What couplets will be posted in different places?

As a special form of China's literary heritage, couplets are beautiful and harmonious, opposite to each other and connected with each other, which is beyond the reach of pinyin characters all over the world.

Couplets are evolved from antithetical sentences. China has had a double rhetorical method since ancient times. Yao Shi's Song of Mosaic has dual archetypes. There were many antitheses in the Han and Wei Dynasties. Parallel prose in the Six Dynasties should be a dual throughout. In the Tang Dynasty, the four sentences in the middle of rhyme were relative, so couplets were initially formed. This gradually evolved, forming a wonderful flower in China's literary form, which is unique in the world literature.

Couplets are put into practice, and support begins with Spring Festival couplets. Spring Festival couplets are transformed from the symbol of peach. There are two poles beside the door of The Story of Jingchu Times, which are made of peach wood and painted with two gods, such as "God Tea" and "Lei Yu", which are called Fu Tao. This custom has a long history. In the Five Dynasties, Meng Changjun, the master of Shu, wrote a poem on the peach symbol every New Year's Eve, leaving the door around. At the end of the year, he made a pair of couplets, which read: "Come to Qing Yu in the New Year and spend the holidays in Changchun". According to legend, this is the beginning of China Spring Festival couplets, the implementation of which is different from Taofu. The role of peach symbol lies in "suppressing evil spirits" and "exorcising ghosts"; The function of Spring Festival couplets is to receive blessings and bring good luck.

At first, Spring Festival couplets were only posted on both sides of the door during the Spring Festival. Later, Spring Festival couplets were posted on all the pillars, so they were also called "couplets". Later, people used couplets to express their thoughts and feelings when they got married, celebrated birthdays, mourned and got up. Therefore, the application of couplets is becoming more and more common. In fact, its practical value far exceeds various literary forms such as poetry and prose, and it has become a unique literary work of the Chinese nation.

Couplets are concise, so the rhetorical requirements are particularly particular, and every word can't be sloppy. In my opinion, writing couplets should pay attention to "three beauties" and "three stresses". They are now explained as follows:

Sanmei

Beauty of format

Pay attention to the format of couplets and be rigorous. As the name implies, "couplets" must be opposite and connected from top to bottom. No, there is no "couplet". Couplets can include couplets, so couplets can also be called "couplets" or simply "couplets". In order to make the upper and lower couplet relative, first of all, the words are required to be relative, divided into narrow sense and broad sense. In a narrow sense, people's names are related to people's names, and animals are related to animals ... In a broad sense, only the same parts of speech are required, that is, nouns are related to nouns and verbs are related to verbs ... Secondly, phrases are required to be relative. For example, "good weather" and "beautiful scenery" are relative (relative to joint phrases); "Strict national law" versus "correct party style" (relative subject-predicate phrase). Finally, sentence components should be relative, that is, the subject should be the same as the subject, the predicate should be the same as the predicate ... and the upper and lower conjunctions should be the same. But couplets are concise and incomplete, as long as the upper and lower couplets can be relative.

Of course, the format of couplets is not rigid. Some couplets, the upper and lower couplets can be relative. Like "the rising sun hibiscus, the breeze willow" to "the northern profile of Qingshan, the east bank of Baishui". Don't repeat the upper and lower couplets, just be complicated. Like "a whip of thousands of households wins a thousand troops; Wanshui Qian Shan is brand-new and colorful. "This kind of couplet feels beautiful. Part of speech can also be used flexibly. For example, "Happy is a verb and spring is a noun, but here, the noun is passive." There is also a right to live, like Li Yishan's poem "Today, the six armies are stationed in Malaysia together, and they laugh at the cows on Tanabata." Petunia is a star name, which is completely different from "Zhu Ma", but because "Ling" and "Zhu" and "Niu" and "Ma" are a pair, they can be paired and more interesting. In short, the basic format of couplets should not be good, but the beauty of operation depends on one heart.

