Summary of key biological knowledge of college entrance examination in recent years! !

Summary Sentences in Compulsory Textbooks (I)

foreword

1. Organisms have the same material basis and structural basis.

Structurally, all living things except viruses are composed of cells. Cell is the basic unit of organism structure and function.

3. Metabolism is the general name of all chemical changes in living cells and the basis of all life activities of organisms.

4. Organisms are stressed, so they can adapt to the surrounding environment.

All living things have the phenomena of growth, development and reproduction.

6. The characteristics of biological heredity and variation keep each species basically stable and constantly evolve.

7. Organisms can adapt to a certain environment and also influence it.

Chapter I Material Basis of Life

8. The chemical elements that make up an organism can be found in inorganic nature, and no chemical element is unique to the biological world, which shows that the biological world and the abiotic world are unified.

9. The fact that the content of chemical elements that make up an organism is very different between organic and inorganic nature shows that there are still differences between the biological world and the abiotic world.

10. All life activities of all kinds of creatures must never leave water.

1 1. Sugar is an important component of organisms, the main energy substance of cells, and the main energy substance of organisms for life activities.

12. Lipids include fats, lipids and sterols. These substances generally exist in organisms.

13. protein is an important organic compound in cells, and all life activities are inseparable from protein.

14. Nucleic acid is the genetic material of all living things, which plays an extremely important role in the genetic variation of living things and the biosynthesis of protein.

15. None of the compounds that make up an organism can complete a certain life activity alone. Only by organizing them organically in a certain way can they show the life phenomena of cells and organisms. Cells are the most basic structural forms of these substances.

Chapter II Cell, the Basic Unit of Life

16. Various metabolic activities in living cells are closely related to the structure and function of cell membranes. Cell membrane has certain structural characteristics of fluidity and functional characteristics of selective permeation.

17. Cell walls can support and protect plant cells.

18. Cytoplasmic matrix is the main site for metabolism of living cells, which provides necessary substances and certain environmental conditions for metabolism.

19. Mitochondria are the main places for aerobic respiration of living cells.

20. Chloroplast is an organelle for photosynthesis in mesophyll cells of green plants.

2 1. endoplasmic reticulum is related to the synthesis of protein, lipids and sugars, and is also a transport channel for protein and other substances.

22. Ribosomes are places where protein is synthesized in cells.

23. Golgi apparatus in cells is related to the formation of cell secretions, and is mainly used for processing and transporting protein; Golgi apparatus is related to the formation of cell wall during plant cell division.

24. Chromatin and chromosome are two forms of the same substance in cells at different times.

25. The nucleus is the place where genetic materials are stored and copied, and it is the control center of cell genetic characteristics and cell metabolic activities.

26. The structure of the parts that make up a cell is not isolated from each other, but closely related and coordinated with each other. Cells are an organic whole, and only by maintaining their integrity can they complete various life activities normally.

27. Cells proliferate in the form of division, and cell proliferation is the basis for the growth, development, reproduction and inheritance of organisms.

28. The significance (characteristic) of cell mitosis is that the chromosomes of the mother cell are accurately and evenly distributed to the two daughter cells after replication, thus maintaining the stability of genetic traits between biological parents and offspring, which is of great significance to the inheritance of organisms.

29. Cell differentiation is a permanent change, which occurs in the whole life of an organism, but reaches its maximum in the embryonic period.

30. Highly differentiated plant cells still have the ability to develop into complete plants, that is, to maintain cell totipotency.