How do submarines fight?

Submarine, also known as submarine, is a kind of ship that can dive underwater and fight. Modern submarines have good concealment, sudden attack, comprehensive self-sufficiency, long battery life and great attack power, so they have become an important force of the navy. Some people say that under modern conditions, without submarines, it cannot be called a complete navy. In combat, submarines are mainly used to attack large and medium-sized surface ships and submarines, and attack coastal facilities and important fire targets. It can also be used to complete reconnaissance, transport landing personnel, mine laying and other tasks. According to the operational performance of submarines, modern submarines are generally divided into strategic ballistic missile submarines, missile nuclear submarines and attack submarines. According to its power plant, it can be divided into two types: conventional power submarine and nuclear power submarine.

Strategic missile submarines are mainly used for strategic nuclear strikes against important targets on land. The main weapons and equipment are submarine-to-surface missiles and corresponding supporting equipment. In addition, it is equipped with necessary conventional weapons, such as torpedoes. The underwater displacement of nuclear-powered strategic missile submarines is generally more than 5000 tons and less than 30000 tons. The underwater speed is 20 to 30 knots and the diving depth is 300 to 500 meters. Self-sufficiency for two to three months. The underwater displacement of conventional strategic missile submarines is much smaller, generally around 3500 tons, and the speed is also slow, ranging from 14 knots to 15 knots. The dive depth is about 300 meters. The time for self-sufficiency is 30 to 60 days and nights.

Attack submarine is a kind of submarine used to attack surface and underwater targets. There are also nuclear energy and conventional energy. Its main weapons are anti-submarine and anti-ship missiles, torpedoes and mines. The underwater displacement of nuclear-powered attack submarines is relatively large, generally between 3000 tons and 7000 tons; The speed is also very high, mostly between 30 and 42 knots; The dive depth is 300 to 500 meters, and it is self-sufficient for 60 to 90 days and nights. Conventional power attack submarines are much inferior, and their underwater displacement is between 600 and 3000 tons; The underwater speed is only 15 to 20 knots; The dive depth is 200 to 400 meters. Self-sufficiency is between 30 and 60 days and nights.

All kinds of submarines are basically the same in structure, and their main components are navigation power plant, command and control system, weapon system, navigation, communication and observation equipment. The hull includes a solid shell and an outer shell; Power plants include nuclear power and conventional power. The former consists of nuclear reactor, steam emitter, main circulating pump and main steam turbine. The latter consists of diesel engine, storage battery and main motor. The control system is mainly composed of balance water tank, rudder and elevator. Weapon systems mainly include ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, torpedoes and mines. In addition, there are weapons control and launching devices. Weapons and their control and launching devices constitute the weapon system of submarines. A submarine can't live without a navigation device. The navigation device of modern submarine consists of magnetic compass, tantric sutra, log, sounder, sextant, radio, starlight, satellite and inertial navigation equipment. Submarine mainly moves underwater, so its observation equipment is very important. The observation equipment of submarine consists of periscope, radar and sonar. Its communication equipment consists of short wave and ultrashort wave transceivers, long wave and very long wave transceivers and satellite communication equipment.

Submarine is the synthesis of comprehensive technology and the embodiment of the technology of the times. The submarine level of a country often reflects its comprehensive technical ability and its maritime defense ability.

The history of submarines can be traced back to17th century. According to records, in 1620, a Dutch physicist named Delport built a wooden skeleton with skin wrapped in sheepskin, which could dive 3 to 5 meters after water injection. This is the earliest submarine prototype. 1775, American Bushehr built a single submarine, which can stay underwater for 30 phenol. During the American Civil War, steam submarines appeared. 1893, the French built a battery-powered submarine. It was not until the early 20th century that a submarine with combat capability was built, with a displacement of several hundred tons and an underwater speed of 6-8 knots. Not long after the submarine came out, the first world war broke out and the submarine also participated in the war. During the war, several submarines sank 192 surface ships. This record has attracted the attention of all countries to submarines. During the Second World War, submarines fought all over the ocean, and the participating submarines sank more than 40,000 tons of surface ships/kloc-0, including 74 large and medium-sized surface ships/kloc-0. After the war, submarines were further developed. Almost all countries put modern technology into submarine construction. In the mid-1950s, Americans first used nuclear power on submarines. Subsequently, the former Soviet Union, France and Britain also built nuclear-powered submarines. At the same time, the weapons and equipment on submarines are becoming more and more complex, equipped with modern attack weapons such as ballistic missiles, submarine-to-ship missiles and anti-submarine missiles. Moreover, the submarine also uses the most advanced radar, automatic director and satellite receiving equipment. Many countries spare no effort to inject new technology into the development of submarines.

The development of submarine technology in China was after the founding of New China. Old China had no submarine manufacturing capability. After the founding of New China, in the mid-1950s, the 6603 conventional torpedo submarine of the former Soviet Union was introduced. On this basis, China started the research, design and manufacture of submarines. At the end of 1950s, 6633 conventional torpedo submarine was introduced from the former Soviet Union. Then the 663 1 nuclear submarine with conventional power ballistic missile is introduced. On the one hand, these high-priced submarines are equipped with troops to form combat effectiveness, on the other hand, they are used by researchers. 1967 the central government approved the development of a conventional torpedo submarine, code-named 035 submarine. After seven years of hard work, we successfully built our own submarine. 1958, the central government decided to develop nuclear-powered submarines. 1974, the nuclear-powered attack submarine designed and manufactured by China was successfully developed. Nine years later, China delivered its first nuclear-powered ballistic missile nuclear submarine. China became the fifth country to own its own nuclear submarine. At this point, China has not only conventional submarines, but also nuclear-powered submarines; Not only are attack submarines equipped, but also strategic missile submarines are used.