Olympic information

In ancient Greece, there were four major sacrificial competitions. Among them, the Olympic Games dedicated to Zeus, the King of Gods, were the largest, longest lasting, and most famous. Among all the sports games in ancient Greece, none received more attention from the Greeks than the Olympic Games, and no game had a wider range of participants than the Olympic Games. In the minds of the ancient Greeks, the Olympic Games was a symbol of the spirit of the entire Greek nation, and its duration lasted for as long as It is a long-lasting and far-reaching influence that is rare in human history.

1. The Origin of the Ancient Olympic Games

There are different legends about when the ancient Olympic Games originated, but most scholars believe that the ancient Olympic Games originated in 776 BC and were held every four years in the summer. held once.

The emergence of the ancient Olympic Games is closely related to the politics, economy, culture and religion of Greek society at that time. In Greece, a slave society, wars continued year after year. In order to win, various city-states used physical exercises to cultivate strong warriors. It was under this situation that sports developed, and organized sports competitions gradually formed, laying the foundation for the emergence of the Olympic Games. The foundation was laid.

The ancient Greeks believed in polytheism. During major sacrificial festivals, various city-states held grand religious gatherings to express respect for the gods through singing, dancing and athletics. The ancient Greeks believed that Zeus was the leader of the gods, so they paid special respect to him and offered special sacrifices to him, which promoted the creation of the Olympic Games.

The people of ancient Greece were disgusted with the continuous city-state wars for years and yearned for peace. They hoped that a truce would be implemented in the name of God during the Olympic Games to reduce wars and get rid of disasters.

It can be seen that the Olympic Games was created in the context of war and in the form of rituals, but it also expressed the people's good wishes for peace. This contradictory and mutually restrictive relationship made the Olympic Games emerge and continue. Go down.

2. The Competition Venue of the Ancient Olympic Games

The original Olympic Games were held in the Alcis Divine Domain in the village of Olympia. Later, a rectangular sports ground was built in the northeast corner of the Divine Domain. There are stands built according to the natural terrain around it. The sports ground track is 32 meters wide, can accommodate 20 players competing at the same time, and is 192 meters long. The starting line is paved with stone strips, with two small parallel grooves carved on it for athletes to use when starting.

3. The grand occasion of the ancient Olympic Games

The ancient Olympic Games was not only a kind of athletic competition, but also a national competition for the ancient Greeks during its duration of more than a thousand years. festival.

After the "Holy Truce" was announced, thousands of people flocked to Olympia, where representatives of various city-states participated in sacrificial activities and processions; political envoys concluded treaties; artists exhibited their works; and scholars Academic discussions were held with teachers; orators gave speeches; merchants displayed and sold goods; people dressed in the most luxurious clothes and carried the most precious jewelry to show off their wealth to each other.

The outstanding players sent by each city-state fought bravely in the arena. They entered the arena naked to show their superhuman physical fitness, toned bodies and good education to the gods and the audience.

The grand occasion of the Olympic Games goes far beyond the scope of competitive competitions. It is an important part of Greek religion, politics, economy and culture, and plays a role in promoting political exchanges, promoting trade development, prospering Greek culture, and integrating national sentiments. Its role is to bring the people of all Greece together in a peaceful atmosphere. Its rich content and spectacular scenes form the most grand festival in Greece.

4. The Decline of the Ancient Olympic Games

In the fifth century BC, the slave society of ancient Greece entered its heyday, but soon afterwards, internal wars and divisions arose, and social conflicts intensified. At the end of the fifth century BC, the Peloponnesian War broke out, which caused the decline of Greek slavery. It was also a turning point from the rise to decline of the ancient Olympic Games. The war depressed the economy and lowered social morale. Sports competitions lost their original meaning and gradually became a means for people to pursue wealth. Bad tendencies of cheating for personal gain and benefiting oneself at the expense of others appeared in sports games, and the lofty ideals of the Olympic Games were distorted.

In the second century BC, Rome conquered Greece, and the world-famous ancient Olympic Games entered a comprehensive decline.

At the end of the fourth century AD, the Roman Emperor Theodosius I, who ruled Greece, declared Christianity as the state religion. Therefore, the ancient Olympic Games dedicated to the god Zeus were regarded as pagan activities. In order to maintain Rome's rule over Greece and consolidate the status of Christianity, In 394 AD, Theodosius I ordered the suspension of the ancient Olympic Games. The ancient Olympic Games, which was held for 293 times and lasted for 1169 years, has since disappeared.

5. Competition regulations of the ancient Olympic Games

In 561 BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Zoros drafted a competition regulations for the ancient Olympic Games. The relevant provisions in the regulations have always been the Olympic Games. Rules that must be followed.

