How to build Hangzhou into an ecological city?

Review of environmental protection work in Hangzhou

Since 1980s, with the joint efforts of all walks of life, governments at all levels have well implemented the basic national policy of environmental protection in all aspects of social and economic development. Hangzhou has basically formed a relatively complete system of environmental protection laws and regulations, formed an effective system of environmental management institutions, effectively implemented various environmental protection laws and regulations, and made great achievements in regional pollution control and industrial pollution prevention and control.

The eco-environmental protection work centered on the four major projects of "blue sky, clear water, green and tranquility" has achieved practical results, the quality of the eco-environment has been greatly improved, various environmental protection work has been significantly strengthened, and the construction of urban infrastructure has been greatly strengthened. Bao Si urban sewage treatment plant, Tianziling landfill site, canal sewage interception and other projects have been built, and comprehensive environmental improvement projects such as industrial layout adjustment, comprehensive management of urban rivers, demolition and greening have been carried out, and the urban appearance has undergone earth-shaking changes. In June of 200 1 year, it became a "national environmental protection model city", which laid a good ecological environment foundation for the development of 2 1 century.

Great changes have taken place in the city, and at the same time, Hangzhou's social economy has also made great progress. The total economic output and comprehensive economic strength rank among the top cities in China 10. In 2000, the city's GDP reached 138 billion yuan, ranking second among provincial capitals and third among 15 sub-provincial cities. Since 1990s, it has been awarded the titles of "National Sanitary City", "China Excellent Tourist City", "National Excellent City for Comprehensive Environmental Improvement", "National Garden City" and "National Advanced Greening Unit". Although many achievements have been made, there are also many problems to be solved in the process of development.

2. Environmental problems faced by urban development

(1) The quality of water environment has not improved qualitatively on the whole. Although the tributaries of many small rivers in the suburbs have been rectified, there are still black and smelly phenomena due to improper use. The West Lake looks sparkling on the surface, but in fact, eutrophication is still serious, and there are hidden dangers in the safety of urban drinking water sources to varying degrees.

(2) The urban ambient air quality has basically reached the second-class standard, but the rate of reaching the first-class standard in West Lake Scenic Area is not high. Due to the rapid development of the city, the utilization rate of private cars has soared, which has led to the increasingly obvious impact of automobile exhaust pollution, and the phenomenon of process exhaust pollution disturbing the people in some areas is still serious.

(3) Acoustic environmental problems, especially construction noise and social life noise, are still the hot spots of residents' complaints. Due to the imperfect traffic road system, road traffic noise remains high.

(4) The urban ecosystem, structure and functional layout are unreasonable, the population density and building density of the old city are too high, the intensity of land development is too high, the green coverage rate is low, various fitness and entertainment facilities are lacking, and the living suitability of the old city is poor.

(5) The old environmental pollution such as aquaculture pollution and agricultural non-point source pollution has not been effectively controlled, and new environmental problems such as radioactivity, electromagnetic radiation and light pollution have gradually affected residents' lives.

(6) The construction of regional ecological environment and the ecological project of improving urban human settlements are relatively backward, and the protection of special resources such as wetlands is relatively weak, so the ecological monitoring system needs to be established and improved urgently.

3. Development principles and objectives of urban ecological environment

3. 1 development principle

(1) Ecological priority principle: Beautiful landscape and good ecological environment are the supporting platforms for urban development, and ecological concepts are used to guide urban construction, production and life, so that urban development can be integrated into the natural ecosystem.

(2) The principle of sustainable development: people-oriented, maintaining a high degree of harmony and unity between man and nature, rationally utilizing resources, and realizing the unity of social, economic and environmental benefits.

(3) Highlight the key points of classification and guiding principles: grasp the main problems and contradictions in the process of urban development, organically combine macro-control with micro-governance, manage cities with ecological technology, and guide urban development.

(4) Principle of technological innovation and resource conservation: Make full use of domestic and foreign resources, intensify technological transformation and industrial upgrading, transform traditional industries with high-tech and ecological technologies, and develop knowledge economy and circular economy.

3.2 Development goals

Adhere to the principle of "building the city by environment", carry out the protection, management and construction of urban ecological environment, and build our city into a modern ecological city with beautiful mountains and rivers, beautiful scenery and coordinated and sustainable development of social, economic and environmental conditions through 20 or 20 years of efforts.

