Collection of detailed data of Shiping Myrica rubra

Shiping Myrica rubra is a specialty of Shiping County, Yunnan Province, and a geographical indication of national agricultural products.

Shiping Myrica rubra can be picked after mid-April, and its maturity is 40-60 days earlier than that in Zhejiang and Fujian, and more than 20 days earlier than that in Fumin County, Yunnan. Appraised by experts from the Ministry of Agriculture, Shiping Myrica rubra has excellent quality, high sugar content and rich vitamins. It has the characteristics of big fruit and small stone, bright color, rich juice, moderate sweetness and sourness, rich aroma, early maturity and high nutritional value.

2010 On February 24th, People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Ministry of Agriculture approved the registration and protection of geographical indications of Yangmei agricultural products in Shiping.

Chinese name: Shiping Myrica rubra Origin Name: Shiping County, Yunnan Province Quality characteristics: large fruit with small stone and bright color, Geographical indications with moderate sweetness and sourness: approval number of geographical indications of agricultural products of the Ministry of Agriculture: AnnouncementNo, Ministry of Agriculture 15 17, approval date: 2010 65438+February 24th, product characteristics, external senses, internal quality, medicinal value, production environment, topography, hydrology, climate, historical origin and production. Regional protection scope, quality and technical requirements, use of special signs, product characteristics, external senses, Shiping Myrica rubra fruit is medium and large, irregular or oblate when it matures, with an average fruit weight of 65,400. The pulp is soft, moderately sweet and sour, with red or reddish inside, juicy, fragrant and small pit. It has the characteristics of large fruit, small stone, bright color, rich juice, moderate sweetness and sourness, rich aroma, early maturity, storage and transportation resistance and high nutritional value. The intrinsic quality of Shiping Myrica rubra is precocious, resistant to storage and transportation, high in nutritional value, high in sugar and rich in vitamins. Wherein, the soluble solids are ≥ 10.5%, the total sugar is ≥9.5%, and the titratable acid is ≥0.7%. The nutritional components in the edible food of Shiping Myrica rubra per100g are: 83.4-92.0g of water, 28kcal of calories, 0.8g of protein, 0.2g of fat and 5.0g of carbohydrate. Thiamine10g, riboflavin 50g, nicotinic acid 0.3mg, retinol equivalent 92g, carotene 0.3mg, vitamin A7 microgram, vitamin C 9 mg, vitamin E 0.8 1 mg, calcium14mg and magnesium 65444. Zinc 0. 14 mg, copper 20 mg, potassium 149 mg, phosphorus 8 mg, sodium 0.7 mg, selenium 0.3 1 mg, and the potassium content per kilogram of juice is ≥ 1500 mg. Medicinal value enters the lung and stomach meridians. Function: Mainly used for promoting fluid production to quench thirst, harmonizing stomach and promoting digestion. Treat polydipsia, diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain, gastric lavage and hangover. Fruit is used to treat heartburn, stomachache, dysentery and vomiting. Origin Environment and Geomorphology The soil types in Shiping County of Yunnan Province are mainly paddy soil, alluvial soil, lateritic red soil, mountain red soil, sandy loam soil and liver stone soil. The terrain is high in the northwest, low in the southeast, and concave in the middle. The mountains are southwest to northeast. The northeast is Lao Heishan, the south is Daleng Mountain, the northwest is Polongshan Mountain and Nibaimuke Mountain, and the middle is Yanwa Mountain and Bijia Mountain. Mountains and rivers alternate with each other, with large height difference and beautiful mountains. The mountainous area accounts for 95% of the total land area of the county; There are four dams in the flat land, such as Shiping County Dam, Baoxiu Dam, Dam Core Dam and Longpeng Dam, and the flat land area only accounts for 5% of the total land area of the county. The highest elevation in China is 255 1.3m, the lowest elevation is 259m, and the relative height difference is 2,292.3m It is a typical three-dimensional terrain. The most suitable height of Myrica rubra in Shiping is 800- 1800 meters above sea level. Hydrological situation Shiping County belongs to the watershed of the Red River and the Pearl River Basin, with 35 rivers and ditches, rich in water resources and clean in water quality, free from human and industrial pollution. The main river Red River runs through the county from northwest to southeast. There are two natural lakes, namely Yilong Lake and Chirui Lake, which are one of the nine plateau lakes in Yunnan Province. The water surface is 43.4 square kilometers, and the storage capacity1.10.02 billion cubic meters. There are 38/kloc-0 dams, with a storage capacity of 3,260 cubic meters. Climate: Shiping County belongs to the subtropical mountainous climate zone of Yunnan Plateau. Because it is located on the plateau, the low latitude and the tropic of cancer pass through the southern region, and the vertical difference of topography is remarkable. At the same time, influenced by the dry warm air currents in the southwest Indian Ocean, the southeast Pacific Ocean and the northwest mainland, the monsoon climate is typical, with the climatic characteristics of "all seasons are summer and one autumn rain". The annual average temperature is 65438 08.2℃, the highest temperature is 32℃ and the lowest temperature is -3.9℃. The average temperature in the hottest month (July) is 27.7℃, and that in Leng Yue (65438+1October) is 9. 