Baishan tea slogan

From 186 1 to 1865, the United States experienced four years of civil war. This is the largest civil war in American history. The cause of the war is that the southern States of the United States are based on plantation economy and need a large number of black slaves as labor to support them. The rapid development of capitalist economy in the north also requires a large number of free labor to engage in production. The two men were sharply opposed to each other on whether to advocate slavery or not, resulting in irreconcilable contradictions. This contradiction was particularly fierce in the process of American expansion to the west and the creation of new states, and even local armed conflicts broke out. In the end, seven southern States declared their independence from the Federation. This touched the bottom line of then US President Lincoln. He immediately declared that the actions of the seven southern States were rebellion, and he would resolutely safeguard the unity of this country. War broke out.

Four years later, the war ended with the victory of the union army led by Lincoln, and the seven southern States and other States that later declared independence returned to the embrace of the United States. 1865 12 18 and the amendment to the U.S constitution 13 came into effect, and slavery was officially abolished in law. 1868, the 14 amendment to the US Constitution granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves. 1870, American constitutional amendment 15 gave blacks the right to vote. There is no doubt that the promulgation of these bills is the result of fierce political struggle. They tried to protect the equality pursued by blacks from the legal level. But in fact, the discrimination and violence of white Americans against colored people have not stopped, but have intensified. During this period, even some groups pursuing "white supremacy" were born, such as the Klan and the Knights of White Camellia.

At the same time, white legislators in the southern States of the United States also took up legal weapons to compete with the United States Federation. They have successively passed a series of laws to implement the apartheid system for people of color. These laws are collectively referred to as the Jim Crow Act. Its core content is that public facilities must be used according to different races. This involves all aspects of daily life, from the use of buses and drinking fountains to the schools where children attend, "apartheid" must be implemented. They claim that these laws are practicing the principle of "separation but equality" and do not violate the "equal protection right" stipulated in the US Constitution. This makes these laws last for a long time and makes racists more fearless.

But in fact, the conditions of public facilities used by black Americans are often poor. This makes them in a weak position in economic, educational and social life for a long time. It was not until 1964 that the United States passed the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which legally prohibited any form of racial segregation and discrimination. The Jim Crow Act, which lasted for nearly a hundred years, officially withdrew from the historical stage. Below, let's understand the treatment of black Americans during Jim Crawford's prevalence through a group of old photos.

Figure11956 On August 27th, three white students from Clinton High School in Tennessee, USA stood in front of the camera and held signs discriminating against black students. This school is the first school in the United States supported by the state to abolish apartheid and implement racial integration. Slogan, left: We Clinton high school students don't want niggers to enter. China: We don't want to go to a school with niggers. Right: Clinton High School strikes against racial integration)

Photo 2 1955, in a waiting room in Oklahoma, a black family is looking up at a sign overhead that says: black waiting room.

Figure 3 1948, George maclaurin, a retired American professor, became the first black student admitted to the University of Oklahoma. But in the classrooms, canteens and bathrooms of the school, he was completely isolated from white students. The picture shows that he can only sit alone in the corner of the classroom during class.

Fig. 41On April 23, 956, after apartheid was declared illegal for public transportation, black and white passengers on the tram of Atlanta Transportation Company. The black man is still sitting in the back seat of the car.

Figure 5 This is a drinking pool in a public place. Blacks should also be used separately from whites. The English word on the cupboard is "for colored people only".

Photo 6 196 1 When two black people suddenly walked into a white restaurant in downtown Memphis and tried to have a meal, a white female customer quickly stopped them and immediately negotiated with the restaurant staff. The two black men were arm in arm with fearless expressions on their faces.

7 1959 one day, at first glance, the Memphis zoo in the United States was crowded with black people. The sign in front of the door says, "White people are not allowed in today". Because this day is Thursday, in a week, blacks can only visit the zoo on Thursday, while the other six days are white people's visiting time.

Figure 81964 June 18, in a motel, several black activists jumped into a white swimming pool to protest. The white manager of the hotel immediately brought a bucket of acidic liquid and poured it on the black women in the swimming pool. A black woman was screaming.

Photo 9 19 10, in North Carolina, USA, three trucks full of blacks stopped in a forest. According to Jim Crawford, they were all arrested. White guards with guns.

Figure101958 September 16 In Little Rock, Arkansas, two white boys tried to force a black boy and his sister Mary to go to school from the sidewalk (they could not take the main road), but the black boy resisted. He pointed at each other to warn them. The girl watched warily. Half a century has passed since the end of Jim Crawford, and racial discrimination in the United States has not changed. Can this situation be improved under the leadership of the new president? (Text/World History)

I recommend

1954, Marilyn Monroe made her debut as an African-American female singer, which helped her achieve great success.

The other side of the devil: he was the boss of the American gangster and opened a free restaurant to help the poor during the Great Depression.