What does it mean to study the relationship between heaven and man, change the past and present, and become a family?

The meaning of "when studying the relationship between man and nature, we can learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and become a family statement"-I want to use it to study the relationship between natural phenomena and human society, understand the changes of ancient and modern times and form a family statement.

1, the study of heaven and man:

The so-called "the study of heaven and man" is to explore the relationship between heaven and personnel. On this issue, Sima Qian inherited the materialistic tradition of separating heaven from man since the pre-Qin period. He opposes the interference of heaven in personnel, and thinks that social phenomena are composed of human activities, and heaven is a natural phenomenon, which has nothing to do with personnel. This view is contrary to the so-called "heaven-man interaction" advocated by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

2, through the ancient and modern changes:

The so-called "change from ancient times to modern times" is to find out the reasons for the success or failure of dynasties through historical development and evolution. There are two ideas involved here:

(1) Thought of Historical Evolution:

Sima Qian's view of history in Historical Records is different from Dong Zhongshu's "Heaven remains unchanged, Tao remains unchanged". He believes that history has evolved through various reforms. Therefore, he always praised the political reforms in history, such as the Wuqi reform in the Warring States period and the promotion of Shang Yang's reform to historical progress. It is said that the achievements of Wuqi's reform are "princes are stronger than Chu"; The achievement of Shang Yang's political reform is that "after five years, the Qin people will be rich and strong", "after ten years, the Qin people will be happy, and there will be no thieves in the mountains. The family will give enough to the people, and the people will fight bravely, not afraid of private disputes, and the towns and cities will be governed." So did Qin Shihuang. Sima Qian once called Qin "violent", "Qin has no virtue" and "Qin has tigers and wolves", but he still affirmed his achievements in reforming Qin Shihuang, and thought that "Qin took the world for granted, but the world changed dramatically and made great achievements". It embodies Bo Gu's thought of understanding the present and a historian's vision of "connecting the preceding with the following".

(2) the dialectical thought of ups and downs;

The so-called "original observation, seeing prosperity and observing decline" is to observe the reasons why an era or a specific system has declined from prosperity through some historical phenomena. The ups and downs of history are not accidental, but traceable, and often "prosperity" includes "decline" factors. For example, as recorded in Pinghuai Book, Liang Wudi is prosperous and peaceful, but it is pregnant with the factors of decline-rich people are proud of their wealth and strive for beauty. "Things rise and decline, but also change." It shows that Sima Qian pays attention to the causal relationship of historical facts and the transformation of history when studying history, and has simple dialectical thought.

3. start a family:

The so-called "talk of getting married" is to express some of his unique historical views and some of his social and political thoughts by writing such a history book. In Preface to Taishi Gong, it is said that his ideal is to make Historical Records the second in Spring and Autumn Annals, and he himself becomes the second Confucius. At that time, it was generally believed that Confucius "wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals because Historical Records (Lushi) was the king's law". This royal law "remembers the gains and losses in the world, but it is very quiet and clear, and there is no biography." Its "Ming San Wang Zhidao, distinguishes the discipline of personnel, does not doubt, knows right and wrong, hesitates, is virtuous and despicable. Confucius used history to pin his ideals, because Confucius said, "I want to express them in empty words, so I might as well be famous for seeing their depth in action." "Sima Qian's comparison between Historical Records and Spring and Autumn Annals also contains his ideals, which are also reflected through the narrative of historical facts.

Source of works

"Studying the relationship between heaven and man can learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and become a family" comes from "Reporting Ren An" (also called "Reporting Ren Shao Qing"), which is a reply from Sima Qian, a historian and writer of the Western Han Dynasty, to his friend Ren An. With anger, Sima Qian stated his misfortune and expressed his inner pain, which showed that he was determined to put aside his personal gains and losses because the Historical Records was not finished, and embodied a progressive view of life and death than the dead. A large number of allusions are used in writing, parallel prose is used in one go, and antithesis, quotation and exaggeration are interspersed, which is magnificent. This article plays an irreplaceable role in understanding Sima Qian's life and thoughts.

Creation background

Ren An is a friend of Sima Qian, named Shao Qing, who worked under General Wei Qing in his early years. When Huo Qubing was gradually favored by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and gradually surpassed Wei Qing, Wei Qing's old friends and staff all took refuge in Huo Qubing, and thus gained the rank. Only Ren An refused to serve Wei Qing.

In the witchcraft disaster, Ren An, as an envoy to protect the northern army, held the military power. The criminal prince sent someone to him to hold a sacrifice and asked him to send troops to help. He received the eulogy, but he closed the city gate and refused to see the prince.