1℃. The effective accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃ is 5950.0℃ and the frost-free period is 3 16 days; The annual sunshine hours are 2020-2200 hours, the sunshine percentage is 52%, and the effective rate is 83%. The annual radiation is 135.2 kcal/cm2; The annual rainfall is 850- 1 100 mm, of which the rainfall in May-10 accounts for 8 1.3% of the annual rainfall. Superior eco-geographical conditions, suitable soil and climate provide an ideal natural environment for the development of Myrica rubra industry. Shiping Myrica rubra Historical Origin Shiping is one of the main distribution areas of wild Myrica rubra in China, which is rich in wild resources. Four wild Myrica rubra varieties, including Dwarf Myrica rubra, Fine Myrica rubra, Semi-Jingmei and Wu Xiongmei, have been discovered. Since ancient times, Myrica rubra has been one of the fruits eaten by people of all ethnic groups in Shiping County for hundreds of years. Shiping County Annals was recorded in the 12th year of Qing Qianlong (1747), and was edited by Yuan Jiagu in the first year of the Republic of China (19 12). Before 1980s, wild Myrica rubra was planted and grafted artificially in Shiping County, but the economic benefit was not significant because of its small scale and low yield. Since 1980s, Shiping County has introduced seven varieties from Zhejiang and Fujian, such as Crystal Plum, Dongkui, Shui Mei, Water chestnut Plum, Dingao Plum, Charcoal Plum and Late Rice Myrica rubra, and hybridized with local wild Myrica rubra. After years of experiments and purification, Dongkui and Eleocharis tuberosa have been selected as the main varieties suitable for local cultivation. 1985, Myrica rubra was planted in Shiping County (the first county in Yunnan Province to introduce Myrica rubra from Zhejiang). 199 1 year successfully bore fruit, with large fruit, bright color and moderate sweetness and sourness. From 65438 to 0993, after years of trial planting and exploration, the Myrica rubra industry in Shiping County was appraised by experts in Yunnan Province and prefectures as "good quality, good taste, large pulp, small pit, bright color and moderate sweetness and sourness", which was popularized and introduced in many places in the county in the same year. The Myrica rubra industry in Shiping County has developed into a "Myrica rubra eco-tourism" integrating leisure and entertainment, and the "Myrica rubra Festival" is held every May, attracting many tourists from inside and outside the province to watch and taste. Production in 20 10, Shiping County planted 6,666.7 hectares of Myrica rubra, including 4,000 hectares in Dongkui and 2,666.7 hectares in Eleocharis tuberosa, with an annual total output of 75,000 tons, making it the county with the largest planting area and output in Yunnan Province. In 20 13 years, Myrica rubra in Shiping has grown to more than 60,000 mu. In 20 17, Shiping County was certified by the Ministry of Agriculture as two green food production enterprises and seven pollution-free agricultural products production enterprises. The total planting area of Myrica rubra in the county is 128300 mu. There are about 100 bayberry production and marketing enterprises in the county, and more than 6,000 fruit farmers are contacted. Product Honor In 2002, Shiping County was recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture as "the famous base of Myrica rubra, a subtropical crop of the Ministry of Agriculture". 2010 On February 24th, People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Ministry of Agriculture approved the registration and protection of geographical indications of Yangmei agricultural products in Shiping. Scope of protection of geographical indications Shiping County is located in the south of Yunnan Province and the west of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture. Geographical coordinates are10208' 00 "N10243' 00" N/2319' 00 ". The county covers an area of 3037 square kilometers. The maximum horizontal distance from east to west is 59 kilometers, and the maximum vertical distance from north to south is 88 kilometers. The Myrica rubra producing area in Shiping County includes six towns, including Yilong, Baoxiu, Simba, Longpeng, Da Qiao and Xincheng. Quality and technical requirements (1) Garden selection: Choose sandy red and yellow soil with loose soil, deep soil layer, good drainage, gravel, pH value of 5.5-6, slope below 30 degrees, and elevation of 800- 1800 meters, and build the garden by horizontal terrace or contour fish scale pit. (2) Variety selection: select excellent varieties that adapt to local environmental conditions and show good economic characters and resistance, such as Rudong Kui and Eleocharis tuberosa. (3) Seedling planting: planting time: 65438+from late February to early February. Planting density: according to the land conditions of the garden, the sloping land with deep soil layer should be planted thinly, and it can be planted densely when the soil layer is thin or the sunshine is sufficient. Dongkui species is 5m× 6m, and water chestnut plum is 5m× 5m. Planting method: dig holes with a width of 1 m and a depth of 0.8 m, apply 50 kg of organic fertilizer or 4 kg of cake fertilizer to each hole, add 1 kg of calcium superphosphate, mix fertile soil and fill the holes, and cover them with 20 