Middle school students' fire safety knowledge

what should be paid attention to in fire prevention?

There are many measures to prevent fire. Students should first start with the small things in daily life:

L. Don't play with fire. Some students are curious about fire and often play games with fire behind their parents and teachers' backs, which is very dangerous. When playing with fire, it is easy to cause fire once the fire spreads or leaves unfinished fire.

2. don't smoke. Smoking is harmful to health and easy to cause fire. It is necessary to abide by the student code and school rules and regulations and resolutely put an end to smoking.

3. Take good care of fire control facilities. In order to prevent fire and fire accidents, fire-fighting facilities such as fire hydrants, fire extinguishers and fire-fighting sandboxes have been set up in residential buildings and public places, and a safe passage for people to evacuate when a fire breaks out has been left. We should consciously take care of the fire-fighting facilities and ensure the smooth flow of the safe passage.

how to pay attention to fire prevention at home?

fires in families are often caused by careless use of fire and improper use of electrical appliances. Students should pay attention to:

L. Use stoves for heating. The stoves should be placed at a safe distance from flammable wooden furniture, and in rural areas, they should stay away from firewood.

2. baking clothes should be supervised, and people can't leave for a long time.

3. Don't store flammable materials by the fire.

4. don't use kerosene and gasoline to help you when you make a fire, so as to prevent a fire from burning violently.

5. Take out the unburned furnace ashes and cinders and dump them in a safe place to prevent other objects from burning and catching fire.

6. Use household appliances to meet safety requirements, and do not disassemble them randomly, so as not to reduce safety performance and cause fire.

7. Be careful when using hot electrical appliances (such as electric irons), and don't let them ignite flammable items.

8. Turn off the power supply in time when the electrical appliances are used or people leave, so as to prevent the electrical appliances from overheating and being dangerous.

9. To prevent gas leakage when using gas appliances, turn off the gas source after use.

1. Gas tanks should be used away from fire sources; Check regularly to ensure that gas facilities and appliances are in good condition.

how to call the police in case of fire?

if a fire is found, the most important thing is to call the police, so as to put out the fire in time, control the fire and reduce the losses caused by the fire.

1. The number of the fire alarm telephone is 119. This number should be kept in mind. In any part of the country, the telephone number for reporting fire to the public security fire department is the same.

2. If you find a fire, you can call the police directly. If you don't have a phone at home, you should use the phone of your neighbor, telephone booth or nearby unit to call the police as soon as possible.

3. When reporting a fire, explain to the fire department the unit or place where the fire broke out, the district (county), street, alley, house number or village address where it is located, and also explain what is on fire and how the fire is.

4. after calling the police, it is best to arrange personnel to wait for the fire truck at the nearby intersection to guide the way to the fire.

5. Don't call the fire alarm at will, falsely reporting the fire alarm is an illegal act that disturbs the public order.

6. When there is no telephone, you should shout loudly or take other measures to attract the attention of neighbors and pedestrians, and assist in fire fighting or alarm.

how to deal with minor fires in an emergency?

in case of fire, you should call the police in time. Students should also master the simple and easy methods to deal with the sudden minor fire.

1. Water is the most commonly used fire extinguishing agent. Fires such as wood, paper and cotton cloth can be put out directly with water.

2. quickly covering the fire with soil, sand, soaked quilts or blankets can effectively extinguish the fire.

3. Small fires can also be put out by beating with brooms and mops.

4. When oil and alcohol catch fire, do not use water to put it out, but quickly cover it with sand or soaked quilts.

5. In case of gas fire, cover the fire point with a wet towel and quickly cut off the gas source.

6. When electrical appliances catch fire, do not use water to put it out, and do not cover it with damp objects. Water is a conductor, so you will get an electric shock. The correct way is to cut off the power supply first and then put out the fire.

7. If possible, you can also learn how to use some simple fire extinguishers.

how to get out of danger correctly in case of fire?

In case of fire, correct and effective methods should be taken to save yourself and escape, so as to reduce personal injury and loss:

L. Once threatened by fire, don't panic, calmly determine your position, and judge the fire according to the analysis of smoke, light and temperature around you, and don't take actions blindly.

2. If the fire around the door is not big, you should leave the fire quickly. On the other hand, you must choose another exit to escape (such as jumping out of the window), or take protective measures (such as soaking clothes with water, wrapping your head and upper body with warm quilts, etc.) before leaving the fire.

3. if you are in a building, don't blindly open the doors and windows when you find the fire, otherwise it may lead to fire.

4. If you are in a building, don't run around blindly, let alone jump off a building to escape, which will cause undue casualties. You can hide in the room or on the balcony. Close the doors and windows, cut off the fire road and wait for rescue. Conditional, you can constantly water the doors and windows to cool down, in order to delay the spread of the fire.

5. in a burning building, you should not use the elevator to escape, but take the stairs through the fire escape. Because the elevator shaft often becomes a passage for fireworks after a fire. And the elevator may break down at any time.