(1) Improve the urban living environment, improve the urban spatial structure, and create urban landscape passages. Integrate the concept of ecological design into various projects of urban construction, introduce forests into cities, and build a garden-like artificial ecosystem.

(2) Taking the construction of urban ecological protection barrier as the goal, we will vigorously implement key ecological construction projects to create urban ecological landscape diversity and promote regional biodiversity.

(3) With the construction of eco-agriculture and eco-industrial system as the goal, vigorously promote ISO 1400 1 and cleaner production, strengthen the construction of eco-agriculture and eco-industrial parks, and minimize resource consumption and waste discharge.

(4) With the goal of building an international scenic tourist city and a famous historical and cultural city, we should inherit and carry forward history and culture, and create historical landscape diversity of Liangzhu culture, Canal culture, West Lake culture and Qiantang culture.

4. Eco-city construction content

4. 1 urban ecological design

(1) Scientific planning, rational distribution of urban functions and ecological planning of urban land use.

Give full play to the advantages of administrative regional expansion, scientifically formulate urban land development strategy, analyze and study the optimal utilization function of urban blocks from the ecological point of view, ease the flow of people and logistics in the old city, improve the living environment in the old city, rationally develop land resources in the new city, rationally allocate and arrange industrial land, residential land, agricultural land and other land, minimize the pressure and damage of urban construction on the natural ecosystem, maintain the capacity of material reduction, degradation and purification of the natural ecosystem, and reserve land for urban development.

(2) Reasonably design the urban spatial structure, and maintain the natural landscape characteristics of the water towns in the south of the Yangtze River.

According to the distribution characteristics of basic resources such as land and water in the city, the reasonable population and environmental capacity of each block of the city are determined by considering the land carrying capacity and per capita water resources. In order to protect the delicate jasper of the small houses in the south of the Yangtze River, the aura and green vitality of the natural landscape, and rationally design the urban layout, the group-type and leap-forward urban spatial structure model of "one main body, three auxiliary bodies, six ecological zones" is adopted to avoid the destruction of the landscape during the construction of the new city.

(3) Control the urban population scale reasonably, reduce the urban population density and improve the population quality.

With the improvement of urbanization, it is necessary to reasonably control the mechanical growth rate and natural growth rate of urban population, pay attention to the age structure of the population, and pay attention to social issues such as medical care and care for the elderly. In order to maintain the vitality of the city, we should remain open in population migration and encourage the rational flow of people. Attach importance to the development of satellite towns, while alleviating the population pressure in the old city and promoting the urbanization process of the suburban population, scientifically control the population density and handle the relationship between town size and population. Improve the education system of universities, primary and secondary schools, reduce the pressure of entering higher schools, complete the transformation from exam-oriented education to quality education, and build a regional cultural center and a historical and cultural city through the improvement of urban cultural level and the innovation of production technology.

(4) Improve the urban energy structure and develop clean energy and renewable energy.

Make full use of the energy policy and key projects of "West-to-East Gas Transmission", implement the project of natural gas entering Hangzhou, and vigorously develop other alternative energy sources to reduce coal consumption. The introduction of natural gas, the development and utilization of solar energy, the development and utilization of biomass energy and hydropower together constitute diversified clean energy and renewable energy in the city.

(5) Construct a benign urban water cycle and improve the upper and lower water systems.

Although Hangzhou is located in the subtropical humid monsoon climate zone and is relatively rich in water resources, the per capita water resources are slightly lower than the national average. At the same time, there are many problems: Dongtiaoxi is a seasonal river with mountains and streams, and the temporal and spatial distribution of water resources is extremely uneven; The plain river networks in the Canal Basin and Shangtang River Basin are short of water. Qiantang River is greatly affected by tides, and there are still uncertain factors such as the coordination of upstream and downstream water resources distribution, inter-basin water resources dispatching and basin water quality control. Therefore, we must improve urban water supply system and drainage system to protect water quality, and develop water-saving industries, such as water-saving irrigation technology and reclaimed water utilization technology, in order to build a water-saving city.

(6) Improve the material recovery system, and develop the classified garbage collection and waste recovery industry.