cm thick fertile topsoil. When planting, put the seedling in the center of the hole, stretch the root system, correct the seedling, keep the upper part of the seedling upright, then fill in fine soil and tamp it hard. The planting depth should cover the joint. Then pour enough "root-fixing water" and cover the tree tray to reduce water evaporation, maintain rhizosphere humidity and improve survival rate. (4) Water and fertilizer management: water management: timely irrigation during the drought period, especially during the high temperature and drought period of the nursery. Pay attention to drainage and flood prevention in spring and rainy season to avoid water accumulation. Fertilizer and water management of young trees: In the growing season from March to August, thin fertilizer should be applied repeatedly, with available nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer, such as urea, or an appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer. After the newly planted young trees survive, the quick-acting thin fertilizer should be applied in time, and it should be applied half a month before topping in spring, summer and autumn, and urea should be applied to each tree at 0. 1 kg. Because of the weak resistance of young trees, the soil moisture content is required to be sufficient when fertilizing, and it can be applied or poured into water before and after rain. After three years of growth, 0.3-0.5 kg of urea and 0/-2 kg of potassium sulfate/kloc-0 are applied to each plant every year. Pay attention to less nitrogen and more potassium when fertilizing after fruiting to control growth and promote fruiting. Fertilization methods are mostly ring-shaped and disc-shaped fertilization, which promotes the root system to extend outward and expand the crown. Fertility and water management of fruit trees: The principles of fertilization for fruit trees are increasing potassium, decreasing nitrogen and controlling phosphorus. Fertilize 2-3 times a year, and the time of 1 is February-March before germination. Potassium fertilizer is mainly applied in combination with nitrogen fertilizer to meet the nutrient requirements of bayberry growth, flowering and fruit growth and development. In mid-May, the second fruit-strengthening fertilizer was applied, mainly available potassium fertilizer, to supplement the nutrient demand of fruit growth and development and improve fruit quality; The third time is from June to July after fruit picking, with organic fertilizer as the main material, quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as the supplement, and timely supplementing tree nutrients, accounting for about 30%, 30% and 40% respectively. Topdressing outside roots: Spraying 0.2% borax solution at flowering stage and 0.2% urea plus 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or high-efficiency rare earth liquid fertilizer 1200- 1500 times can promote leaf growth, improve photosynthesis and improve fruit quality. (5) shaping and pruning: young tree shaping: it is better to take the natural happy shape as the tree shape. In the first year after planting, the first main branch is selected at a distance of 20 cm from the ground, and then the second and third main branches are reserved every 15-20 cm; In the second year, the immature autumn shoots are cut off from the extended branches of the main branch, and all the side branches on the main branch are cut short, leaving the first branch 60-70 cm away from the main branch; In the third year, the second branch is selected on the main branch, and the interval between the first and second branches is 60cm；; In the fourth year, continue to extend the main branch and the secondary branch, and choose the third secondary branch about 40 cm away from the second secondary branch. When cultivating the main branch and the auxiliary branch, we should select and keep the big side branch in time, and finish the plastic surgery in about 5 years. At the same time, the method of pulling branches from June to July was adopted to relieve the tree vigor and promote the premature birth of Myrica rubra. Pruning fruit trees: timely and moderate pruning can improve fruit performance and excellent fruit rate. Pruning Myrica rubra should be carried out twice. For the first time, after the fruit is picked (at the end of June and the beginning of July), the top vertical branch (skylight), the cross branch of two trees, the lower mopping branch and the dense branch in the crown are sawed off, so as to achieve the effects of promoting summer shoots, renewing inner branches and increasing fruiting branches; The second time was in February of the following year, mainly pruning twigs, cutting off pests and diseases, dead branches, dense branches, vertical branches and late autumn shoots, cutting off some non-flowering trees and cutting off some flowering trees; For flourishing trees with excessive growth, low fruit setting rate and low yield, measures such as girdling, girdling, back-buckling and root cutting can be adopted. (6) Management of flowers and fruits: Short-cut fruiting branches and sparse flowers: For trees with too many flowers, pruning in spring is generally combined, and the whole tree is short-cut on average 1/5 fruiting branches, and the redundant fruiting branches, especially the dense fruiting branches in the upper part of the crown, are thinned. Artificial fruit thinning: fruit thinning is carried out in 2-3 times, with 1 time being 20 days after flower