How many kinds of English grammar are there?

Answer; English tense *** 16.

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English grammar: the tense of verbs

English * * * has 16 tense. According to the analysis of CET-4 and CET-6 papers exposed in recent years, the main points of tense test are: perfect tense-present perfect tense, past perfect tense and future perfect tense; Progressive tense-present continuous tense, past continuous tense, future continuous tense and perfect continuous tense; General tense.

One. General tense

1, simple present tense

(1) The simple present tense indicates a continuous action or state without time limit or a repeated action or state at this stage. It is often used with adverbs, such as usually, often, always sometimes, regularly, recently, occasionally, annually, weekly, etc. For example:

The moon goes around the earth ..

Mr Smith goes to work by bus every day.

(2) In time adverbial clauses or conditional adverbial clauses, it is guided by after, until, before, once, when, even if, in case, as long as, as soon as, the moment, if and never. The future tense is usually replaced by the ordinary present tense. For example:

I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.

If it rains tomorrow, I won't go to the country.

(3) Some verbs indicating the beginning can use the simple present tense to indicate the action to be taken according to the regulations, plans or arrangements. Such verbs include: yes, go, come, start, department, arrive, start, leave, etc. For example:

The plane takes off at three o'clock sharp.

The new teacher will arrive tomorrow.

(4) In clauses guided by why, what, where, who, who, that, as, etc. The present tense is often used instead of the future tense. For example:

1) Whoever arrives first will get a free ticket.

2) You may take the same train with me tomorrow.

2. Simple past tense

(1) indicates a complete action or state that occurred at a specific time in the past, and is usually used with words, phrases or clauses that indicate the exact past time. For example:

We went to the cinema to see a very interesting film last night.

(2) said the past habitual action. For example:

He is always the last to go to class.

I used to do my homework in the library.

(Note the difference with the phrase "used to doing")

3. General future tense

1) indicates the planned or expected action or state in the future. For example:

I will graduate next year.

2) Several alternative forms:

1)be going to+v is widely used in spoken language to indicate what you are going to do or what will happen. For example:

I'm going to buy a house when we have saved enough money.

2)be to+v means what you plan to do, which has the mandatory meaning of "necessity". For example:

I am going to play tennis this afternoon.

3) Coming soon +v indicates something that will happen soon. For example:

He was about to start.

4)be due to+v means what has been determined in advance and what must happen. For example:

The train is scheduled to leave in ten minutes.

5) Be on the brink of ... ——ing emphasizes that something is about to happen. For example:

When the mother finally came home, the baby almost cried.

Second, the progressive tense

1. Present continuous tense

(1) indicates an ongoing action, and is usually used with now, right now, at the mother, for time, for present, etc. For example:

Don't disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.

(2) indicates actions that often occur at this stage, and is often used with always, continuously, forever, continuously, etc. For example:

My father always criticizes me.

(3) indicates what will be done in the near future according to the plan or arrangement. Verbs with this grammatical function are limited to transitional verbs. In other words, the verb means to move from one state or position to another. Commonly used are: go, come, leave, get up, arrive, return, etc. For example:

They are going to Hong Kong next month.

(4) Some verbs can't be used in the progressive tense, that is, verbs that express "feeling, affection, existence, subordination" and so on. Such as: look, listen, smell, taste, feel, pay attention, look, appearance, (words expressing feelings); Hate, love, fear, like, want, hope, favor, refuse, give (verbs expressing feelings); Be, exist, remain, stay, objective (verbs indicating the state of being); Possession, possession, possession, inclusion, belonging, composition, formation (verb indicating ownership and subordination); Understand, know, believe, think, doubt, forget, remember (a verb indicating thinking and understanding). But if their meaning changes, they can also be used in the continuous tense. For example:

Tom looks pale. What happened to him?

(look is a relative verb here, meaning "appear, look")

Tom is looking for his book.

(look is a notional verb here, meaning "seek")

2. Past continuous tense

The past continuous tense means that when one past action happens or after it happens, another past action is going on, or it means the habit of repeating in the past. It is often used with verbs, such as always, continually and constantly. For example:

We were discussing it when the headmaster came in.