A large number of logistics and energy flows maintain the process of production, life, service and consumption in cities. The material input and output of cities are extremely unbalanced. A large number of domestic garbage, construction garbage and industrial garbage are regarded as garbage, or buried, burned or abandoned in the environment, which not only occupies land resources and pollutes the environment, but also wastes various valuable resources. Reusing waste materials as resources and minimizing the use of consumable materials will guide the city to develop into a "closed material circulation system", strengthen the connection with natural ecosystems, and integrate urban artificial ecosystems with the natural ecosystems on which they depend.

(7) Strengthen the ecological design of urban details, and build an artificial environment adapted to the natural environment.

Cities are composed of various infrastructures and public buildings, which are an organic part of urban ecological environment. While giving full play to its functions, we must also consider its ecological effects, such as avoiding urban traffic roads from passing through ecologically fragile areas, optimizing the layout and reasonable density of road networks, lighting and energy saving of scientifically designed urban buildings, coordination and consistency between urban architectural landscape and natural landscape, and the structure of urban green space. And pay special attention to the ecology of polluted water bodies and land.

(8) Construct urban ecological protection circle and ecological corridor, and create a good ecological protection system.

Rational development and utilization of water resources in Qiantang River and Dongtiaoxi River, protection of special resources such as forests and wetlands, and maintenance of ecological landscape diversity; Improve the urban green space system, fully rely on the forest resources in the southern, western and northern mountainous areas, build ecological public welfare forests, introduce green into cities on a large scale, build cities in forests, and build forests in cities. Construction of ecological greening corridor along the river, construction of road network ecological protection forest belt, construction of residential greening theme park, improve the green rate of built-up areas, protect basic farmland, and create urban ecological green lung, ecological context, ecological corridor and ecological protection circle.

4.2 Establish an eco-industrial system to promote the sustainable development of industry.

(1) Macroscopically, strengthen industrial orientation, formulate relevant policies, encourage the development of industries that conform to the nature of the city, and eliminate industries that prohibit high investment, high energy consumption and heavy pollution; Strengthen guidance and services, encourage the transformation of traditional industries with high technology, and maintain the advantages of traditional industries such as silk and textile in Hangzhou. Actively introduce all kinds of resources at home and abroad, rely on the high-tech industrial incubator of Zhejiang University, develop industries such as information, biology, new materials, education and tourism, and build a "paradise silicon valley".

(2) On the middle level, strengthen the construction of industrial parks, rationally plan the layout of industrial parks, strengthen the environmental protection management of industrial parks, improve the environmental protection infrastructure of industrial parks, realize the sharing of pollution control facilities and other resources, guide the cooperation and exchange of raw materials, energy and waste utilization between factories, and build an eco-industrial park centered on (thermal) power plants.

(3) At the micro level, clean production technology, ISO 1400 1 environmental management system, product life cycle analysis and energy audit should be carried out. Transform traditional technology with high technology, carry out ecological design of products, implement green production of products, advocate green packaging and consumption of products, establish and improve product recycling system, and cultivate good environmental behavior of enterprises, thus reducing energy consumption, improving production efficiency and reducing production costs.

4.3 Develop ecological agriculture and promote rural ecological environment protection.

(1) Implement the construction of ecological villages and towns, strengthen the protection and comprehensive improvement of rural ecological environment, and improve and improve the quality of rural ecological environment. In particular, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of environmental protection infrastructure in towns and villages, build village sewage treatment plants (stations), promote the harmless resource treatment of garbage, rationally arrange industrial parks with township characteristics, let green surround the countryside, and create a number of small towns with beautiful environment.

(2) Strengthen policy guidance and agricultural science and technology services, vigorously build standard farmland and ecological agriculture areas in river network plain areas, improve agricultural planting structure and breeding structure, optimize the ratio of food crops to cash crops, and develop green agriculture, high-efficiency agriculture and leisure and sightseeing agriculture. Vigorously implement ecological public welfare forest projects and high-efficiency mountain agriculture projects in mountainous and hilly areas, and develop high-efficiency agriculture with one-stop production, processing and sales of mountain food and organic food.

(3) Increase the investment and application of agricultural science and technology, popularize chemical pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue, and develop and popularize pollution-free and degradable biological pesticides; Implement scientific and balanced fertilization and popularize high-efficiency compound fertilizer, green fertilizer and organic fertilizer. Popularize the use of efficient water-saving irrigation technology and vigorously develop water-saving agriculture. Through comprehensive measures, maintain and improve farmland fertility and promote the sustainable development of agriculture.