6. If the fire is too fierce and it is necessary to escape from the building, you can jump from the second floor, but you should choose a soft ground. At the same time, you should drop bedding from upstairs to increase the buffer of the ground, and then slide down the window, so as to minimize the falling height and make your feet land first.

7. If you are sure, you can tie one end of the rope (or tear it together with sheets, etc.) to the window frame, and then slide down to the ground along the rope.

8. When escaping. Try to take protective measures, such as covering your nose and mouth with a wet towel and wrapping your body with wet clothes.

9. If your clothes catch fire, you can take off your clothes quickly, or roll on the spot to put out the flame with your body. You can also jump into a nearby pool or river to put out the fire. In short, you should try to reduce the burned area of your body and reduce the degree of burns.

1. When a fire breaks out, it often produces gases that are toxic and harmful to human body. Therefore, to prevent smoke poisoning, you should try to stay in the windward or protect your mouth, nose and eyes with a wet towel or mask to avoid toxic and harmful smoke.

Safety of social life

Although the primary and middle school students are still young, they have contacted the society to varying degrees. At present, there are still some problems to be solved in social security, and there are still illegal and criminal phenomena in society. The situation that primary and secondary school students are infringed by criminals also happens from time to time. Therefore, it is necessary for primary and secondary school students to learn to correctly understand the people and things they encounter, distinguish right from wrong, distinguish truth, goodness and beauty from falsehood, ugliness and ugliness, improve their vigilance against all kinds of infringement, and eliminate their paralysis and luck. At the same time, we should also establish a sense of self-prevention, master certain safety prevention methods, enhance our own prevention ability, and enable ourselves to deal with abnormal situations calmly, tactfully and bravely.

Campus is a public place where people are highly gathered. There are many teaching instruments, expensive scientific research equipment, large electricity consumption, various experiments, internship projects and flammable materials. Once a fire accident occurs, it will have a great impact and loss, which will directly affect the normal teaching and scientific research work. Therefore, our school has attached great importance to campus fire prevention for many years, and always put fire prevention work in the first place in all preventive work. Preventing campus fires is a long-term and unremitting work, and learning fire fighting knowledge is an indispensable lesson for middle school students during their school study.

In order to enhance the fire safety awareness of the students, clarify the fire safety responsibility and facilitate the students to learn fire safety knowledge, we edited this book "Common Sense of Fire Safety for Middle School Students". The contents of this book mainly include: basic knowledge of fire, basic knowledge of fire extinguishers, methods of first fire fighting, knowledge of personnel evacuation and fire escape, questions and answers on fire control knowledge, etc., and collected the contents of campus fire cases, fire safety knowledge contest questions and so on. Its purpose is to let middle school students know the common sense of fire safety, be familiar with the performance characteristics of fire-fighting equipment, master the skills of fire fighting, evacuation and escape, improve their self-defense and self-help ability, and prevent campus fires. At the same time, it also provides learning and publicity materials for the volunteer fire brigade of students and middle school students. We hope that through the study of fire safety knowledge, the majority of students can achieve "three understandings and three skills", that is, they can understand the dangers of fires, the methods of fire fighting, and the measures to prevent fires: they can report fires, use fire extinguishers and escape to save themselves.

"Hidden dangers are more dangerous than open flames, prevention is better than disaster relief, and responsibility is more important than Mount Tai". I hope that students will consciously assume the responsibilities and obligations of campus fire prevention, learn more about fire prevention knowledge, abide by various fire prevention systems, and actively participate in campus fire prevention, so that our school will form a situation of "everyone cares about fire prevention and pays attention to fire prevention everywhere" and fundamentally reduce or avoid the occurrence of campus fire accidents.

(I) Definition of combustion

Combustion, commonly known as fire, refers to the exothermic reaction between combustible and oxidant, usually accompanied by flame, luminescence and/or smoke.

combustion has three characteristics, namely, chemical reaction, exotherm and luminescence.

(II) Conditions of combustion

Necessary conditions of combustion —— The occurrence and development of material combustion process must meet the following three necessary conditions, namely, combustible, oxidant and temperature (ignition source). Only when these three conditions are met at the same time can combustion occur, and no matter which condition is lacking, combustion cannot occur. However, it is not necessary for the above three conditions to exist at the same time, and the combustion phenomenon will certainly occur. It is also necessary for these three factors to interact with each other.

1. Combustible: Any substance that can react with oxygen or other oxidants in the air is called combustible. Combustible materials can be divided into gas combustible materials, liquid combustible materials and solid combustible materials according to their physical states. Combustible substances are mostly compounds containing carbon and hydrogen. Some metals such as magnesium, aluminum and calcium can also burn under certain conditions, and many substances such as hydrazine and ozone can release light and heat through their own decomposition at high temperature.