1． The organizers of athletic events were specifically responsible for local officials and religious figures, representatives of the slave-owning aristocracy, who had the power to determine the qualifications of athletes and spectators.

2． The arbitration committee of the competition is jointly served by the full-time priests in the Temple of Zeus and the elected referees***.

3． Anyone who bribes referees or behaves inappropriately during a game will be fined heavily.

4. Competitive games can only be played between individuals, not between groups.

5． Competitors must be Greeks and must be politically, morally, religiously and legally unblemished, and their identity must be proven by the referee.

6． Women are not allowed to participate in or visit competitions, and offenders are punishable by death.

The modern Olympic Games are the inevitable product of the development of modern capitalism, and the inevitable result of the widespread implementation of modern sports ideas in Europe and the United States after the formation of modern sports ideas.

In 1894, with the efforts of Coubertin and the promotion of various factors, the "Congress for the Restoration of the Olympic Games" was held in Paris. The International Olympic Committee was established at the meeting and decided to revive the Olympic Games.

The modern Olympic Games are deeply influenced by the ancient Olympic Games, but it is no longer a competition to worship the gods, but a truly international sports competition. The emergence of the modern Olympic Games is an important milestone in the history of sports competitions. It marks that sports have entered a new era.

1. International Olympic Committee

The International Olympic Committee, established in 1894, is an international, non-governmental, non-profit organization that leads the Olympic movement and decides everything. The highest authority on the matter. It is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland.

The International Olympic Committee has one president and four vice-presidents. The chairman is elected from among the members and serves a general term of eight years, with the option of being re-elected for a further four-year term.

2. Relevant regulations of the Olympic Games

1. Olympic Flag

The Olympic flag is rectangular, white and borderless, with five sets of colorful rings in the middle. It symbolizes the unity of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from all over the world at the Olympic Games with fair, frank competition and a friendly spirit.

2． Olympic Oath Ceremony

At the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, the most famous athlete of the host country read out the oath: "On the honor of all athletes, I promise that for the glory of sports and the honor of our sports teams, I will use my true Participate in this Olympic Games with the spirit of sportsmanship and respect and abide by the regulations governing the games." After that, the referees will also hold an oath ceremony.

3． Olympic medals

The medals are divided into three colors: gold, silver and copper. They are round, at least 60 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick, with a goddess statue on them.

4. The duration of the Olympic Games

Since 1932, the International Olympic Committee has stipulated that the Summer Olympics shall not exceed 16 days and the Winter Olympics shall not exceed 12 days.

3. The setting of modern Olympic sports competitions

When the first modern Olympics was held, there were few international individual sports organizations, and there were no strict regulations on the Olympic projects, which were basically decided by the host country. . Therefore, in the first few Olympic Games, not only did individual events in some events change greatly, but major events were also unstable. Some events that were not widely developed around the world were also listed, such as polo, lacrosse, steamboat, and squash. wait. With the establishment of various international individual sports organizations, Olympic events have gradually become more stable.

In order to make the Olympic Games' event setting consistent with the development of world sports, the International Olympic Committee stipulates that each Summer Olympics should include at least 15 of the following major events before it can be held.

In 1963, the International Olympic Committee determined the order of competition for these major Summer Olympic events: track and field, swimming, wrestling, gymnastics, weightlifting, hockey, equestrian, fencing, rowing, boxing, shooting, modern pentathlon, sailing, basketball, 21 events including kayaking, cycling, football, volleyball, archery, handball, and judo.

From 1972 to 1984, the number of major events in the Olympic Games has been fixed at 21. The 24th Olympic Games made a historic breakthrough. Table tennis and tennis were added, bringing the number of major events in the Summer Olympics to 23 and the number of individual events to 237, including 151 for men and 72 for women, with a mix of men and women. There are 14 projects.

The approval conditions for being included in the official Olympic events are: the men's event of the Summer Olympics must be widely carried out in at least 75 countries on 4 continents, and the women's event must be widely carried out in at least 40 countries on 3 continents.

Since the birth of the modern Olympic Games, after more than 100 years of tortuous development, it has become an important event in current international life. Today, the Olympic movement has spread almost all over the world. The Olympic Games have become a high-level comprehensive sports meeting that attracts worldwide attention. The Olympic motto of "Faster, Higher, Stronger" has become a loud slogan in the world sports world. The International Olympic Committee was established on June 23, 1894. 79 representatives from 49 sports organizations and 12 countries participated in the inaugural meeting in Paris. . The International Olympic Committee is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland.

