Techniques of adding punctuation marks in classical Chinese texts

1. How to use colons and quotation marks as punctuation marks in junior high school classical Chinese

In ancient China, articles did not add punctuation marks. When literati read, they often have to segment sentences by themselves, which easily leads to ambiguity. It was not until the end of the Qing Dynasty that punctuation marks were introduced from abroad. Later, it was gradually standardized to form China's common standards for the use of punctuation marks. Today's classical Chinese texts are all punctuation marks added at the end, and their use is also in accordance with the current punctuation mark usage rules:

Comma:

1. The relationship between the subject and the predicate inside the sentence is as follows If you need to pause, use a comma.

2. If there is a pause between the verb and the object inside the sentence, use a comma.

3. If there is a pause after the adverbial inside the sentence, use a comma.

4. The pauses between clauses in a complex sentence must use commas, except sometimes semicolons.

Colon:

1. Used after a salutation to mention the following.

2. Used after words such as "say, think, be, prove, declare, point out, reveal, for example, as follows" to bring up the following.

3. Used after a general utterance to indicate that it will lead to the following explanations.

4. Used after words that need explanation to lead to explanations or explanations.

5. Used at the beginning of a general statement to summarize the above. 2. How to do a good job in punctuating ancient Chinese texts (if you have any skills, it is best to give me a sample essay)

Methods of segmenting classical Chinese sentences (1) Segmenting classical Chinese sentences is traditionally called "sentence reading" .

Sentence reading is the most basic ability for reading ancient texts. The basis of sentence segmentation lies in the understanding of the entire article.

Therefore, before breaking a sentence, you should read it several times, and strive to have a general understanding of the content of the full text. Break off what can be broken first, gradually narrow the scope, and then concentrate on analyzing the connection between the difficult-to-break sentence and the context. . When segmenting sentences, you should also pay attention to the genre, language style, and completeness of the sentence meaning.

The use of punctuation should be consistent with the standard and the same as the use of modern Chinese punctuation. Strengthen recitation and enhance the sense of language, which is of great help in punctuating sentences.

In addition, sentence segmentation can generally follow the following rules: (1) Find the noun (pronoun) and read it in a definite sentence. Like modern Chinese, nouns (pronouns) in classical Chinese are often used as the subject and object of sentences. Therefore, by finding the nouns or pronouns that appear repeatedly in the text, you can basically read the sentence.

(2) Look at the function words and read the sentences. Ancient people wrote articles without punctuation marks.

They understand sentence reading clearly, and function words become important symbols. Especially before and after modal particles and some conjunctions, sentences are often broken.

For example: pronouns and adverbs expressing respect such as husband, Gai, Fan, Qing, Qing and Jing are often used at the beginning of the sentence; modal particles such as Ye, Ye, Yan, Yan and Zai are often used at the end of the sentence. ; Conjunctions such as yi, gan, wei, er and ze are commonly used in sentences. According to this characteristic, finding function words will help sentence reading.

(3) Find the truth and read it in definite sentences. Dingzhen is a common form in classical Chinese.

The sentences are consecutive, and the word used as the object in the previous sentence becomes the subject in the latter sentence. For example: "If you are afraid, you will have thoughts, if you have thoughts, you will look at you.

"(Wang Chong's "Ding Gui") Based on this characteristic, we can also determine the sentence reading. (4) According to the pairing, read the sentence in definite sentences.

Parallelism, parallelism, and symmetry are the most common rhetorical methods in classical Chinese. The sentence structure is neat, with more than four or six sentences, which is another major feature of classical Chinese language.

This feature also provides convenience for sentence segmentation. (5) According to the total score, read the final sentence.

In classical Chinese texts, there are often forms of total score and sub-sum, which can also be used to segment sentences. (6), dialogue, quotation and sentence reading.

Dialogues and quotations in classical Chinese are often marked by "曰" and "云". When two people have a conversation, they usually write the person's name in the first question and answer, and then only use "曰" and omit the subject. When encountering a conversation, you should identify the questioner and answerer based on the context, and read the sentences clearly.

