How many secrets did the portrait of Qin Shihuang cover up?

""wearing a crown with a profile of not less than 12 meters, decorated with a Tianhe belt, wearing a yellow shirt with wide sleeves, a black skirt and a red cymbal, covered with multicolored cymbals, with a big belt and belt around her waist, and Yu Pei and a sword hanging on her left side. This is a portrait of Qin Shihuang depicted in middle school history textbooks. It is said that it was created by Liu Danzhai, a famous painter, in 1959 with reference to the image of the emperor wearing a crown in Yan's Map of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. In The Map of Emperors in Past Dynasties, Yan * * * painted portraits of seven emperors dressed in crown costumes, namely Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, Liu Bei, King Shu of the Three Kingdoms, Sun Quan, Emperor of the Three Kingdoms, Cao Pi, Emperor Jinwen, Emperor Yuwen Yong of the Later Zhou Dynasty and Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty. Although this person's eyebrows, beard, mouth, nose and eyes have different expressions, their clothes are basically similar in shape-wearing a crown decorated with Tianhe belt, wearing a black wide-sleeved shirt and a light red petticoat. Some emperors wear clothes decorated with chapters, red arrows, full feet, big belts and leather belts at the waist, and swords hanging on the left side of their bodies. Coronation clothing occupies an important position in ancient Chinese costume system with its long history, solemn image and rich cultural connotation. According to historical documents, from the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty to the end of the Ming Dynasty, the coronation system lasted for more than 2,000 years, which was the longest-used big dress in ancient China. As far as the overall design image of the coronation costume is concerned, the solemn and culturally rich coronation costume fully embodies the characteristics of emperors of past dynasties, and also conforms to the traditional principle of "those who draw figures must be distinguished" followed by China's historical figure painting. Therefore, it should be the best choice for painters to design the portrait of Qin Shihuang in a grand coronation suit. However, this is only a problem, and the crux lies in the coronation suit they designed for Qin Shihuang. Was there a coronation ceremony in the Qin Dynasty? Judging from the research information currently available, historians are still not completely sure whether there was a coronation ceremony in the Qin Dynasty. Interestingly, although most people don't recognize the existence of coronation clothes in the Qin Dynasty. In their view, the sparse records of the Qin Dynasty in the past dynasties were all based on "eliminating ceremony", "respecting black" and "using metaphysics" in the Qin Dynasty, and did not admit the existence of clothes in the Qin Dynasty. Among them, it is recorded in the Book of Continued Han Dynasty: "The Qin Dynasty took the Warring States as the throne, abolished the study of rites, and worshipped clothes in the suburbs, all of which were mysterious." "In addition, there is a * * obvious problem between the history textbook and the portrait of Qin Shihuang depicted in the Map of Emperors in Past Dynasties, that is, the crown tube part of the crown is not the traditional crown force, but the crown of Tian Tong. The traditional crown used in the pre-Qin period is only a simple crown tube, while Tian Tongguan is a ceremonial crown. Tian Tong Crown, which was produced in the Qin Dynasty, is one of the highest ceremonial crowns in ancient times and the only crown of the emperor. The Han Dynasty established a new crown system that reached the sky because of the name of Qin: nine inches high, a straight crown, less evil at the top, and mountains in front. Mountain, that is, a mountain plaque; Described as a stork that can predict the weather. Cai Yong's dogmatism: "Heaven is the crown, and the son of heaven always serves. Hanfu is subject to Qin, and there is no ceremony. " Since then, the crown of Tian Tong has been constantly changing, gradually from simple to complex, and continued until the late Ming Dynasty. Tian Tong and Chu Jun were indeed merged into Chu Jun, but this practice was limited to a special period, which was common in the Jin Dynasty, at the latest in the Tang Dynasty. (Image from the Internet) 1 It can be seen that it is impossible for the Qin Dynasty to apply the crown plate to Tian Tongguan. Even if it is possible, Tian Tongguan is not like this. Another prominent problem in the portrait of Qin Shihuang is the Tianhe Belt. Tianhe belt refers to an annular belt that hangs down to both sides across the top of the coronal plate, and its length is as long as that of the abdomen, and some are longer. Tianhe belt is generally made of brocade, which plays a role in fixing and restraining the crown. The physical object of Tianhe belt has not been found yet, and its image materials first appeared in the murals of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. The earlier record of Tianhe belt in history books belongs to the general examination of literature: "The flower pendant, plain pendant, Tianhe belt, assembly belt, slow belt, six-color ribbon and gold buckle jade ring in the crown are all lighter than the old one. According to the literature, this system first appeared in Song Renzong, and the imperial edict at that time stated that "the emperors and courtiers of this dynasty wore crowns, and most of these crowns followed the old Tang Dynasty". Mural data and Yan's Map of Emperors of Past Dynasties prove this point, indicating that the earliest time of Tianhe Belt appeared was not earlier than the early Tang Dynasty. However, in the portrait of Qin Shihuang in textbooks, the Tianhe Belt is set for the coronation of Qin Shihuang, which is a prominent problem in the dress of Qin Shihuang's portrait. In addition, the size difference of crown and disc is another big problem in textbooks. The size of the crown plate in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties was eight inches wide, one foot six inches long, seven inches wide and one foot two inches long. According to the size of the Warring States and the Western Han Dynasty, the width and length of the crown plate are about 18.5 * 37 cm and 16 * 28 cm, respectively. In the subsequent Jin dynasty, the size of the crown plate still inherited the provisions of the Han dynasty, and the size was relatively small. By the Tang dynasty, the size of the crown plate was greatly expanded, with a width of one foot two inches and a length of two feet four inches. According to the size conversion of the Tang Dynasty, the width and length of the crown plate are about 36 * 72 cm, almost twice that of the Warring States period. Judging from the comparison between documents and cultural relics, the size of the crown plate drawn by the emperor portrait in Yan's "Emperors of Past Dynasties" is basically the same as that of the Tang Dynasty. The size of the crown plate of the portrait of Qin Shihuang in textbooks is obviously problematic. Assuming that there was a crown in the Qin Dynasty, the size of the crown on the crown will only be similar to the crown on the stone reliefs of the Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed in Yinan, Shandong Province, and will not be similar to the emperor's crown obviously enlarged in Yan's The Emperor's Map. However, the size of the crown plate of the portrait of Qin Shihuang in textbooks is obviously closer to the size of the crown plate worn by emperors in previous dynasties. In addition, the number of crowns worn by the statue of Qin Shihuang in textbooks is also problematic. If there was a mysterious crown in the Qin Dynasty according to the record in Notes to Solve Confusion, then the number of crowns used in the crown should be three, not the number shown in the portrait of Qin Shihuang in the textbook. Through the analysis and comparison of modern history textbooks and costumes of Qin Shihuang's portraits in different periods in history, we find that these portraits are far from Qin Shihuang's costumes. Even if there was a coronation ceremony in the Qin Dynasty, its content still had the above obvious problems.