"Right", also known as "right", has many names. There is a kind of antithesis, that is, the upper couplet and the lower couplet express the same or similar content, which is the opposite of the juxtaposed things. For example, Li Dazhao's "iron shoulders bear morality and skillful hands write articles" is correct; There is a kind of "opposition", and the upper and lower parts express opposite things and reflect each other. For example, "Castle Peak is fortunate to bury loyal bones, while white iron casts innocent courtiers" is against it. Besides, there are other forms of confrontation. For example, there is a kind of "flowing pair", and the upper and lower parts express coherent meanings and cannot be reversed at will. In other words, unity from top to bottom is actually a word. Like "the spring breeze entered the palace last night, and now the willows are half bowed." This form of antithesis not only meets the basic requirements of antithesis, but also appears vivid and smooth. The most taboo of antithesis is "crossing hands", which is the opposite of the same meaning. For example, "year after year" versus "year after year" and "every household" versus "every household". This pair is boring to read.

Second, the timbre is beautiful

Couplets, like rhymes, should pay attention to tone. The pronunciation of Chinese characters has different tones. In the Southern Dynasties, Zhou wrote "Four Tones Cut Rhyme", and then wrote "Four Tones Spectrum". Since then, the pronunciation of Chinese characters has been divided into four tones: flat tone, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone. Except for the flat voice, other incoming and outgoing sounds are called smooth lines. Poetry and couplets all pay attention to flat and even lines. There are two kinds of couplets: horizontal couplets and oblique couplets.

The horizontal type is:

Just plain, just plain.

Ordinary, ordinary, ordinary.

It begins with:

Very flat, very flat.

Flat and light.

The flat format of five-character couplets is to cut off the first two words of seven-character couplets. (The above text can be used for leveling. Usually, "one, three, five doesn't matter, and two, four, and six are distinct" means that the first, three, and five words of seven-character couplets can be used at will, while the second, four, and six words must be strictly distinct. Only the first word of a seven-character couplet can be even and informal, and the third word and the fifth word are sometimes distinguished. For example, if the third word is changed to a flat tone, it will become "arc flat" (that is, only one of the first six words is flat tone), which is not allowed. It is necessary to change the fifth word into a flat brick to correct it, that is, it will become a flat brick like "rain is coming and the wind is full of buildings". Another example is the phrase "occasionally flat". If the sixth word is changed to a flat voice, it will become an awkward body, and the fifth word will also be changed to a flat voice to save it, that is, "flat and flat", like "Qian Shan Wan Shui". The five-character couplet is also based on this, and other four, six and eight characters can be compared. No matter how long the couplet is, the last word of the first couplet must be silent, and the last word of the second couplet must be flat.

Rhythmic couplets are easier to read and more pleasant to read. But you can't stick to the rules and stick to it. The mystery of operation is still in your heart. For example, Lu You's sentence "All over the country is ruined" has only one word "body", but it is still a famous sentence. The tone of the first couplet and the second couplet should be opposite, but in the famous couplet "Wang Tengting" in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, there is a couplet that says "… eyes looking at the lake and mountains", which is opposite to "… people are in Tianshui". Here, "a thousand miles of lakes and mountains" and "one color in Tianshui" are the same, and they are also a famous association. It can be seen that you can't play well on the rubber drum instrument.

Due to the phonetic change, the four tones of modern Mandarin have become flat tones (upper tone), upper tone (second tone), upper tone (third tone) and falling tone (fourth tone), and there is no entering tone. Among them, the first and second sounds are roughly equivalent to the original flat sound, and the third and fourth sounds are roughly equivalent to the original muffled sound. Modern Mandarin also contains some primitive flat tones, so the appreciation of the tone beauty of Gu Minglian still depends on the ancient four tones. It is not difficult to learn the ancient four tones, as long as you read more ancient poems. In addition, it is not difficult to find that the old dictionaries such as Ci Yuan and Ci Hai also include the phonology of words. Of course, it is best to make couplets in line with the ancient four tones. Many Spring Festival couplets made by modern people are not so particular about the law of leveling. However, even modern Spring Festival couplets should pay attention to the beauty of tone. Only in this way can you read as fluently.