(7) Observe repetitions and read in definite sentences. Repetition, especially spaced repetition, is also a common rhetorical method in classical Chinese.

For example, in "Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi and accepts remonstrances", "Who is me or Xu Gongmei from the north of the city" is repeated many times, which also provides powerful help for sentence segmentation. Guidance on sentence segmentation in classical Chinese (2) Many candidates are afraid of sentence segmentation questions in classical Chinese.

So, are there any rules to follow when segmenting classical Chinese sentences? In fact, there are sometimes methods to follow and key points to grasp when segmenting classical Chinese sentences. In the teaching of sentence segmentation in classical Chinese, the author consulted a large amount of information and after continuous exploration, he summarized a set of more practical sentence segmentation methods.

Please remember the following formula first: Don’t be afraid of difficulties in breaking up ancient Chinese sentences, just think about it carefully and take it easy. Don’t ask whether the passage is long or short. Reading it carefully and thinking carefully is the key.

Only when you understand the general idea of ??the content can you start to segment the sentences. Read the full text before and after, making it easy to distinguish first and then difficult to distinguish.

Conversations are most easily discovered by sticking to "Yue", "Yun" and "Yan". Commonly used function words are symbols, and there are more rules for reference.

Master the habitual sentence patterns and do not break up the fixed structure. Parts of speech and meanings should be carefully studied, and grammatical structures can help judge.

Parallelism, parallelism and repetition provide good conditions for rhetoric; the same words are closely connected and usually have a break in the middle. After completing the questions, look back and check carefully according to the requirements.

To lay a solid foundation, read textbooks, develop language sense and read classics; practice thousands of songs, watch thousands of swords, and practice sentence fragmentation. 1. Don’t ask whether the passage is long or short. Reading it carefully and thinking carefully is the key.

Only when you understand the general idea of ??the content can you start to segment the sentences. A common mistake that candidates often make when segmenting sentences in classical Chinese articles is to click and segment while reading. After reading the article, the segmentation is finished. When they look back and check, they feel that there are many things wrong.

In fact, this "one step to get it done" method does not work. Understanding the content and sentence segmentation are closely related. Reading carefully, thinking deeply, and understanding the general idea are the prerequisites for segmenting sentences correctly, because if you don’t understand, you will continue to click, and if you don’t understand, you will not click well.

It’s not enough to be careless, it’s not enough to seem to understand but not understand, and it’s not enough to read it once or twice and pass by in a flash. When we get an ancient text without punctuation marks, we must first read the entire text and study it repeatedly. As the saying goes, "Read a book a hundred times, and its meaning will become apparent." If you read it more times, you will naturally understand its meaning.

Then according to the content of the article, first break out several large paragraphs or levels, and break off the places where you are sure. 2. Read the full text from front to back, distinguishing the easy ones first and then the difficult ones.

Adding punctuation points to a paragraph is often easy and difficult. After we have roughly grasped the meaning of the article, we can first disconnect the ones that can be disconnected based on the sense of language, gradually narrow the scope, and then focus on analyzing the difficult sentences.

This is a method of starting with the easier and then the harder. For example, you can break sentences that are easy to distinguish based on some obvious signs (such as function words, dialogues, etc. mentioned below).

In addition, we must be aware of the full text. For places that are difficult to disconnect, we must connect the meaning of the context, carefully consider it, and make sure to break the sentence at the appropriate place. 3. Keep a firm grasp on "Yue", "Yun" and "Yan", the dialogue is most easily discovered.

Classical Chinese often uses words such as "曰", "云" and "语" when narrating characters' dialogues, which provides convenience for correct sentence segmentation. When encountering words such as "曰", "云", and "语", we can easily judge the speaker and what he said based on the context.

Such as "Historian said" in the Guangdong volume. 4. Commonly used function words are symbols and have more rules for reference.

There are many function words such as "Zhi Hu Zhe Ye" in classical Chinese. Ouyang Xiu's "The Drunken Old Pavilion" uses twenty-seven "ye" characters throughout, and "ye" is used at the end of almost every sentence. "The word is passed down as a beautiful talk. The main function of classical Chinese function words is to express grammatical relations and tone, and they are often an important indicator of clear sentence reading.