The International Olympic Committee is a non-governmental, non-profit and permanent international sports organization. It is the highest authority that leads the Olympic movement and decides on issues related to the Olympic movement.

The International Olympic Committee and its member states or regions, as well as international individual sports organizations

recognize each other.

The purpose of the International Olympic Committee is: to encourage the organization and development of sports and sports

competition; to inspire and lead sports under the guidance of Olympic ideas, from

To promote and strengthen the friendship between athletes from various countries; to ensure that the Olympic Games are held as scheduled

.

The International Olympic Committee has all the power over the Olympic Games held every four years.

Since 1924, the Winter Olympics have been held separately, also every four years.

The International Olympic Committee leads the Olympic Movement in accordance with the Olympic Charter.

The charter includes 73 rules and their implementation details. The International Olympic Committee is the exclusive agency responsible for the Olympic Games

and its five-ring emblem.

One of the tasks of the International Olympic Committee Plenary Session is to select the host city for each Olympic Games

. According to the regulations of the International Olympic Committee, the president will not participate in the vote on the bid to host the Olympic Games.

The President of the International Olympic Committee is elected by the General Meeting of the Olympic Committee for a term of 8 years.

The extension period of the chairman’s term is only 4 years. The plenary meeting will also elect 4 vice-chairmen and 6 members with a term of 4 years

who, together with the chairman, will form the executive committee

.

French and English are the two official working languages ??of the International Olympic Committee. It also

has four other working languages: German, Spanish, Russian and Arabic.

IOC members are elected by the General Meeting of the Olympic Committee, and the number of members is not fixed.

The IOC Plenary Session functions like a parliament and meets

once a year. An IOC member is an envoy of the IOC to the country where the member is located, not a representative of the country where the member is located to the IOC. A country can only have one Olympic Committee member. Countries that have organized more than one Olympic Games (Winter Olympics or Summer Olympics) are not included in this list. < /p>

Such a country can have two members.

The International Olympic Committee Executive Committee holds at least 4 executive committee meetings every year.

The 1993 Olympic Committee *** had 91 members. The distribution by continent was:

38 people from Europe, 16 people from Africa, 16 people from Latin America, 14 people from Asia, < /p>

4 people in Oceania and 3 people in North America.

Among the Olympic Committee members, except for those members who were self-elected before 1966

and those who serve as lifelong members, all Olympic Committee members who have reached the age of

Any member who reaches the age of 75 will become an honorary member. As of 1993, there were 12 life members.

During the International Olympic Committee Congress and the Olympic Games, ordinary members who are "volunteers" can each receive US$105 per day in Lausanne

< The allowance, outside Lausanne, is USD 150 per day. Executive Committee members

will receive US$1,000 during executive committee meetings.

On December 12, 1999, the International Olympic Committee held its 110th Plenary Session in Lausanne, Switzerland.

At the meeting, the International Olympic Committee adopted 50 reform measures proposed by the "2000 Committee", partially revised the Olympic Charter, and changed the composition of the International Olympic Committee and the Olympic Games. Major adjustments have been made to the selection method of the host city

.

The General Assembly decided to increase the number of IOC members to 115, of which

can include up to 15 athletes and 15 international sports federations

Chairman, 15 national or continental Olympic Committee presidents, and the remaining 70 individual members; the term of the International Olympic Committee members is 8 years and can be re-elected;

The maximum age of the new elected members shall not exceed 70 years; the term of the National Olympic Committee President shall not exceed 12 years; the number of the Olympic Committee's Executive Committee will also be increased from 11 The number has been increased to 15. The meeting also decided to establish an evaluation committee composed of representatives from international sports federations, the International Olympic Committee, the Athletes Commission and other sports organizations, to be responsible for the evaluation of cities bidding for the Olympic Games. At the same time

IOC members are prohibited from visiting the bidding city.

Member countries:

As of December 1998, the International Olympic Committee *** has 200

member countries or regions.

On June 20, 1993, the International Olympic Committee Executive Committee decided to temporarily recognize Macedonia as a member. In September of the same year, Palestine was accepted as a provisional member.

In September 1993, Burundi, Cape Verde, Comoros Islands, Santo Tome and Principe, Dominica, etc. were admitted as new members.

In June 1994, Nauru joined the International Olympic Committee.

In July 1995, Cambodia and Guinea-Bissau joined the International Olympic Committee

In December 1998, Palau and Eritrea joined the International Olympic Committee

Publications: "Olympic Monthly"; "Olympic Newsletter".

Relationship with China:

In 1924, the Chinese Olympic Committee was recognized by the International Olympic Committee.

In October 1979, the Nagoya Meeting of the International Olympic Committee Executive Committee passed

a resolution to formally resume recognition of the Chinese Olympic Committee from November 26.