After the incident subsided, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty rewarded those who caught the prince, but regarded those who followed the prince and helped him as a felony. Regarding Ren 'an, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought it was ok for him and did not blame him. However, it was later suggested that the prince was forced to "steal his father's soldiers" when he "couldn't see the future but was caught in the chaos when he retreated". In fact, he couldn't bear to resist, which made Emperor Wu realize that the prince was wronged. As a result, the previous disposal was re-examined, and all those who resisted the prince were guilty. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed his mind, he had fundamental doubts about Ren An's attitude towards the prince. He blamed Ren An for not helping the prince, but sitting at both ends, ready to see who won, so he was beheaded.

Ren An thinks he has been wronged and is going to execute the death penalty in1February. He wrote to Sima Qian, who often saw the emperor, asking him to try to rescue him.

Sima Qian was very embarrassed when he received this letter. He knew Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he had tasted the pain of Emperor Wu's rage. He really doesn't want to suffer another "Liling disaster". As far as friendship is concerned, Li Ling and he are "never friendly", while Ren An is his old friend, and both of them are very familiar. Sima Qian also knew very well that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was bent on revenge for the prince, and Ren An's death sentence made him feel that there was no possibility of rehabilitation. He wants to explain his difficulties from bankruptcy to his old friend and ask him to forgive him. So, in November of Zheng He's second year, Sima Qian, 55, wrote a long letter to Ren An.

Ren An was finally beheaded, and Sima Qian lamented that he had spent the rest of his life. Before Li (Li Ling) and after Ren (Ren An), all caused great ripples in his life. Obviously, the former is tottering, and the latter is just the aftermath of the former. It seems calm and crystal clear, but it makes people think deeply.

original work

Ancient people were rich and famous, but they couldn't remember. They are only charming and extraordinary. Gaisibo (King Wen) was arrested and played Zhouyi; Zhong You wrote Spring and Autumn Annals; Qu Yuan's exile is a tribute to Li Sao. Zuo Qiu is blind and has "Mandarin"; The ruler of the revised version of Sun Tzu's Art of War; It's not Shu, but Lu Lan. Han Fei imprisoned Qin, expressing embarrassment, loneliness and anger; There are 300 poems, which are generally attributed to the angry actions of sages. This person has a sense of stagnation and can't understand it, so he tells the past and thinks about new people. But if Zuo Qiu lost his eyes and his grandson broke his foot, he would never be free, so he closed the door and discussed books to solve the problem, thinking about his empty words.

Servants are not inferior to thieves. With incompetent words, they are trapped in the old news, measure their behavior slightly, and check the reasons for their success or failure from the beginning. As for this, it is ten tables, twelve biographies, eight chapters, thirty families and seventy biographies, with 130 articles. I also want to know about the changes of ancient and modern times and become a scholar who studies heaven and man. If grass is not made, it will suffer, if it is not made, it will be done, and if it is not democratic, it will be done. Servant Cheng once wrote this book, which is famous in the mountains and hidden in the mountains. It is well known in the city, so the servant must pay the responsibility of humiliation. Although I was killed, do you have any regrets? However, this can be said to the wise, but not to the laity!

And it's hard to be negative. There are many slanders in the upper class. A servant encountered such a disaster in spoken English and laughed that the hard-working villagers insulted their ancestors. How can he go back to his parents' grave? Although it has been a hundred years, it is very dirty! It is because the intestines are nine times a day that you will suddenly die if you live in them, but when you go out, you don't know where to go. Every time I think about shame, I sweat and get my clothes on! I would rather be a boudoir minister than lead myself to the evil hidden in the cave! Therefore, we should rise and fall from vulgarity and keep pace with the times to get rid of its madness. Today, Shao Qing is a sage and scholar. Is there anything wrong with the selfishness of servants? Although I want to carve my own face, it is not conducive to vulgarity and unbelief, which is enough to insult my ears. Yes, the day you die, and then decide right or wrong. This book can't be the best, it's a bit rough in Chen Gu. Goodbye.

works appreciation

This article was written by Sima Qian after his life was extremely devastated.

"People are inherently mortal, or they are heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather, so use them differently." Sima Qian realized the value of life and death and made an unambiguous explanation. This outlook on life inherited the spiritual essence of Mencius' righteousness and developed to a higher level. From the relationship between life course and creation, the author reveals an irrefutable truth, that is, the law of literary creation of "angry poets" written by him in Records of the Historian and Biographies of Qu Yuan: "Bend straight and take the right path, serve the monarch with loyalty and wisdom, and be poor in the world. Believe and see doubt, be loyal and slander, can you have no complaints? Qu Yuan's work Li Sao blames himself. Its ambition is pure, so it is called fragrant. It is cheap, so it is not allowed to die. From dumping mud, cicada sloughing in filth, except floating dust, it can't be loved by the world, and chewing mud is without me. Pushing this ambition is also the glory of the sun and the moon. " Sima Qian spoke highly of Qu Yuan's life in poetic language, writing about both Qu Yuan and himself. "King Gavin was arrested and acted in Zhouyi; Zhong You wrote Spring and Autumn Annals; Qu Yuan's exile is a tribute to Li Sao ... 300 poems, probably written by sages when they were angry. " These words show that the author has a clear understanding of the rulers and has seen through this society.