We are familiar with the usage of various common function words in our studies, especially their common positions in sentences, which are helpful for sentence segmentation: ① The modal particles at the beginning of the sentence "Qi, Gai, Wei, Yong, Fu, Sentences can be segmented before and after "and ruofu", etc., which are often used for relatively independent interjections at the beginning of sentences, such as sighing for husband, sighing for husband, sighing for husband, 嗟hu, wuhu, etc., and can be used for sentence segmentation before and after; ② At the end of the sentence, the modal particles "ye, 矣, ye, zai, hu" ", Yan, Xi, Er, just" can be followed by sentences; ③Some related words are commonly used at the beginning of sentences, such as "Gou."

3. Looking for new usage of punctuation marks in high school Chinese language

Thematic guidance on the correct use of punctuation marks. Explanation of test points. This test point requires students to be familiar with the types of punctuation marks, master the usage, function and writing position of various punctuation marks, focusing on Master the usage of colons, semicolons, dashes, quotation marks, question marks and the combined use of marks and periods; be able to add punctuation points to modern and classical Chinese texts; be able to correct or make up for correct or missing punctuation points, so as to write standardizedly and use them correctly.

The ability to apply punctuation marks is one of the basic skills of Chinese language learning. The test on the use of punctuation marks in the college entrance examination generally has a high degree of comprehensiveness and skill, with a score of 2-5 points. between. In recent years, the knowledge points with the highest frequency in exams include: ① The use of question marks.

②The positional relationship between quotation marks and related dots. ③Use periods, colons, semicolons, commas, and pauses to show the level of the article.

Since 1987, there have been two forms of propositions in this test, one is single-choice questions, and the other is error correction questions in comprehensive pragmatic questions. Summary of knowledge points 1. Types and usage of punctuation marks There are 16 types of punctuation marks, which is the latest number in the "Usage of Punctuation Marks" re-promulgated by the State Language Commission and the Press and Publication Administration in 1990.

Including periods, question marks, exclamation marks, commas, spaces, semicolons, stomach marks, quotation marks, brackets, dashes, ellipses, emphasis marks, hyphens, indirect marks, book title marks, and proper name marks. Punctuation marks are divided into two categories: periods and marks.

The following describes respectively [dot mark] The function of the dot mark is to break, mainly indicating the pause of the statement and the tone of the structural relationship. According to the different positions used, the period mark can be divided into two types: the period mark at the end of the sentence and the period mark in the middle of the sentence.

1. The period mark at the end of a sentence includes three types: period, question mark, and exclamation mark, which indicate a big pause after finishing a sentence. (1) Period (.)

Period is used at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a pause after the declarative sentence is completed. For example: ① People across the country, especially young people, must seriously study and understand the history of the motherland, especially the history of modern times.

② Please close the door. ③ We must go back today.

④Class is over. Regardless of the length of the sentence, as long as it is a declarative sentence with a complete structure and independent meaning, a period pause should be used after the sentence.

Periods are also used in analytic sentences with a soothing tone (such as Example 2), declarative sentences with emphasis (such as Example 3), and sometimes single-word main sentences (such as Example 4) to express the declarative tone. (2) Question mark (?) Question mark is used at the end of a sentence to express a questioning tone.

For example: Why are you back so late today? who is he? From where? When using question marks, you should pay attention to the following points: ① Rhetorical questions and hypothetical questions are questions without doubt. The former only asks but does not answer, and the definite meaning to be expressed is contained in the question; the latter asks and answers itself in order to attract the reader's attention, but both are in a questioning mood, so a question mark is used at the end of the sentence.