Whenever I visit him, he is always writing at his desk.

3. Future continuous tense

The future continuous tense mainly refers to the action that is going on at some time in the future, or the action that starts and continues at some time in the future. Often used to express polite inquiries, requests, etc. For example:

At this time the next day, they will be sitting in the cinema.

What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?

4. When it is finished

The perfect continuous tense (present, past and future) is an emphasis form of the perfect tense (present, past and future) and will be described by the perfect tense.

Third, the perfect tense

When completed, it usually means that an action has been completed or is in progress. It can be divided into:

1.

(1) The present perfect tense is used to indicate that the action that has just been completed (often used with yet, always, just) still affects the current situation, or the situation that happened at a certain time in the past and continues to the present (often used with for, since). For example:

I just finished my homework.

Mary has been ill for three days.

(2) The adverbials of time often used with the present perfect tense are: since, for, during, over and other phrases; Adverbs have, however, just now, once, now, before, often, recently, etc. Adverbial phrases this week (morning, month, year), so far, so far, many times, so far, etc. For example:

1) I haven't been there for five years.

So far, she hasn't enjoyed her summer vacation.

3) Many changes have taken place since 1978.

The perfect can be used in the following structures:

This(that, it) is (was) the first (second ...) time+attributive clause; This(that, it) is the only (last)+n+ attributive clause; This(That, It) is (was)+ superlative adjective +n+ attributive clause. If the predicate verb of the main clause is the simple present tense, the predicate verb of the clause usually uses the present perfect tense; If the main clause predicate verb is the simple past tense, the clause predicate verb usually uses the past perfect tense. For example:

This is one of the rarest questions raised at such a meeting.

Someone knocked at the door. This is the second time someone interrupted me that night.

2. Past perfect tense

(1) indicates an action or situation that happened before a certain time in the past, which can be expressed by prepositional phrases such as by and before or adverbial clauses of time; Or an action has been completed before another past action. For example:

We had just had breakfast when Tom came in.

By the end of last year, they had produced 5000 bicycles.

(2) Verbs expect, hope, mean, intention, plan, support, wish, want, etc. Use the past perfect tense to indicate that the past hopes, expectations, intentions or wishes have not been realized. For example:

I had planned to have a good holiday this year, but I couldn't leave.

The other two expressions of "what I wanted to do but didn't do" are:

1) Have/have+done something, for example:

We were supposed to come yesterday, but we couldn't.

2) intend to (expect, hope, meanness, plan, support, hope, expectation)+do something, for example:

I meant to tell you about it, but I forgot.

The past perfect tense is often used in the following fixed sentence patterns:

Few, few, few+past perfect tense +when+ past tense. For example:

Hardly had I got on the bus when the bus started.

2) not happened+past perfect tense +than+ past tense. For example:

Hardly had I gone out when he came to see me.

3)by(the end of)+ past time, the predicate verb in the main sentence is the past perfect tense. For example:

By 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon, the experiment had been completed.

3. Future perfect tense

The future perfect tense means an action that will be completed at some time in the future or an action that has been completed before another future action occurs; It can also be used to express speculation. Adverbials of time often used with future perfect tense are: by(the time/the end of)+ phrases and sentences indicating future time; Before (the end of of)+a word or sentence indicating the future time; When, after, etc. Add a sentence indicating future action. For example:

You will have arrived in Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

I will finish this composition before nine o'clock.

When we arrived at the railway station, the train might have left.

4. When it is finished

The perfect continuous tense is the emphasis form of the perfect tense, including the present perfect continuous tense, the past perfect continuous tense and the future perfect continuous tense.

(1) The present perfect continuous tense means that an action or state that started before a certain time in the past has continued until a certain time in the past. For example:

I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still can't find it.

(2) The past perfect continuous tense indicates that the action or state that started before a certain moment in the past has continued until a certain moment in the past. For example:

It has been raining cats and dogs for more than a week, and it has caused landslides in many places.

(3) The future perfect continuous tense means that the action or state that started before a certain time in the future will last until a certain time in the future. For example:

When you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.

