The information of Hong Kong is urgent!

hong kong, despite its name, is a fragrant seaport. There have always been different opinions about the origin of this beautiful name. However, it is generally believed that the most reliable statement is that it used to be a port for transporting and selling incense, hence the name Hong Kong. In the Ming Dynasty, Hong Kong, Dongguan, Bao 'an and Shenzhen in Guangdong were rich in Guanxiang, which was very popular with people, so it was exported to Jiangsu and Zhejiang and enjoyed a good reputation all over the country. At that time, incense traders usually transported Guanxiang boats to Guangzhou or Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces at Shipaiwan Port on the north shore of Hong Kong Island, so people called this port Hong Kong, which means a port for selling and transporting incense, and called the village next to the port Hong Kong Village. In 1841, after the British invading army landed in Stanley, south of HongKong Island, a local resident named Chen Qun led the way to the north. When passing through Hong Kong Village, the British army asked about the place name. Chen Qun answered "Hong Kong" in the local dialect, and the British army remembered it with the local accent of Hong Kong in Chen Qun and used it to address the whole island. In the treaty of nanking signed in 1842, Hong Kong was officially confirmed as the name of the whole island. After the signing of the Sino-British Beijing Treaty in 1856 and the Special Article on Expanding the Boundary of Hong Kong in 1898, Hong Kong became the title of the whole region.

The historical evolution of Hong Kong

As early as ancient times, Hong Kong was inhabited. After Qin Shihuang wiped out the six countries and unified the Central Plains, he sent troops to pacify the Lingnan area where the Yue people lived, and incorporated it into the territory of the Qin Dynasty. He set up three counties, namely Nanhai, Guilin and Xiangjun, and moved 5, businessmen and criminals from the Central Plains to guard and develop this area. Since Qin Shihuang, Hong Kong has been under the jurisdiction of the central government of China, and it never stopped until Britain occupied Hong Kong. After Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang pacified the world, because Lingnan was too far away and beyond his reach, he adopted a appeasement policy towards Zhao Tuo and was named the King of South Vietnam. After Liu Bang's death, Zhao Tuo became independent again, and the imperial court repeatedly conquered the reactive power, so it had to send someone to reward him again. Only then did Zhao Tuo remove the emperor's name and surrender to the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty set up nine counties here, including Nanhai, Hepu and Jiaotoe. Hong Kong is under the jurisdiction of Boluo County, Nanhai County. Since then, it has continued to the Western Jin Dynasty.

In the sixth year of Emperor Xianhe's reign in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the eastern part of Nanhai County was divided, and another Dongguan County was established, under which six counties, including Baoan, Xingning and Haifeng, were administered. The jurisdiction of Baoan County includes today's Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Dongguan, and the county seat is today's Nantou City in Shenzhen.

The Sui Dynasty abolished Dongguan County and merged its jurisdiction into Nanhai County of guangzhou fu, and Baoan County was also subordinate to Nanhai County, while Hong Kong was still under the management of Baoan County.

In the second year from Tang Suzong to Germany, Bao 'an County was changed to Dongguan County, and Hong Kong was under the jurisdiction of Dongguan County. In the first year of Wanli, Ming Shenzong, Liu Wen, the deputy envoy of Guangdong Sea Patrol Road, authorized the imperial court to set aside another county in the coastal area of Dongguan County, named Xin 'an County. Since then, Hong Kong has been under the jurisdiction of Xin 'an County. In 1842, the 22nd year of Daoguang reign, the Opium War between China and Britain, the Qing court was defeated and Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain. In 186, the tenth year of Xianfeng, Kowloon Peninsula was ceded to Britain. In 1898, in the 24th year of Guangxu reign, the New Territories was also forcibly leased by the British, and the whole area of Hong Kong was under the management of the British.

the history of humiliation

1. The Opium War

Britain has long coveted China. In 1773, Britain began to trade opium with China, and it was the biggest opium dealer. British opium dealers continuously imported opium into China, which plunged China into a quagmire of disaster, and silver poured out of China, which caused a serious financial crisis of the Qing government, and the result of silver outflow even caused people's misery. Industry and commerce are generally depressed and declining, and opium smoke poison has been rampant in China. At that time, patriot Wei Yuan said angrily in the book "Atlas of the Sea"; "The poison of crow's smoke is a disaster that has not happened in China for three thousand years."