For example: When the war was fierce, didn’t we once walk back and forth in the fields looking for weeds? Who created the human world? It is we, the working people, who choose ② Although the question sentence contains two or more options, it is still a complete sentence and expresses the complete meaning. Therefore, only a question mark is used in the sentence, and commas are used between the items in the sentence. ; But sometimes in order to emphasize the independence of each option, you can also use a question mark after each item. For example: Did she become a beggar when she left her fourth uncle's house, or did she first go to Mrs. Wei's house and then become a beggar? Should you be the invigilator tomorrow, or should I be the invigilator? What about standing in front of them and leading them? Or stand behind them and criticize them? Or stand on the opposite side of people and oppose them? ③Some analytical sentences that express a euphemistic tone can also use a question mark at the end of the sentence.

For example: Could you please move your stool a little? Would you like to come over? ④ In some question sentences, the subject and predicate are inverted, so be careful to put the question mark at the end of the sentence. For example: What's wrong, you? ⑤ Although some sentences contain interrogative words (who, what, how, etc.), they are not really asking questions, but expressing a declarative mood, so periods should be used.

For example: I don’t know who he picked up at the station. I don't have anything, but I don't know what others think.

(3) Exclamation mark (!) The exclamation mark indicates a pause at the end of an emotionally charged sentence.

① Indicates the pause at the end of an exclamatory sentence.

For example: Once it takes root, it is not afraid of being trampled or ravaged, but it still gets up again and again and blooms with tiny flowers! Let’s sing to welcome Hong Kong’s return! ② Use exclamation points in very strong analytical sentences. For example: Sister-in-law Xianglin, just leave it alone! ③ Use an exclamation point after a strong rhetorical question.

For example: There is nothing in the world that does not contain contradictions! ④ Exclamation points can be used for single-word sentences with strong tone, non-subject-predicate sentences and interjections with strong emotions. For example: Long distance! airplane! Oh! You're on the wrong track.

⑤ Use exclamation points after salutations, responses and onomatopoeia, and at the end of slogans if they contain strong emotions. 2. There are four types of dots in the sentence: comma, semicolon, pause and colon, which indicate pauses and structural relationships in the sentence.

(1) Comma (,) indicates a pause in the middle of a sentence. ① In complex sentences, commas are often used within or between clauses.

For example: Although the so-called memories can make people happy, sometimes they can also make people lonely. What is the meaning of having the spiritual thread still holding the lonely time that has passed away? And I am suffering from it. You can't completely forget it. This part that can't be completely forgotten has now become the origin of "The Scream". ② When the subject of the sentence (a complex phrase is the subject) is long, or when the subject is short but needs to be emphasized, or when there is a modal particle after the subject, a comma should be used after the subject.

For example: This huge blow and unspeakable grief almost knocked Wu Jichang down. He is our class teacher, Teacher Liu.

You are so disappointing. ③ The predicate of the sentence is a subject-predicate phrase. Sometimes the subject needs to pause, so use a comma.

For example: Lu Xun had long opposed this foreign stereotype. ④ When the object of the sentence is long, use a comma in front of it.

For example: I remember that she was still a naive little girl at that time. ⑤ The adverbial is at the beginning of the sentence, and a comma is used after the adverbial.

For example: In the blink of an eye, four large piles of firewood at the top of the post are ready! ⑥ Used between inverted sentence components. For example: Come out, you guys! (subject-predicate inversion) There are many trees growing on all sides of the lotus pond, which are full of lush mushrooms.

(attributive postposition) Our motherland is leaping forward at a high speed, along the road to victory. (Adverbial postposition) ⑦ Used between parallel phrases.

For example: Tongmuling, Huangyangjie, Zhushachong, Bamianshan and Shuangmashi are the five major outposts of Jinggangshan. Pencils, erasers, electronic calculators, etc. 4. Punctuation skills

Based on people’s current experience in sentence segmentation and punctuation, there are mainly the following methods for sentence segmentation and punctuation in classical Chinese: 1. segment sentences and add punctuation according to part of speech and word order.

The parts of speech and the order of word combinations in classical Chinese are basically the same in ancient and modern times. In this way, sentences can be segmented and punctuated according to the parts of speech and their grammatical relationships. For example: "He Ruobi, the right-leading general, said that he was famous for his fame among the courtiers and every time he praised himself as prime minister." After checking, it was found that only "that, Three verbs: "chu, xu".