Confirm that the Chinese Olympic Committee is a national committee of China, and the Olympic Committee based in Taipei will remain in the International Olympic Committee under the name of "Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee"

Inside. Currently, in the International Olympic Committee, the Chinese Olympic Committee and the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee each have one member.

On July 3, 1997, International Olympic Committee President Juan Antonio Samaranch announced that

Hong Kong will participate in the Olympic Games under the name "Hong Kong, China".

The project designed by the Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute for the 11th Asian Games

won the "1992 Sports Architecture Award" issued by the International Olympic Committee.

The "1992 Sports Architecture Award" is the first special award established and awarded

by the International Olympic Committee. The medal is a transparent triangular crystal. Above is the five-ring logo.

There are a set of moving human statues on the front and back.

In the long history of human history, apart from the ancient social and cultural phenomenon of religion, the Olympic Movement can be regarded as the social and cultural phenomenon with the longest history. The origins of the Olympic movement can be traced back to 776 BC in recorded history. But the ancient Olympic Games may have existed for centuries before that. The Olympic Games, referred to as the "Olympic Games", are a world-wide comprehensive sports event hosted by the International Olympic Committee.

The Olympic Games originated in ancient Greece and were named after the venue where they were held. Legend has it that the ancient Olympic Games were founded by Zeus, the king of the gods. The first ancient Olympic Games was held in 776 BC, and by 394 AD it had been held for 293 times. The Games are held every 1417 days or 4 years. This cycle was later called the Olympic cycle. With the rise of modern sports, the Greek people hope to restore the ancient Olympic Games. From 1859 to 1889, Greece hosted four Olympic Games and made preliminary attempts. Since 1883, the Frenchman Coubertin has been committed to the revival of the ancient Olympic Games. After his efforts and those of several generations, the International Olympic Committee was established on June 23, 1894. The first Olympic Charter formulated by Coubertin emphasized the amateur nature of the Olympic movement and stipulated that only honorary awards should be awarded to winners at the Olympic Games, and no monetary or other material rewards should be given to athletes in any form. From April 6 to 15, 1896, the first Olympic Games was held in Athens.

The ancient Olympic Games were basically held every four years, and this cycle was called the "Olympiad". Calculated according to this cycle, 293 meetings should have been held from 776 BC to 394 AD; but the actual number of meetings was much less. However, the ancient Olympic Games stipulated that one Olympiad was one session, regardless of whether it was held or not.

In the early days of the ancient Olympic Games, there were not many competition events, so the first 22 games lasted only one day. Later, as the number of competition items increased, it was extended to two days. After the addition of juvenile competition items in the 37th session, the time was extended to 5 days. The first day is the opening ceremony, where sacrifices and oath-taking ceremonies are held, the second, third and fourth days are the specific content of the competition, and the fifth day is the closing ceremony, where prizes are distributed and activities to worship gods are held.

The current Olympic events include (excluding Winter Olympic events): track and field, swimming (including diving, water polo, synchronized swimming), shooting, weightlifting, cycling, archery, basketball, volleyball, football, and handball. , hockey, gymnastics (including rhythmic gymnastics), fencing, international wrestling (freestyle and Greco-Roman), boxing, judo, rowing, kayaking and rowing, sailing (including windsurfing), equestrian, modern pentathlon, table tennis Ball, badminton, tennis, baseball, etc.

The modern Olympic movement has attracted worldwide attention, both in terms of scale and level of development. The Olympic spirit has been widely spread. People have seen that as a cultural phenomenon, Olympism closely connects peoples of different skin colors and cultural backgrounds in the form of competition, and has had a profound impact on human social activities and human civilization. As a sports phenomenon, the Olympic Games are the most fascinating arena for humans to explore the limits of physical fitness. Olympic records and medals have become lofty goals pursued by athletes. The Olympic Movement has become a hugely attractive, penetrating and cohesive event for many participating countries and regions. A global event.

In 1893, based on the suggestion of "Father of the Olympics" Coubertin, an international sports conference was held in Paris to discuss the revival of the Olympic Games. In January 1894, Coubertin drafted specific steps for reviving the Olympic Games and 10 issues that needed to be discussed, and wrote to sports organizations and groups in various countries. On June 16, the "International Sports Congress" opened at the Sorbonne Theological School in Paris. There were 79 delegates in attendance, representing 49 sports organizations from 12 countries. 2,000 people attended the opening ceremony. The General Assembly passed the resolution "Revival of the Olympic Movement". The International Olympic Committee was established on June 23. The establishment of the International Olympic Committee marked the birth of the Olympic movement.