilet, using small water for urination and large water for defecation. . In production, the world-renowned water-saving agriculture has not only made Israel, one of the most water-scarce countries in the world, a major exporter of agricultural products in the world. At the same time, its income from exporting water-saving agricultural technology and equipment exceeds its income from exporting agricultural products. In recent years, our country has arranged for a large number of leaders of western provinces and regions to visit Israel, but other than the import of some Israeli water-saving equipment, there has been no major benefit. It is said that the main reason is that my country's water prices are too low, making the use of water-saving technologies and equipment unprofitable.

The current price of urban tap water in my country is relatively low, the cost and water price deviate, and the government implements loss subsidies. In rural areas, the price of water and electricity for irrigation is 4 to 9 cents per ton, and the price of gravity irrigation is 4 to 6 cents per ton. The price of 300 tons of Yellow River water is not comparable to that of a bottle of mineral water. Low water prices actually encourage high water consumption.

There is no need to delay the increase in water prices. This is a major event that benefits the country, the people and future generations. On the other hand, it is very necessary to teach people across the country a solid water conservation lesson through various methods.

Water is the foundation and guarantee for the survival and development of human society. So, what is the water situation in Israel? According to relevant estimates, Israel’s per capita annual water resources are approximately 400 cubic meters. Experts believe that if the per capita annual amount of water resources is less than 1,000 cubic meters, the country concerned must be severely short of water. In the Middle East, this means desertification and death. It is this sense of crisis and survival that prompts Israel to use its intelligence and talents to work hard to solve the water crisis and seek new ways of development. Israel regards water as an important resource for strict control and management, and the country has formulated a special decree "Water Conservancy Law".

Implement a water quota system for industry, agriculture and civilian use to limit uncontrolled water use. Israeli agriculture is a large user of water, with an annual quota of 1.3 billion cubic meters and urban domestic water use of 700 million cubic meters. In order to encourage water conservation, the first is to raise the water price, and the second is to double the payment for excess water use. Agricultural water quotas have been significantly reduced due to drought, prompting farmers to adopt water-saving measures.

Increase the reuse of sewage, which not only saves water resources, but also benefits environmental protection. Every year, more than 200 million cubic meters of treated wastewater are used for agricultural irrigation. It is planned that in the next 10 years, one-third of the country's agricultural irrigation will use wastewater. Relevant parties are also actively developing salt water irrigation technology to convert sea water into usable water.

Checking water pipes and faucets to prevent dripping has become a regular task. Relevant parties have also set up special telephones to facilitate people to report damaged water pipes and faucets to relevant departments so that timely measures can be taken. There is a ban on wasting water, and there are rules for washing cars and watering gardens. Those who violate regulations and waste water will be severely punished.

Enhance the public’s awareness of water conservation. Through newspapers, television and other media, we vigorously promote "water is very precious" and "save every drop of water". We also report on good examples of water conservation, criticize bad examples of wasting water, and vigorously promote and introduce water-saving tips and methods, such as washing and washing. How to save water when bowling, promote water-saving toilets, urge people to close the faucet when not using water, etc.

In 1998, the United States, which is rich in water resources, also promulgated the "Water Conservation Planning Guidelines" for urban public water supply, which proposed different minimum water conservation requirements for public water supply systems of different sizes. measures and plans, and has formulated a series of water-saving measures requirements for water supply companies, such as providing complete sets of water-saving appliances that users can modify and replace, universally installing water meters, controlling pipe network pressure, water supply accounting, and providing information and education to users. Conduct water audits to assist large users in analyzing the cost and effectiveness of water use, improve water efficiency for greening irrigation, and formulate water use standards and regulations during dry seasons or emergencies, etc.

Despite abundant rainfall in the UK, water resources can basically meet the needs of residents, industry and agriculture. However, considering that the demand for water has been growing steadily in the past 20 years, the government has paid great attention to improving water use efficiency and reducing water pollution in recent years. It has proposed that protecting water resources is not only the responsibility of government agencies and enterprises, but also strengthens the public's attention to this issue. Also very important. To this end, the government will also stipulate the obligations of water users in the effective use of water resources, and adopt measures such as adjusting the application fees for water abstraction licenses, encouraging license transfers, helping to provide water-saving technologies and programs, and reviewing water supply company development plans to encourage households to , enterprises, etc. to improve water efficiency.

In France, all towns with a population of more than 2,000 have a sewage treatment plant, and the city's sewage treatment currently reaches more than 95%. In order to further control water pollution, the French government has required all cities and towns to establish sewage treatment systems that meet EU standards before 2005. For areas where sewage treatment cannot meet the standards, the government will continue to increase water source management fees to promote these areas. The regions must meet the standards as soon as possible, so that the national water pollution problem can finally be completely solved.