There are three adverbs "自, EVERY, 自", an auxiliary "Zhi", a preposition "Yi", and the rest are nouns. Among these types of words, the relationship between three adverbs, one particle, and one preposition is self-evident.

There are mainly three verbs, and "predicate" is a special verb, which means "as". It can be seen that it is preceded by the statement object, and followed by the related content. The content is relatively Complex, when it is a situation. "Xu" is at the end of the sentence and is originally an verb.

It can be seen that the part of speech in the whole sentence is clear and the relationship between the words is clear. The punctuated sentence is like this: "He Ruobi, the general who leads the right army, claims that his fame is higher than that of the courtiers, and he always regards himself as prime minister. . ” We say that segmenting sentences and adding punctuation according to the rules of sentence composition is the most reliable and easy to grasp.

2. Segment sentences and add punctuation according to special sentence patterns and fixed formats. There are many special sentence patterns and fixed methods commonly used in classical Chinese, such as object preposition, attributive postposition, prepositional structure postposition, predicate preposition, judgment sentence patterns, passive sentence patterns, etc. Grasp these commonly used idiomatic sentence patterns, Segment sentences and add punctuation.

For example, "In my opinion, the current situation in the world is not beneficial to Suzhou, nor is it good for Suzhou, nor is it good for Gusu, nor is it good for Gusu. However, those who do not dominate will be disadvantaged." After checking, there are three prepositions "yu", and they form three identical preposition structures, and they are all located after the adjectives in the sentence. It is obviously a postposition of the preposition structure.

There is another echoing "Zheye" sentence pattern, which obviously constitutes a judgment sentence. In this way, the punctuation of this sentence should be added like this: "In my current world, the situation is not conducive to Gusu, grain and silk are not rich in Gusu, and armor and soldiers are not conducive to Gusu. However, those who do not dominate will be disadvantaged."

It will be much easier to grasp these special sentence patterns, segment sentences, and add punctuation. 3. Segment sentences and add punctuation according to the word marks used in the conversation.

In classical Chinese texts, some dialogues have dialogue marks, such as "Yuyue, Yun, Yan, Dao, Bai, Dui, Predicate", etc. Use these dialogue marks to segment sentences and add punctuation. For example, in the passage below, "King Wei of Qi and King Hui of Wei met in the suburbs and King Hui said that Qi also had treasures, but King Wei said there were none." If we grasp the "said" in the text, we can conclude: "King Wei of Qi, King Hui of Wei Wang Hui was in the suburbs.

King Hui said: "Is there any treasure in Qi?" King Wei said: "There is nothing."" Mastering these signs of speech is of great help in sentence fragmentation.

4. Segment sentences and add punctuation according to various modal particles. In classical Chinese, there are several modal particles that express different moods.

Such as "ye, ye, er, hu. zai, ye, husband, gai, wuhu" etc. These intonations indicate different moods, either at the beginning of the sentence, in the middle of the sentence, or in the sentence. tail.

It is a rule to seize these tones to break sentences and add punctuation, and it will be much easier to break sentences. For example, "The members of the Daxiang party said that Confucius was learned but not famous. When the disciples heard about it, they said, "How can I hold on to control? If I hold on to shooting, I hold on to control." This is based on the modal particles in the sentence.

This passage can be shortened to "The Daxiang party members said: 'How great, Confucius! He is learned but has no reputation.' When Confucius heard this, he said: 'Why am I holding on? To control? To shoot. Huh? I am determined to control it.

'" 5. Break sentences and add punctuation according to rhetorical skills. The ancients paid great attention to rhetorical skills when writing articles.

Some pay attention to the neatness of sentence patterns and the harmony of rhythm, while others focus on the use of rhetorical figures such as antithesis, symmetry, parallelism, and overlap. When segmenting sentences and adding punctuation points to classical Chinese, paying full attention to these rhetorical phenomena will bring a lot of convenience to segmenting sentences and adding punctuation points.