Sima Qian is a master narrator, and the story in Bao Ren An Shu is touching. "And li ling foot soldiers less than five thousand, deep training, long in Wang Ting. He has taken the bait at the gate of hell. He raised hundreds of millions of teachers and was killed by Lien Chan Khan in more than ten days. Saving lives, but you don't give it. King Qiu is afraid of salt shock. I noticed that the wise kings around were recruited, the archers were promoted, and one country attacked the encirclement. Thousands of miles, the arrows ran out of food, reinforcements failed, and soldiers were killed and wounded. However, when the mausoleum called the army, the soldiers could not afford to bow, and their faces were full of tears, and they broke down in tears, pretending to be a snake and fighting for the enemy who died in the north. " This narrative is intense and tragic. Narration is the basis of lyricism, and the basis of lyricism is emotion. Things are based on feelings, and feelings are written to influence things. In this paper, narrative and lyricism are combined. "This is based on intestinal reflux nine times a day. If you live there, you will die suddenly, but if you go out, you won't know where you are going. Every time I think about my shame, I sweat! " This is both narrative and lyrical, such as resentment, tears and complaints.

This article is epistolary. Letters are most suitable for being free and unrestrained. In the letter, Sima Qian used Ren An to ask him to "promote a sage to be a scholar", and stated the reasons why he would not listen, which led to a large article filled with indignation. He wrote down the injustice he suffered. Although he didn't directly show that he was wronged, there were grievances everywhere, showing the stubborn character of the author who didn't think he was guilty in his bones. This article is about my own exploration of the value of life, and points out the core of China's outlook on life and death with lofty ideals. Described the heroic spirit of the author who was physically disabled and determined, and completed his grand masterpiece Historical Records in shame. This article writes that the world is cold and human feelings are warm and cold. "The family is poor and the goods are not enough to redeem themselves; Friends can't be redeemed, and intimacy is not a matter of words. I'm not a wooden stone. I'm alone with the judges and live in seclusion. Who can tell me? " There are both sighs for the world and euphemistic reproaches for Ren An, all of which are expressed to friends in the form of letters, which are vigorous and magnificent, such as waves of rivers and seas.

The historical penetration beyond the limitations of the times shown in this paper is admirable. The author's attitude towards Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is very clear, and there is no praise in the full text, but there are complaints everywhere. "If you don't know, you don't know"; "The loyalty of boxing cannot be self-listed, because of false accusation, the death is an official discussion"; "I have dissected the book of Fu Dan before my servant, and the ephemeris of literature and history is almost between divination and blessing, which strengthens the teasing of the Lord, advocates the superiority of livestock and makes vulgarity light." These languages are actually accusations against Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The author writes historical records not to erect a monument to the emperor, nor to sing praises to the generals. But "learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and become a family statement." The author hopes that "the famous mountain in Tibet will be spread to the people and the city, and will be responsible for the previous humiliation, even if it is slaughtered, is there any regret!"

Brief introduction of the author

Sima Qian (65438 BC+045 BC-90 BC) was born in xia yang (now Hancheng, Shaanxi) and Longmen (now Hejin, Shanxi). China was a great historian, writer and thinker in the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Tan's son, Ren Taishiling, was imprisoned for defending Li Ling's defeat and surrender, and later served as the secretariat. He worked hard to complete his own historical records, and was called Shi Qian, Tai Shigong and the father of history by later Buddha.

Sima Qian studied under Kong Anguo and Dong Zhongshu in his early years, roaming around, learning about customs and collecting rumors. As a first-time doctor, he served in the southwest. In the third year of Yuanfeng (108), he was appointed as the Taishiling, inherited his father's business and wrote history. He created China's first biography and general history book (formerly known as Taishi Gongshu) with the historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between man and nature, understanding the changes from ancient times to modern times, and making a family statement". This book is recognized as a model of China's history books, recording the history of more than 3,000 years from the legendary period of the Yellow Emperor to the first year of founding ceremony, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is the first of the "Twenty-six History" and is praised by Lu Xun as "the historian's swan song, and Li Sao has no rhyme".