In p>1839, Destruction of Opium at Humen

Opium smoke billowed from Britain's plunder of China, which directly threatened the survival of the Chinese nation. At this time, the "no-smoking faction" represented by Lin Zexu, a famous patriot and national hero in China's modern history, waved the sword of China, fought resolutely against the British invaders and led the world-shaking anti-smoking movement. In March 1839, Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou as an imperial envoy to investigate opium. On June 3, 1839, Lin Zexu came to Humen Beach near Guangzhou and ordered all the seized opium to be destroyed in public. Destruction of Opium at Humen showed the whole world the strong will of the people of China to ban smoking and resist foreign invaders.

Destruction of Opium at Humen's feat led by Lin Zexu is supported by all those who uphold justice in the world. For example, an Englishman accused British businessmen of "opium trade has brought great insult to the British flag" in his book "On the Crime of Doing Opium Trade in China", while British opium dealers and industrial capitalists were unwilling to fail and stepped up their activities to urge the British government to launch a war of aggression against China. In June, 48 ships, equipped with 54 cannons and carrying 4, soldiers, reached the sea in Guangdong and blocked the Pearl River estuary. Thus, the Opium War, which had been planned by the British bourgeoisie for a long time, aimed at opening the door to China and seeking the greatest benefit of Britain in China, finally broke out. On July 6th, Dinghai, the main city of Zhoushan Islands, was conquered. In the north, Emperor Daoguang sent Qi Shan, a timid and incompetent bureaucrat, to Guangzhou to make peace with the British army, and at the same time put Lin Zexu in charge of investigating the panic and incompetence of the Qing government, which encouraged the aggressors. In January 1841, the British army occupied Hong Kong Island by force, captured Humen in February and invaded Guangzhou in May. In 1842, Britain further expanded its war of aggression against China and successively captured Xiamen, Dinghai, Ningbo, Wusong and Zhenjiang. On August 29th of the same year, the Qing government and Britain signed the treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in China's modern history.

Second, the cession of Hong Kong

Britain occupied Hong Kong Island in China according to the treaty of nanking. The British occupation of Hong Kong Island destroyed the territorial integrity of China. Britain's aim is to control China militarily and economically. In October 186, the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing and set fire to the garden. The Qing government was forced to accept all the demands of the invaders and signed the Beijing Treaty on October 24th. In this way, Britain occupied the land south of today's Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island, a big island in the west of Kowloon Peninsula. This has further consolidated and strengthened Hong Kong, a base for invasion of China.

After Britain invaded the southern part of Kowloon Peninsula, it soon attempted to occupy the whole Kowloon Peninsula and its adjacent islands and waters. On June 9, 1898, the Prime Minister of the Qing government and Britain signed the Special Article on Expanding the Boundary of Hong Kong in Beijing. According to this agreement, the Qing government leased the land south of Shenzhen River and north of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula, as well as the nearby islands, for 99 years. This land leased to Britain was later called Hong Kong New Territories. To this end, the British conquered the territory of China and Hongkong through bayonets, foreign guns and cannons.

III. British Colonization in Hong Kong

The establishment of the British government in Hong Kong was an important part of British colonial rule in Hong Kong. On June 26, 1843, Britain took advantage of the exchange of letters in treaty of nanking to declare Hong Kong a British "crown colony" and appointed Pu Dingcha as the first governor of Hong Kong. The British Hong Kong Government was established.