(4) Vigorously promote the comprehensive utilization of rural straw and biogas, and solve the outlet of agricultural by-products; Agricultural non-point source pollution can be reduced through comprehensive pollution prevention measures of farmland retreat and livestock and poultry breeding wastewater.

4.4 Advocate green consumption and form an atmosphere in which the whole people participate in environmental protection.

(1) Establish a green market access mechanism, implement a green marketing system on a pilot basis, actively promote environmental protection products and green food, and strengthen the construction of consumer goods recycling network; It is strictly forbidden for high-energy consumption and high-pollution consumer goods to enter the consumer market. Vigorously advocate the concept of moderate consumption and green consumption, reduce the consumption of disposable consumer goods, and forcibly eliminate the use of disposable wooden chopsticks, plastic lunch boxes, packaging bags, etc.

(2) Carry out the idea of paying equal attention to tourism and ecological protection, actively implement the ISO 1400 1 environmental management system for tourist attractions and hotels, and establish a number of eco-tourism demonstration areas and demonstration sites. Strengthen publicity and guide tourists' ecological behavior, "take nothing but photos and leave nothing but footprints".

(3) Use legal and economic means to collect and treat garbage in a classified way, improve and expand the waste recovery and recycling system, especially the recycling of a new generation of waste items such as automobiles, household appliances and computers; Advocate green packaging and control "white" pollution.

5. Safeguard measures for eco-city construction

5. 1 Establish a comprehensive decision-making mechanism to strengthen ecological environment protection.

Adhere to the policy of "establishing the city by environment", strengthen the concept of urban ecological management, strengthen the government's function of protecting the ecological environment, and incorporate environmental profit and loss accounting into national economic accounting. Establish a comprehensive social, economic and environmental decision-making mechanism at all levels to reduce environmental losses and ecological damage caused by government actions.

5.2 Increase investment in ecological environment protection and effectively improve the quality of ecological environment.

Raise environmental protection funds through multiple channels, intensify urban infrastructure construction, ecological construction and pollution control, fundamentally reverse the situation that the speed of natural ecological protection and restoration lags behind the speed of ecological destruction, and improve the quality of ecological environment.

5.3 Strengthen the capacity building of ecological environment management, and rely on scientific and technological progress to protect the ecological environment.

Strengthen the informatization, networking and automation of ecological environment management, supervision and monitoring, and improve emergency response capabilities; Strengthen the construction of institutions and teams and improve the management level. Give full play to the unified supervision and management functions of environmental protection departments, coordinate departmental relations, strengthen the environmental protection functions of professional departments, and form a situation in which multiple departments are in charge of * * *.

5.4 Improve local eco-environmental policies, laws and regulations, and protect the eco-environment according to law.

Bring the ecological environment protection work into the track of institutionalization and legalization; According to the relevant national laws and regulations, combined with local conditions, formulate detailed rules for the implementation of Hangzhou and local regulations; Strengthen environmental law enforcement supervision and procuratorial work, and seriously investigate and deal with violations of ecological environment.

5.5 Make full use of economic means to realize the internalization of environmental costs.

According to the principles of "polluter pays", "developer protection", "compensation for the injured" and "beneficiary pays", we should cultivate the concept that resources are valuable and the environment is valuable, so that polluters and developers can become the main bodies of environmental protection investment; Formulate and implement relevant preferential tax policies, support and promote cleaner production, vigorously develop environmental protection industries, and strengthen the comprehensive utilization of "three wastes".

5.6 Strengthen ecological environment education and publicity, and raise awareness of ecological environment protection.

Strengthen the publicity, education and training of the whole people's ecological environmental protection knowledge, and carry out the popularization education of ecological environmental protection knowledge for primary and secondary school students; Establish and improve the system of public participation in eco-environmental, encourage the public to participate in various environmental public welfare activities, strengthen eco-environmental media publicity and public opinion guidance, open up eco-environmental columns, and raise the environmental awareness of the whole people.

6. Conclusion

To build an ecological city, we should aim at sustainable development and take people as the center! Of course, construction is only a means for the government to beautify the environment. How to make Hangzhou, an ancient city, remain youthful and glorious forever requires the joint participation of the whole society, consciously protecting the environment, making the city blossom all the year round and allowing people and animals to survive!

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