Sunflower encyclopedia

Sunflower, belonging to the sunflower family, is panicum miliaceum, with a height of 1 ~ 3.5 meters. The stems are erect, round and angular, hard and covered with white coarse bristles. Broadly ovate leaves usually alternate, with acute or acuminate apex, 3 veins at the base, coarsely serrated edges, rough surfaces, hairs and long stalks.

catalogue

1. Growth habit

2. Morphological characteristics

3. Geographical distribution

4. Cultivation techniques

5. Nutritional value

1. Growth habit

Panicum miliaceum, high1~ 3.5m. The stems are erect, round and angular, hard and covered with white coarse bristles. Broadly ovate leaves usually alternate, with acute or acuminate apex, 3 veins at the base, coarsely serrated edges, rough surfaces, hairs and long stalks. Head inflorescence, diameter 10 ~ 30 cm, solitary at the top of stem or branch. The involucral bracts are multi-layered, leafy, imbricate, with long bristles, bloom in summer, and have neutral yellow tongue-shaped flowers at the edge of inflorescence, which do not bear fruit. The middle of the inflorescence is a bisexual tubular flower, brown or purple, which can bear fruit. Oval achene, lignified pericarp, gray or black, is called sunflower seed.

2. Morphological characteristics

Head, extremely large, with a diameter of 10~30 cm, solitary at the top of stem or branch, often inclining downward. The involucral bracts are multi-layered, leafy, imbricate, with long bristles, flowering in summer, and yellow tongue-shaped flowers at the edge of inflorescence, which do not bear fruit. In the middle of the inflorescence is an bisexual tubular flower, brown or purple, which is solid.

Achene, obovate or ovoid oblong, slightly flat, with lignified skin, gray or black, commonly known as sunflower seeds.

The most common sunflower is 2.5 ~ 3.5 meters high. According to the scientific literature report of 1567, it has always been considered that the height of a single sunflower planted in Padova can reach12m. The same seed, planted in other time and place (such as Madrid), can reach nearly 8 meters in height. Recent records (about 20 years ago) show that plants over 8 meters in height have been found in the Netherlands and Ontario, Canada.

3. Geographical distribution

Native to South America, it is a domesticated species brought to Europe by the Spanish from North America in 15 10. It was originally used for viewing. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, it was introduced back to North America from Russia. It is grown in China.

4. Cultivation techniques

Environmental requirements: Sunflower has strong low temperature tolerance at seedling stage and mature stage. Seeds begin to swell and germinate at 2℃-4℃, germinate at 4℃, emerge at 5℃, and meet the needs of normal emergence at 8℃- 10℃. The seedlings can withstand the low temperature of -4℃ for several hours, and can still grow normally after low temperature, which has strong cold tolerance. When the temperature is as high as 50℃ and the relative humidity is 30%-55%, the body temperature can still be regulated by leaf transpiration for normal physiological activities. But if the temperature is higher than 40℃ and the relative humidity reaches 90%, the growth will stop, the disease resistance will weaken, and leaf spot and rust will occur.

Before soil preparation and planting, apply 15-20 tons of high-quality agricultural fertilizer per hectare. Sunflower sowing time is from late March to mid-April. Direct seeding or seedling transplanting can be used, and the planting density is 65 cm 60 cm, with one plant per hole.

The survival rate of sunflower seedlings transplanted with soil is as high as 90%. Replanting should be done as early as possible and as small as possible, preferably when 1-2 pairs of true leaves, and the seedling height is only 15-20 cm. Seedlings should be fixed according to the row spacing, one per hole.

Intertillage weeding intertillage is generally 3 times. First weeding, second weeding combined with seedling fixing and intertillage. The height of the seedlings is 50 cm -60 cm, and the soil is ridged to prevent it from falling. Trifluralin has a good control effect on narrow-leaved weeds. It is sprayed 10 day before sowing and raked into the soil layer 10 cm to prevent the seedlings from being harmed by drugs. 50% prometryne has a good control effect on broad-leaved weeds. Adding 200 grams and 20 kilograms of water per mu and spraying within 3 days after sowing can kill budding weeds.

Long-term harrowing control can adopt early harrowing control and unlimited harrowing, and rational fertilization. 7-8 The effect of applying nitrogen and potassium fertilizer to real leaves is better. When sowing, don't apply base fertilizer to the field, and topdressing as soon as possible. Ammonium nitrate 12- 15 kg, or ammonium bicarbonate 25 kg, or urea 8 kg and potassium chloride 15 kg were applied in the first intertillage.

Auxiliary pollination: the white flowers of sunflower are infertile, and can only be fertilized by artificial auxiliary pollination or insect cross pollination. Otherwise, sunflower seeds account for 35%-50%, and when it is serious, it will be completely empty. (1) Artificial pollination is to use cotton as a puff to help pollen from different flower discs spread to each other. Can improve the seed setting rate by more than 30%. (2) bee pollination. When the temperature is about 28℃ and there is no strong wind and rain, the seed setting rate can be increased by about 40%. (3) During the grouting period, fertilizer and water should be reasonably supplemented and potassium and phosphorus should be added.

If leaf spot or rust occurs, it can be sprayed with 15% triadimefon wettable powder 1500 times solution. About 10 day after pollination, spraying 40% dimethoate EC 1000 times or 20% Aifuding No.2 1500 times to control aphids and mites.

When the floret in the center of sunflower disk withers and the seeds turn black, it indicates that it is mature and can be harvested in time. Choose a large disk with short plants, thick stems, no pests and diseases and full seeds as seeds. Leave the seed tray for 3-5 days, thresh and dry.

5. Nutritional value

Sunflower has a high nutritional value, so it can be said that it is a kind of medicine, and its seeds, flower discs, stems and leaves, stem pith, roots and flowers can be used as medicine. Seed oil can be used as the basic medicine of ointment; Stem pith is diuretic and anti-inflammatory agent; Leaves and petals can be used as bitter stomachic drugs; The fruit bowl (container) has the function of lowering blood pressure.

Sunflower seed lipid-lowering beauty:

1, sunflower seeds are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, high-quality protein, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, selenium, vitamin E, vitamin B 1 and other nutrients;

2. Its rich potassium is beneficial to protect heart function and prevent hypertension;

3. Sunflower seeds are rich in vitamin E, which can prevent aging, improve immunity and prevent cardiovascular diseases;

4. Phytosterols and phospholipids contained in sunflower seeds can inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol in human body, prevent excessive plasma cholesterol and prevent arteriosclerosis;

Sunflower seed kernel can also regulate the metabolism of brain cells and improve their inhibitory function, so it can be used for hypnosis and help to treat insomnia and other symptoms.

6. The oil in sunflower seeds, especially linoleic acid, can inhibit experimental thrombosis. Sunflower seeds and sunflower oil also have the function of moistening and moistening hair.

However, it should be noted that sunflower seeds are warm and dry after frying, and eating too much can easily cause symptoms such as dry mouth, aphtha and toothache.

Treatment of dysmenorrhea by dish clearing heat

1, which has the functions of clearing away heat and resolving phlegm, cooling blood and stopping bleeding, and is effective for headache and dizziness;

2. Grinding sunflower petals, taking 5g, and taking it with yellow wine three times a day, can treat functional uterine bleeding;

3, the flower plate is decocted in water, which can cure asthma;

4, the flower plate is decocted in water and drunk with brown sugar, which can treat dysmenorrhea. Stem and leaf clear liver and improve eyesight.