2. oxidant: the substance that helps and supports the combustion of combustible materials, that is, the substance that can undergo oxidation reaction with combustible materials is called oxidant. The oxidant in the combustion process is mainly free oxygen in the air, and other oxidants such as fluorine and chlorine can also be used as the oxidant in the combustion reaction.

3. temperature (ignition source): refers to the energy source for the combustion reaction between combustible materials and oxygen or combustion improver. Common is thermal energy, and there are other thermal energy transformed from chemical energy, electrical energy and mechanical energy.

4. chain reaction: chain reaction exists in all flaming combustion. When a combustible is heated, it will not only vaporize, but also the molecules of the combustible will undergo a heated decomposition to produce free radicals. Free radical is a highly active chemical form, which can react with other free radicals and molecules to keep the combustion going. This is the chain reaction of combustion.

sufficient conditions for combustion-(1) a certain combustible concentration; (2) certain oxygen content: (3) certain ignition energy; (4) Unrestricted chain reaction. For example, the minimum ignition energy of gasoline is ．2raj, ether is .19 MJ, and methanol is .215 MJ.. For flameless combustion, the first three conditions exist at the same time and interact with each other, and combustion will occur. For flame combustion, in addition to the above three conditions, there are uninhibited free radicals (free radicals) in the combustion process, forming a chain reaction, which is also one of the sufficient conditions for combustion.

(III) Types of combustion

Combustion is generally divided into four types according to its formation conditions and instantaneous characteristics: flash, fire, spontaneous combustion and explosion.

flashover is a burning phenomenon in which a substance can flash when it meets a fire.

ignition is the phenomenon that combustible substances contact with fire source in air, and when they reach a certain temperature, they start to burn with flames, and they can continue to burn after the fire source is removed.

spontaneous combustion refers to the combustion of combustible substances caused by heating or self-heating and heat accumulation without external sparks, flames and other fire sources.

explosion is a phenomenon that the temperature and pressure increase or both increase due to the rapid oxidation or decomposition reaction of substances. Explosion can be divided into physical explosion, chemical explosion and nuclear explosion.

Physical explosion is an explosion caused by liquid changing into vapor or gas expanding rapidly, and the pressure increases rapidly, which greatly exceeds the limit pressure of the container. Such as steam boilers; Explosion of liquefied gas cylinders, etc.

chemical explosion is an explosion caused by the chemical reaction of the substance itself, which produces a large amount of gas and high temperature. Such as explosion of explosives, explosion of combustible gas, liquid vapor and mixture of dust and air, etc. Chemical explosion is the key to prevent explosion in fire fighting.

besides the direct contact of flames, heat propagation usually spreads outward in three ways: heat conduction, heat radiation and heat convection.

(4) Definition of fire

Fire refers to the disaster caused by burning out of control in time or space. Fire is mostly a social phenomenon, and the main causes of fire can be summarized in three aspects. One is man-made unsafe behavior (including arson); The second is the unsafe state of matter; The third is the defect of technology. And people's unsafe behavior is the most important factor.

(5) Classification of fires

According to the combustion characteristics of substances, fires can be divided into five categories: A, B, C, D and E.

class a fire: refers to the fire of solid materials. This kind of substance often has the nature of organic substance, and generally produces glowing embers when burning. Such as wood, coal, cotton, wool, hemp, paper and other fires.

class b fire: refers to liquid fire and meltable solid fire. Such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, crude oil, methanol, ethanol, asphalt, paraffin and other fires.

class c fire: refers to gas fire. Such as gas, natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, hydrogen and other fires.

class d fire: refers to metal fire. Such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum-magnesium alloy and other fires.

class e fire: refers to the fire of charged objects, precision instruments and other substances

(6) the level of fire

according to the national regulations on fire statistics management, fires can be divided into extraordinarily serious fires, major fires and general fires.

Extraordinary fire: under any of the following circumstances, it is an extraordinary fire with more than 1 deaths (including this number, the same below); Seriously injured more than 2 people; More than 2 people were killed or seriously injured; More than 5 households were affected; The direct property loss is more than 1 million yuan.

major fire: in any of the following circumstances, it is a major fire: more than 3 people were killed (including this number, the same below); more than 1 people were seriously injured; more than 1 people were killed or seriously injured; More than 3 households were affected: the direct property loss was more than 3, yuan.

general fire: a fire without the first two situations is a general fire.

(1) Types of fire extinguishers

There are many types of fire extinguishers, which can be divided into portable and cart-type according to their moving modes; According to the power source of driving fire extinguishing agent, it can be divided into: gas cylinder type, pressure storage type and chemical reaction type; according to the filled fire extinguishing agent, it can be divided into: foam, dry powder, alkyl halide, carbon dioxide, acid and alkali, clear water, etc.

(II) How to use the fire extinguisher

1. How to use the carbon dioxide fire extinguisher

Just lift the fire extinguisher when extinguishing the fire.