As in the following paragraph: "When people are young, their expressions are fixed and their speech, laughter, and behavior are uninfluenced and uninfluenced. They have no intention of learning and are naturally darkened. Not to mention those who can learn and practice skills more clearly." You can use rhetorical phenomena to segment sentences and add punctuation.

This passage can be concluded as "When a person is a young man, his expression is calm, he is not married to others, he is smeared, his words, laughter and actions are not interested in learning, and he is subtle and dark, and it is natural, let alone practice. Those who can learn the skills more easily." 5. How to use punctuation marks in classical Chinese. How to mark punctuation marks in classical Chinese.

1. Literacy of words and meanings is the prerequisite for punctuation in classical Chinese. For example:

Take two qian powder and get the medicine. At the age of five or six, a relative becomes ill. ("Three Kingdoms: Biography of Hua Tuo", China 1959)

Give Liangqian powder and get the medicine. If you are five or six years old, your relatives will be sick. (Hua Tuo) Take two coins of powder and make it into a medicine to cure the illness of a relative aged five or six.

2. Be familiar with the morphology and syntax of classical Chinese. For example:

Stable burning. The son retreated from the court. He said, "Is it hurting someone?" He asked the horse. The stables burned. The son retreated from the court. He said, "Did it hurt anyone?" He didn't ask about the horse. The stables burned. The son retreated from the court. He said: "Is it hurting anyone?" "No." asked the horse. Stable Fenzi retreated from the court and said that he hurt people without asking about horses ("The Analects of Confucius Xiangdang")

3. You must have sufficient knowledge of ancient culture. For example:

Historical Records of Tianguan Shuyun. Bullocks are sacrificed. Its Beihegu. River Drum Star. Admiral left and right. Right and left generals. (Hu Zai's "Tiaoxi Yuyincong Hua", Business "Wanyou Library")

Historical records of Tianguan Shu say: "The morning glory is sacrificed, and its Beihegu. The star of Hegu will be on the left and right." The left and right generals,? (ibid., People's Literature 1962)

Zhang Shoujie's "Justice": "The three stars of the River Drum, in the north of Qianniu, are in charge of the army drum. The three generals of Gai Tianzi: the central star, the general; The star on its south is the general on the left; the star on the north is the general on the right. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare for Guan Liang and resist the difficulties.

"

"Historical Records·Tianguan Shu" says: "The cow is sacrificed, and the Beihe drum is there. Hegu, big star, general; left and right, left and right generals. ”

4. Make full use of classical Chinese function words. For example:

Today, Pu Shaoxiao has written a comprehensive collection of poems and poems. The talk between the prime minister and his husband in the street must be admirable; The songs are elegant and elegant; the thoughts of ordinary people are not easily abandoned. (Cao Zhi's "Yang Xiu Shu", Zhonghua 1977 "Selected Works")

Today, Pu Shaoxiao's poems and poems are in harmony. There must be something to be learned from the husband's talk in the street; the song of beating the shaft is elegant; the thoughts of an ordinary man are not easily discarded.

Today, Pu Shaoxiao's poems and poems are related to the husband's street. Talking about alleys must be admirable, and the song of "beating the shaft" has a corresponding style and the thoughts of Yapifu are not easily abandoned. 6. Punctuation marks in junior high school classical Chinese

1. Analysis of test points Punctuation marks are an indispensable part of written language. , used to express pauses, mood, and the nature and function of words.

Punctuation marks include two categories: dots and marks. There are seven commonly used dot marks, and there are nine types and sixteen types of marks. .

The function of the period is to break, mainly indicating the pause of the sentence and the tone of the structural relationship. According to the different positions used, the period can be divided into two types: the period at the end of the sentence and the period in the middle of the sentence.

Marks include: quotation marks, brackets, dashes, ellipses, emphasis marks, spacers, book titles, etc. (1) Use of commas, commas, and semicolons 1. The comma is the smallest pause within a sentence and is commonly used. Between parallel words or phrases (no pauses between clauses)

For example: (1) There is a stream flowing quietly, giving its humor, aura, and true feelings to the earth. , also dedicated to people. (2006 Hangzhou High School Entrance Examination) (2) Literary works, whether poetry, prose, novels, or operas, each have their own logical structure and can cultivate thinking ability.