Four: temporal consistency

Temporal consistency is an important part of College English Test Band 4 and Band 6. Usually, the tense of the main clause predicate determines the tense of the clause predicate. The general principle is:

1. When the predicate of the main clause uses the present tense or the future, the predicate of the clause uses any tense according to the specific situation.

He said that he lived in Wuhan.

We hope many people will attend your party today.

"Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house? ""Yes, but I don't know who bought it. "

"The street is very busy. “

"Of course. Do you think the astronauts have come back? "

2. When the predicate of the main clause uses the past tense, the predicate of the clause must use the past tense.

He said that he was writing a novel.

The teacher wants to know when we will finish the experiment.

He said that his father was an engineer.

3. When the clause is a truth indicating that there is no concept of time, the predicate of the clause should use the simple present tense. For example:

The teacher told them that lightning seems to appear before thunder because light travels faster than sound.

Note: in this case, even if the main clause predicate uses various tenses of the past tense, the clause predicate uses the simple present tense.

4. When the predicate of a clause can only use subjunctive mood.

When using the principle of time consistency to determine the tense of clause verbs, we should also pay attention to the fact that if the subject verb is a verb expressing command, request, demand, suggestion, advice, etc. The predicate of a clause can only use subjunctive mood and cannot follow the principle of time consistency. For example:

We insist that we do it ourselves.

Verb voice

Voice is also a form of verbs. There are two voices in English: active voice and passive voice. The active voice indicates that the subject is the executor of the action, while the passive voice indicates that the subject is the receiver of the action.

We use electricity to run the machine. (active voice)

Electricity is used to run machines. (passive voice)

1. cannot be used for verbs and phrases in the passive voice.

(1) In English, intransitive verbs cannot be used in the passive voice, but some intransitive verbs (including phrases) are easily misused. Such as: appear, belong to, belong to, die, escape, fall, be happy, continue, keep, succeed, happen, come true, happen, consist of.

(2) Some transitive verbs, such as becoming, containing, spending, fitting, owning, assembling and fitting, have no passive voice.

2. The tense form of passive voice

Several tense forms of commonly used passive voice are listed in table 1.

Table 1

Simple continuous tense and perfect tense

Now I'm being asked, I'm being asked.

Be asked to be asked

Be asked to be asked

get through

Be asked to be asked

Be asked to be asked

In the future, you should ask all questions.

Will be asked, will be asked

In the past, the questions should have been asked long ago.

The future will be asked.

3. Passive voice of phrasal verbs

When a phrasal verb is converted into passive voice, it is usually regarded as a verb, and the preposition or adverb behind it cannot be disassembled or omitted. For example:

1) So far, no correct conclusion has been reached.

All the rubbish should be thrown away.

4. Passive voice of "get+-ed participle"

The structure of "get+-ed participle" emphasizes the result of the action, not the action itself, and is often used to express sudden and unexpected accidents. For example:

The boy was injured on his way home from work.

In addition, "get+-ed participle" can also be used to talk about what you do for yourself, which is an active behavior rather than a passive behavior. For example:

Get dressed and get divorced.

The engagement became confusing.

Get lost. Go and wash.

marry

5. Verbs with two objects and compound objects are changed into passive voice.

(1) When a verb with two objects is changed to the passive voice, only one object can be used as the subject at a time, and the other object can be kept. For example:

We showed our new products to the visitors. (active voice)

Visitors saw our new product. (passive voice)

3) Showed our new products to visitors. (passive voice)

(2) When the verb with compound object becomes passive voice, the original object complement becomes the subject complement. For example:

The teacher appointed him as the Communist Youth League Secretary. (active voice)

He was appointed as the Communist Youth League Secretary. (passive voice)

6. The difference between passive voice and system table structure

This novel is well written. (System table structure)

This novel was written by Diskens. (passive voice)

7. The active voice of some verbs sometimes has passive meaning.

This book sells very well.

Ex. 2: This song sounds beautiful.

Verbs that can be used in this way include reading, wiping, washing and writing.

Ex. 3: My watch needs cleaning. My watch needs cleaning.

Verbs that can be used like need are: want, demand, give up, do, owe, bind, etc.

Example 4: The meat is being cooked.

Example 5: The book written by the professor is being printed.