Third, artistic beauty.

Art covers a wide range, and the art mentioned here only refers to literature and art in a narrow sense. It is through shaping the image, reflecting the real life of society and expressing thoughts and feelings. For example, the red sun, Ziyun, green mountains and green waters are all common images, but when they are associated with the articles on Heaven and Wealth, they give people endless associations. "Heaven" and "Earth" suddenly become colorful and lifelike before people's eyes; For example, "the whole people enjoy the three spring scenery, and the whole country strives to climb the peak of the four modernizations", which depicts the current social life as full of spring and leaps forward; For example, "Castle Peak is fortunate to bury loyal bones, while white iron casts innocent courtiers", which makes people's feelings of loving national heroes and hating treacherous men vividly on paper. If the contents reflected in the couplets are incompatible with the current social life, or the thoughts and feelings expressed are not healthy enough, then the beautiful form is not real art. In the old days, there was a couplet, "Bi Sha waited for the moon and spring to tune the piano, and black tea added fragrance to study at night". Today, it is not beautiful, because the life it depicts and the emotional appeal it pursues are not what modern people yearn for. If the Spring Festival couplets above are changed to "flowers in the morning, the moon and the evening are in tune, and red sleeves are reading", it is still desirable to show the thoughts and feelings of equality between men and women, love between men and women and forge ahead together as a newly married Spring Festival couplets. Therefore, when choosing couplets, we must pay attention to its content and the thoughts and feelings it expresses. If the couplets have a high sense of realistic art, even if the format and tone are slightly different, it will not damage their artistic beauty.

Three stresses

Be practical.

Prose and poetry can be kept secret from others; And couplets are always open to the public, so they should be of practical use. The ancients said that poetry "can be promoted, observed, created and complained". The same is true of couplets. Xing, Guan, Qun and Yuan are practical values. Spring Festival couplets and celebration couplets are full of elements of prosperity, prospect and community, while mourning couplets are full of elements of resentment. If couplets have no practical value, even if they are gorgeous, they cannot be called good couplets.

Attach importance to the value of appreciation

Because couplets are for the public, they must have appreciation value. If it is insipid, it will lose the characteristics of couplets. The so-called appreciation value is a high degree of harmony and unity of artistry and ideology, and a sense of the times. Appreciate some ancient couplets at that time; Today, however, times have changed and the value of appreciation may have been lost. For example, the Spring Festival couplets "the robe is far away from home, and the hairpin is long", and the wedding couplets "the thrush has a cloud god, and the jade planter loves snow", once known as good couplets, but now they feel pedantic. And those slogans, slogan couplets, are not interesting to read. As for the association of places of interest, we should pay more attention to the appreciation value. A very ordinary place, if it has a distinctive name, will often increase the price of sound in this situation by a hundredfold. The Daguanlou in Kunming, Yunnan Province is really an ordinary balcony. Since Sun Zui wrote the famous 180 couplet in Qing Dynasty, it has been famous far and near. Words have such charm to add color to the landscape, and the value of couplets is self-evident.

It should be educational.

Good couplets are like aphorisms, which edify people in browsing, subtly influence people's sentiment and sublimate people's spirit. Spring Festival couplets mostly express people's longing for the future and have the function of inspiring people to make progress. Even couplets describing beautiful mountains and rivers and beautiful scenery can make people feel the beauty of nature and inspire the thoughts and feelings of loving their hometown, motherland and life. As for those couplets describing the corrupt life obsessed with money, showing negative pessimism and feeling of decline, they are not only of no educational significance, but also contain toxins and should be eliminated so as not to harm society.

Contemporary literary works should adhere to the principles of "making the past serve the present" and "bringing forth the old and bringing forth the new", and so should couplets. The so-called making the past serve the present is to serve the social life of the present era and carry forward the ancient literary form of couplets. The so-called innovation is to explore and study traditional couplets, get rid of their dross, take their essence and create more good couplets that meet the needs of today's times. With the development of China's socialist market economy and the improvement of people's living standards, couplets with unique national styles are bound to further prosper and improve.