The Governor of Hong Kong, also known as the Governor, is the person in the British Hong Kong government who bears the responsibility of the highest head. According to the Letters Patent, the fundamental law of British colonial rule over Hong Kong, the Emperor is the supreme ruler of Hong Kong, and the Governor of Hong Kong is the plenipotentiary of the Emperor. There are four systems under the Governor, which constitute the British ruling regime in Hong Kong: (1) an advisory Executive Council and a Legislative Council; (2) an executive body headed by the Chief Secretary; (3) a judicial body headed by the Chief Justice; and (4) British troops stationed in Hong Kong under the command of the British Ministry of Defence. In addition, an Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) was established. The Executive Council and the Legislative Council are two important institutions that assist the Governor in exercising his functions and powers. The principal officials in the British Hong Kong government also include the Chief Secretary, the Financial Secretary and the Department of Justice. British troops stationed in Hong Kong are an important force for Britain to maintain its colonial rule over Hong Kong. Since Britain occupied Hong Kong by self-improvement, it has maintained a relatively stable number of troops in Hong Kong, with about 1, people, including three services: land, sea and air. The legal and judicial system originated from Britain is an important means for Britain to govern Hong Kong. Britain not only colonized Hong Kong politically, but also ensured the privileged position of British-funded consortia in Hong Kong economically. British-funded consortia refer to British capital consortia based in Hong Kong, mainly including HSBC Consortium, Swire Consortium and Jardine Matheson Consortium. Most of the British-funded consortia started their businesses early and have been involved in the Hong Kong economy for a long time. They are closely related to the British Hong Kong government and have great influence on the policies of the British Hong Kong government. Relying on the support of the Hong Kong Government, they control the economic lifeline of Hong Kong. For example, the British-owned HSBC and Standard Chartered Bank have the privilege of issuing Hong Kong dollars; Cable & Wireless Company of the United Kingdom monopolizes Hong Kong's external communication and the city's telephone and telecommunication services through its subsidiary Cable & Wireless Company of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Telephone Company. British-funded real estate companies own a large number of real estate properties in Hong Kong. As the Hong Kong people say, "The Jockey Club, Jardine Matheson, HSBC and the Governor's Office actually rule Hong Kong." British colonial rule made the whole Hong Kong society full of colonialism.

Fourth, Japan occupied Hong Kong during World War II

and fell

On Sunday, December 7, 1941, the Hong Kong area showed an atmosphere of peace and leisure. The cinema is full, the bar is full of guests, jazz music keeps coming out of the dance floor, and young people go out for an outing in the countryside of the New Territories in droves. In less than three weeks, Christmas is coming. Only two or three days ago, the Hong Kong government held several joking air defense exercises. Who knows that the next morning, I heard the rumble of planes, the violent explosion of bombs and the return of anti-aircraft guns. The unexpected battle of Hong Kong began. Under the cover of fighter planes, 36 Japanese light bombers attacked Kai Tak Airport and Kowloon seaplane parking. Some houses near the airport were also hit by bombs. On the same day, Japan also attacked Pearl Harbor, an American naval and air military base. The Pacific War broke out.

On December 8th, while air strikes were carried out at Kai Tak Airport and other places, Japanese army soldiers split into four roads and crossed the Shenzhen River to attack the New Territories. In the garbage bay defense line, most of the British troops retreated after a little resistance. Only in Huang Jinshan, southwest of Chengmen Reservoir, the fighting was fierce, and the two sides launched hand-to-hand combat, and the battalion commander of the English infantry battalion was killed. In the end, the British commander Major General Marby decided to give up Kowloon and ordered the "Peninsula Brigade" to withdraw to Hong Kong Island. The Battle of Kowloon lasted only five days to the night of the 12th, and the entire Kowloon Peninsula was occupied by the Japanese invaders.

On the evening of 12th, Britain and Japan shelled each other across the Victoria Harbour. The next morning, a small boat with a white flag came from Yau Ma Tei Pier in Kowloon to Hong Kong Island. The boat was loaded with Japanese surrender envoy Tadashi Tanaka, as well as the kidnapped private secretary of Hong Kong Governor Li Fu and others. The British army rejected the Japanese surrender. On the 17th, the Japanese army once again sent people across the sea in two small boats to persuade them to surrender. The Governor of Hong Kong, Yang Muqi, refused again and warned the Japanese side that if there were any more "messengers of peace" crossing the sea, Hong Kong would not shoot at them politely.