(2007) (Year High School Entrance Examination) However, there is no comma between the parallel predicates and complements. For example: (1) This year's water conservancy construction task is heavy, difficult and large-scale.

(2) ) You must continue to improve, become literate, and produce. (3) His stories are real and touching.

(4) There is a stream flowing quietly, imparting its humor, aura, and true feelings. To the earth, but also to people. 2. There is no comma between the parallel words with modal particles.

For example: The mountains, water, trees, and grass here are all. I have been familiar with it since I was a child. 3. The conjunctions "and, or, and, and" have been used in parallel words, and the comma cannot be used anymore.

For example: my country's science, culture, health, education and. The press and publishing industry has made great progress. (Generally, the last two items of parallel words use conjunctions instead of commas.) 4. Adjacent numbers indicate divisors without commas.

For example: He has walked three or four miles. Note: It should be distinguished from the two parallel situations.

For example: Domestic universities require students to take a foreign language elective in their first and second years. 5. Collective words are closely related and do not need to be separated by commas.

Such as: public security officers, primary and secondary school students, colleges and universities, men, women, old and young, etc. 6. There is no need for commas between quotation marks and book titles to express parallelism. They must be used. Only commas can be used.

For example: I have watched many excellent movies recently, such as "Hero", "Infernal Affairs", "Life is Beautiful", etc. At this time, slogans of "Learn from Kong Fansen" and "Pay tribute to Kong Fansen" rang out in the classroom.

7. Pay attention to the classification of parallel words. Use commas for small words and commas for big words; use commas for small words between clauses, semicolons or even periods for big words. For example, the explosion of atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs, and the launch and recovery of artificial satellites mark that the development of science and technology in our country has reached a new level.

A beautiful girl should be tall, but not too tall. The face should be white, but not too white; the face should be white but not too red.

Many libraries in our country have annual funding of only 10,000 to 20,000 yuan. After excluding salaries and office expenses, you can imagine how much money is left for book purchases. 8. Semicolons are generally used between parallel clauses within a complex sentence; but if there are no commas between clauses, semicolons cannot be used directly.

For example: language is used by people to express their feelings; words are used by people to record words and events. The beauty of architecture is hazy, but it can be clear; the beauty of architecture is abstract, but it can be concrete.

Genius comes from diligence, and knowledge comes from accumulation. The beauty of the West Lake lies in its exquisiteness and grandeur. It is like a woman from the south of the Yangtze River showing her tenderness and feelings; and like a passionate man showing his broad mind.

(Semicolons should be commas) (2) Use of question marks 1. Although some sentences have question words, they only serve as part of the entire sentence (usually the subject or object), and no question mark is needed at the end of the sentence. . For example: I found out when she left and which bus she took.

I don't know what this is all about. 2. No matter how many options there are in a choice question, only one question mark can be used at the end of the sentence, and commas should be used between other sentences.

For example: Are you coming by plane, car, or ship? Please give me a reply as soon as possible. [Note] It should be distinguished from: Tell me whether you are coming by car or by plane.

3. If several consecutive questions do not express a choice relationship, but ask questions separately, then as many question marks as there are questions. For example: Who should solve this problem? How to solve it? 4. In an inverted sentence, the question mark is placed at the end of the sentence.

For example: "What on earth is going on, comrades?" the factory director asked. What's the matter, you? [Note] In inverted sentences, exclamation points have the same situation.

For example: Just leave it alone, Sister-in-law Xianglin! 5. Rhetorical question, hypothetical question: When personality becomes a temperament and a noble quality of life, can you accept and enjoy it unhappily? Since nature has given us extremely noble brains, why not climb to the top of the mountain with hope and greet the rising sun? (3) Use of colon 1. Used after a general statement to indicate that the following words need to be explained in detail or to indicate that the words before the colon lead to the following words. For example: There are four gates in the Forbidden City in Beijing: Meridian Gate, Shenwu Gate, Donghua Gate, and Xihua Gate.

