What is antique architectural design? What are the structural design requirements?

Although ancient architecture has experienced thousands of years of evolution, its unique structural method and layout scale have never changed, and it is a unique architectural discipline in the world. Modern antique buildings take reinforced concrete as the main structure, which changes the stress system of traditional ancient buildings in China with wood structure as the main structure, absorbs the essence of the style of traditional ancient buildings in China, and takes the shapes and components of traditional ancient buildings as decorative effects on the basis of reinforced concrete structure, thus achieving the purpose of antique buildings. Let's introduce what antique architectural design is and what structural design requirements are there!

What is antique architectural design?

China is one of the ancient civilizations in the world. Ancient China architecture, ancient Egyptian architecture, ancient West Asian architecture, ancient Indian architecture, ancient Aegean architecture and ancient American architecture are juxtaposed as six major components of ancient architecture in the world. China's architectural culture has a long history, unique formation, beautiful architectural modeling, rigorous structure, grandeur and exquisiteness, solemnity and elegance. The term "antique architecture" formally originated in 1950s, but it was not until the end of last century that academic circles discussed it in theory, and there were different opinions. It can be said that it has experienced a bumpy process of emergence, development and maturity. "Antique architecture" is almost the same as ancient architecture, but it is completely out of the specific type. If we only stay in the understanding of types, we will inevitably copy traditional architecture, which is also a prejudice against the form of antique architecture. Therefore, the comprehensive and accurate expression of the word "antique architecture" is an external manifestation of imitating ancient architectural design.

Antique architectural forms can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. In a broad sense, it refers to the re-creation of ancient architectural forms that conform to traditional cultural characteristics by using modern building materials or traditional building materials. In a narrow sense, it refers to the restoration of ancient buildings in a specific range by using traditional building materials, and it belongs to the category of cultural relics restoration in a strict sense. This paper only discusses the generalized antique architectural forms. Generally speaking, modern architectural technology is used to reflect the shape of ancient buildings, but we know that there are no high-rise structures in ancient buildings due to the limitations of ancient building materials and theories; Therefore, today's antique buildings are mainly single-storey and multi-storey. As we all know, modern multi-storey buildings are mostly masonry structures and frame structures. Therefore, the application of reinforced concrete structure occupies a dominant position in antique buildings.

The ancient architecture in China is characterized by taking wood as the main building material and keeping the framework principle. In order to protect wood, the surface needs to be painted. In the long-term development and evolution, China ancient architecture has formed a unique color painting system, which amazed the world. In view of the poor fire resistance and short service life of wood structure, it is no longer advocated in today's buildings; The structural form of the frame system is very similar to the existing reinforced concrete frame structure: the force transmission mode is clear, and the main load-bearing structure is separated from the envelope structure. This shows that the frame structure is the structural form that can best reflect the essence of ancient buildings. This also creates conditions for the flexible layout of indoor space. In ancient buildings in China, various coverings, pendants, partitions and screens are often used to divide indoor space freely and flexibly. However, in today's reinforced concrete structure, this form of color painting system can only be realized by pasting or painting and other decorative means.

China ancient architecture created and used the bucket arch structure. Bucket arch is a unique shape in the ancient architectural system of China. It is not only a structural component that transfers load between beams and columns and undertakes seismic function, but also becomes the main decorative component of buildings with its beautiful and gorgeous shape. The essence of the combination of structural function and decorative function. With the development of modern structural forms and building materials, the bucket arch, an important structural component, has lost its original substantive function when applied to antique buildings, and only serves as an ornamental decorative component. But it is indispensable as a representative component of ancient buildings.

Most ancient buildings in China are composed of courtyards: single buildings are arranged along the periphery and enclose the middle courtyards. The overall style of this courtyard is introverted: the interior is open and changeable, and the appearance is closed. According to China's feudal etiquette concept, the courtyard emphasizes the symmetrical layout of the central axis to highlight the main building and achieve overall balance. It is precisely because of this concept that the single architectural form of ancient architecture is highly unified, whether it is palaces, temples, residences, etc. No matter its size, appearance and shape, it consists of three parts: platform, main body and roof. These characteristics are inevitably monotonous, which limits the diversity of ancient buildings to a certain extent, while ancient architects make multi-level layout from the building groups along the axis, thus making the courtyard colorful. However, these characteristics are not obvious in ancient garden design, because the ancient garden buildings in China are extremely free and flexible based on the principle of "learning from nature". This is the kind of garden we are familiar with now.

What are the structural design requirements of antique architectural design?

Modularization requirements and component shaping: the specifications of all stressed components should meet the modularity requirements of classical buildings, and the composition of the force transmission system and the size and shape of each component are completely modeled after the corresponding practices of columns, beams, purlins and purlins in ancient wood structures.

Roof modeling requirements: the roof changes greatly and the modeling requirements are high. The frame system adopts the method of stepping and lifting, which makes the slope of the roof steeper as it goes up and gentler as it goes down, forming the characteristics of beautiful curve and far-reaching eaves, which embodies the modeling characteristics of ancient buildings in China.

Structural Components with Unique Decorative Function-Bucket Arch and Sparrow Substitute

Bucket arch: The China-shaped base of a bucket arch is called a bucket, and the boat-shaped wood blocks built on it are called arches. Dougong is a unique type of traditional ancient buildings in China. It is located between the wooden beam and the wooden column. It has structural and decorative functions such as conducting roof load, increasing eaves length, shortening beam span and absorbing earthquake energy. It is one of the most distinctive parts of ancient architecture in China. For antique buildings, because the main structure is steel bars; Kunning concrete and decoration often become the main functions of the bucket arch.

Queti: used at the intersection of forehead (eaves) and eaves column, shaped like a triangle, with carved decoration on the surface. It can shorten the clear distance of the beam and has the dual functions of assisting Rachel and decoration.

At present, most antique buildings adopt reinforced concrete structure instead of wood structure. Compared with the traditional reinforced concrete structure, antique buildings should pay special attention to the above points in structural design to achieve the same appearance as the wooden frame after painting.

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