withering, and the fruit is as small as peanuts, mainly removing dense fruit, small fruit and bad fruit, and each bearing branch keeps about 4-6 fruits; For the second time, when the transverse diameter of the fruit is 1 cm 30-35 days after flower withering, the small fruit and poor fruit are thinned again, leaving about 2-4 fruiting branches per fruit; 40-45 days after the flower withers, each fruiting branch leaves an average of 2 fruits, among which 3-4 fruits are left for the stout long fruit branch with the length exceeding 1 5cm, 2-3 fruits are left for the middle fruit branch (5-15cm), and1fruit is left for the short fruit branch with the length less than 5cm. (7) Integrated pest control: Control requirements: protect the normal growth of Myrica rubra, enhance the resistance of trees, use pesticides scientifically, improve the control effect, control environmental pollution, promote ecological balance and save costs. Control principle: According to the policy of "prevention first and comprehensive control", based on agricultural control, according to the occurrence law of pests and diseases, measures such as chemical control, biological control and physical and mechanical control should be adopted reasonably to control pests and diseases economically, safely and effectively. Prevention and control measures: first, strictly implement the plant quarantine system stipulated by the state to prevent the spread and spread of quarantine pests and diseases. The second is to combine pruning, cut off pests and dead branches, remove fallen leaves, and burn them after spring to reduce the source of pests and diseases. The third is to strengthen cultivation management, enhance and improve the resilience of trees, and create environmental conditions that are not conducive to the occurrence of pests and diseases. Fourth, protect and utilize natural enemies, play the role of biological control, eliminate harmful organisms with beneficial organisms, expand the application scope of insect control and bacteria control, and maintain the ecological balance of nature. The fifth is to strengthen the prediction of pests and diseases to achieve timely and accurate prevention and control. Sixth, it is necessary to choose pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity, low residue and low mortality rate to natural enemies, and use different pesticides reasonably and alternately to improve the mortality rate to pests and reduce their drug resistance. Main pest control methods: cancer prevention: before the new shoots are pulled out, the diseased branches and dead branches are cut off and burned, and then 1: 2: 200 bordeaux solution is sprayed; Strengthen the protection of trees and try to avoid man-made mechanical damage in the process of fruit harvesting and cultivation management; From March to April, before the spread of germs in cancer, the cancer was removed with a sharp knife, and the wound was smeared with copper sulfate 100 times solution or 72% agricultural streptomycin 3000 times solution once every half month. Prevention and control methods of brown spot disease: cleaning the fallen leaves of orchard in winter, centralized burning or deep burial to reduce the source of overwintering disease; At the early stage of the disease, 800 ~ 1000 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 700 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder were sprayed on the crown once every 7 ~ 10 days, and 1 time after the fruit was harvested. It is effective to spray 3-5 degrees of stone sulfur mixture on seriously ill Myrica rubra from 10 to the end of February of the following year. Control methods of scale insects: combining pruning, pruning dead branches and live branches with high insect population density in spring, and centralized burning to reduce insect sources; Spraying pesticides at the first generation nymphae stage from May to June (when fruits grow, no pesticides are sprayed at this stage) and at the second generation nymphae stage from July to August, using 25% chlorpyrifos powder 1000- 1500 times solution or 100% imidacloprid EC 1000. Prevention and control methods of leaf roller moth: manually remove or cut off damaged branches and burn them centrally; In the larval stage, 20% pyrethroid EC with 2000-3000 times or 10% imidacloprid EC 1000 times can be sprayed. (8) Fruit harvesting requirements: When harvesting bayberry fruits, it is required that all varieties and grades of fresh bayberry fruits must be fresh and clean, free from peculiar smell, pests and diseases, carefully picked by hand, and have normal development and maturity required for storage or marketing. When picking, put it down gently, and put it into containers according to the classification index, and pack it while picking, so as to reduce extrusion, and each basket (reed) shall not exceed 10 kg. (9) Requirements for production records: Production files shall be established in the production process, and the names, usage times, frequency, dosage, usage methods and harvest date of inputs shall be comprehensively recorded and properly kept. The geographical indications of agricultural products are uniformly used for special signs (the name of Shiping Myrica rubra is combined with the logo pattern). The exterior of the transport packing box (basket) shall be printed or affixed with labels, indicating the trademark, product name, variety, weight (gross weight and net weight), packaging date, product implementation standard number, etc.