at midnight on the 18th, the Japanese army took more than 1 boats, including motorboats and rubber boats, and forcibly landed on the north shore of Hong Kong Island. They landed. After they landed, they fought fiercely with the British army in Huangniyong. Captain Ruosong of the Japanese army was seriously injured, and the commander of the British Western Brigade, John Rochen (Canadian adult), was killed. As a result, the British army retreated, and the eastern brigade and the western brigade defending Hong Kong Island were cut off. The Japanese army also occupied the Huangniyong reservoir and cut off the British water supply. There were few British troops left in some areas. The commander of the British army thought that he could no longer resist. After consulting with the Governor, he decided to surrender unconditionally. On the evening of 25th, the British troops on the eastern and western fronts hung white flags one after another. At this point, the battle of Hong Kong, which lasted for 18 days, ended in the complete failure of the Japanese army occupying the whole Hong Kong area.

December 25th is Christmas. In the evening, a car with a white flag drove from Central to Japanese headquarters in Happy Valley. The Governor of Hong Kong, Yang Muqi, signed an "armistice agreement" with representatives of the Japanese army. He himself became a prisoner of the Japanese army. On that night, most Hong Kong residents hid in dark houses or bomb shelters. In the past, the brightly lit "city that never sleeps" has turned into a horrible world in blood shed, and the whole Hong Kong area has completely fallen into the clutches of the Japanese invaders, so people call this day "Black Christmas".

atrocities

after the Japanese army entered the city, atrocities such as looting, raping women and killing innocent residents occurred frequently. The notice of the Japanese army's daughter declared hypocritically: "To protect Chinese property, the Hong Kong war was a war against white people." However, there are still many Chinese shops closed, especially those big shops, such as domestic companies, hardware stores and automobile stores such as Xianshi, Yong 'an and Daxin. Most of the companies that were seized were nailed with the words "Military Collection Department Management", while the doors of banks and pawn shops were nailed with the words "Financial Class Management". Everyone knows that "management" is just another name for grabbing. The Japanese army stored 95, tons of rice in Hong Kong and took 8, tons as military food, which caused a serious food shortage in Hong Kong.

The book "The Fall of Hong Kong-Eighteen Days' War" once described the robbery of Japanese soldiers with torches: "Japanese troops are sorting out bundles of prey near the naval dock, which are all tied up in sacks and filled a clearing. On top of the sack, an enemy soldier was knotting a small label, which read:' Kobe …' After the prey was gathered, the truck took it to the pier in the West Ring Road and put it in a big ship, which sailed back to Japan. " "I once stayed at the gate of a big bicycle shop (bicycle) for a long time. A car was placed at the door, and several Japanese soldiers commanded coolies. They carried the brand-new bicycles one by one from the inside and put them on the car ... Another moment, it was a truck ... So the brand-new bicycles were moved out one by one from the inside." "The boss, like me, is idle as a bystander, as if these things didn't belong to him ..." (Tang Hai: The Fall of Hong Kong-Eighteen Days of War, pp. 95-96)

Besides robbing property, many drunken Japanese soldiers often go out in search of women in the middle of the night. Women are hiding everywhere. Many women were humiliated and even gang-raped by several enemy soldiers. In the nights after the Japanese army held the "March into the city", many women were scared to run around on the roofs of the third and fourth floors, and the tiles were trampled and cracked. At that time, some women said that they were not afraid of bombs and machine guns, because they met it and simply died. What they are most afraid of is the flashlight of enemy soldiers and the chilling knock on the door.

The Japanese aggressor troops also killed innocent residents indiscriminately, treating China people's lives like dirt. In Lantang Road, not far from Happy Valley, a family of eight was killed. In the west of Queen's Road, an elderly woman was shot and killed by the Japanese army on the spot because she didn't understand Japanese and wanted to go east through the sentry post. In the bay, a young man accidentally broke into the so-called military area, and Japanese soldiers came up with a bayonet and killed him. In Yuanzhou Street, Sham Shui Po, a woman went shopping with a child on her back. When she came back, she caught up with martial law and watched the building she believed in and couldn't walk there. Her eldest son is about eight or nine years old and wants to cross the road to meet his mother. The woman waved her hand to prevent her son from coming. Unexpectedly, the mother and son were all shot and killed by the Japanese army. ……