2. Used after prompting words (such as say, think, prove, announce, point out, decide, reveal, discover, reflect, for example, as follows, etc.) to elicit specific content. For example: During the investigation, the reporter found that in recent years, the labor concept of primary and secondary school students has become increasingly weak.

When the academic committee announced that Comrade Zhang Yi had received a doctorate, the hall burst into warm applause. (Because the pause is short and cannot be extended to the end of the sentence, the colon is removed.) Excellent films participating in the National Day celebrations: "The Storm", "Song of Youth", "Lin Zexu", etc. will also be screened in major cities.

[Note] After these suggestive words, you can also use commas directly to introduce the following. A large number of facts have proven that patriotic education stimulates students' enthusiasm for learning, so patriotic education must be carried out frequently.

3. Used before a general sentence to summarize the above. (The above are often several parallel situations) For example: those wearing red vests in the stock exchange are brokers, and those wearing yellow vests are management and service personnel: this is unified all over the world.

4. The reminder function of the colon should be played to the end of the sentence, not to the middle of the sentence. If only one of them were taken care of. 7. Punctuation and proofreading of classical Chinese, what are the essentials for sentence segmentation?

Sentence segmentation and punctuation in classical Chinese

Segmenting sentences in classical Chinese is traditionally called "sentence reading". Sentence reading is the most basic ability for reading ancient texts. The basis of sentence segmentation lies in the understanding of the entire article. Therefore, before breaking a sentence, you should read it several times to try to have a general understanding of the content of the full text. Break off what can be broken first, gradually narrow the scope, and then concentrate on analyzing the connection between the difficult to break sentence and the context. When segmenting sentences, you should also pay attention to the genre, language style, and completeness of the sentence meaning. The use of punctuation should be standardized and consistent with the usage of punctuation in modern Chinese. Strengthen recitation and enhance the sense of language, which is of great help in punctuating sentences. In addition, sentence segmentation can generally follow the following rules: (1) Find the noun (pronoun) and read it in a definite sentence. Like modern Chinese, nouns (pronouns) in classical Chinese are often used as the subject and object of sentences. Therefore, by finding the nouns or pronouns that appear repeatedly in the text, you can basically read the sentence. (2) Look at the function words and read the sentences. Ancient people wrote articles without punctuation marks. When they read sentences clearly, function words become important symbols. Especially before and after modal particles and some conjunctions, sentences are often broken.

For example: pronouns and adverbs expressing respect such as husband, gai, fan, steed, qing, and respect are often used at the beginning of a sentence; modal particles such as ye, 礤, 値, and zai are often used at the end of a sentence; yi, gan, wei, Conjunctions such as and and are often used in sentences. According to this characteristic, finding function words will help sentence reading. (3) Find the truth and read it in definite sentences. Dingzhen is a common form in classical Chinese. The sentences follow each other, and the word used as the object in the previous sentence becomes the subject in the latter sentence. For example: "If you are afraid, you will have thoughts, if you have thoughts, your eyes will be empty." (Wang Chong's "Ding Gui") Based on this characteristic, we can also determine the sentence reading. (4) According to the pairing, read the sentence in definite sentences. Parallelism, parallelism, and symmetry are the most common rhetorical methods in classical Chinese. The sentence structure is neat, with more than four or six sentences, which is another major feature of classical Chinese language. This feature also provides convenience for sentence segmentation. (5) According to the total score, read the final sentence. In classical Chinese texts, there are often forms of total points and divided totals, based on which sentences can also be segmented. (6), dialogue, quotation and sentence reading. Dialogues and quotations in classical Chinese are often marked by "曰" and "云". When two people have a conversation, they usually write the person's name in the first question and answer, and then only use "曰" and omit the subject. When encountering a conversation, you should identify the questioner and answerer based on the context, and read the sentences clearly. (7). Observe repetitions and read in definite sentences. Repetition, especially spaced repetition, is also a common rhetorical method in classical Chinese. For example, in "Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi and accepts remonstrance", "Who is me or Xu Gongmei from the north of the city" is repeated many times, which also provides powerful help for sentence segmentation.