What skills are there in Chinese reading comprehension?

1, the function of the first paragraph, the function of the middle paragraph or sentence, and the function of the last paragraph. \ x0d \ x0d \ We can answer this question from two aspects: structurally, the question in the first paragraph is to put pen to paper, point out the center of the article, get to the point, get the full text, or play the following role; In terms of content, it is the foreshadowing and foil for the following, paving the way for the description of the following content. The problem in the middle part plays a bridge role in the structure. The function of the last paragraph or sentence is to summarize the full text, point out the main idea of the article, make people remember deeply and take care of the theme. \ x0d \ x0d \ 2。 What kind of thoughts and feelings does the article express? \x0d\\x0d\ This needs to be answered according to the specific content of the article. Common ones are singing, praising, admiring, loving, moving, happy, longing, shocking, missing, melancholy, faint sadness, regret, missing hometown and relatives, or boredom, hatred, pain, shame and guilt. Between the lines of the article, we can see the feelings of the general author, some of them may be written more implicitly, and some of them are directly expressed. \x0d\\x0d\3。 Summarize the main idea of the article. \x0d\\x0d\ For such questions, you must read the full text carefully for several times before answering, and then you can answer with such keywords: "Pass? Story, like (like)? Express the author? Show your thoughts and feelings? Deep truth. We can also find from the article that in every paragraph of the article, especially the first or last sentence of the first or last paragraph, the philosophical sentences in the article are often the theme that the author wants to express. \x0d\\x0d\4。 What expressions are used in underlined sentences? What's the role? \ x0d \ x0d \ When we see this type of topic, we should first look at what kind of expression is used in this sentence, that is, narration, description, explanation, discussion and lyricism, especially the description is divided into character description, scenery description and comprehensive scene description. Character description can also be subdivided into language description, action description, psychological description, portrait description and detail description. The function of description is to make the article vivid, vivid and touching. The use of lyricism can enhance the appeal of the article and highlight the center of the article. If there are some fairy tales, folklore and descriptions of magical scenes in nature, its function is to increase the mystery of what is written and arouse readers' interest. \x0d\\x0d\5。 What rhetorical devices are used in a sentence in the text? What's the role? \ x0d \ x0d \ rhetoric has many kinds, including metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical question and so on. Among them, metaphor, personification, exaggeration and parallelism are the most tested. Metaphor has three functions: first, it simplifies profound truths and helps people deepen their body odor; The second is to make abstract things concrete and easy to accept; The third is to visualize the summary and give a vivid impression. The role of personification is to make readers not only have a vivid impression on the things expressed, but also feel the author's strong feelings about things. Using personification to express things you like can make them vivid and make people feel more intimate and natural. Things that show hatred can be ugly and give people a strong sense of disgust. The function of exaggeration is to deeply express the author's distinct emotional attitude towards things, thus causing readers to scream strongly; Rendering the image of things can arouse people's rich imagination and help highlight the essence and characteristics of things. The function of parallelism lies in highlighting the center of the article, expressing strong and unrestrained emotions and enhancing the momentum of language; It is an important link to improve the expression effect. There are also overlapping words and short sentences, which make the article full of rhythm, beautiful rhyme and catchy to read. \x0d\\x0d\ There is another rhetoric that is often quoted. In reading comprehension, there are sometimes poems, celebrity stories and related contents quoted from celebrity language or celebrity works. The question will be "What is the function of the quoted content in the article?" When answering this question, we should pay attention to two key words. One is "to contrast the quality of the narrative object and highlight the spirit of the protagonist". \x0d\\x0d\ The answers to the above questions must be combined with the specific content of the article. \x0d\\x0d\6。 What does a sentence in the text mean? Or tell us something profound? Please tell me your understanding. \x0d\\x0d\ The answer to this question is not simply to find ready-made sentences from the text, which requires our students to read more and accumulate more philosophical sayings at ordinary times, so as to truly understand the meaning of the article, enrich the answers and accurately express their understanding of the article in their own language. \x0d\\x0d\7。 Compare reading comprehension. \x0d\\x0d\ Sometimes in the exam, articles in class will be compared with articles with similar contents outside class. For this kind of topic, we can compare the content, writing characteristics and emotional tone of the article. \x0d\\x0d\ The above are the answers to the standard questions about narrative. Let's look at the reading comprehension of narrative. \x0d\\x0d\8。 Reading comprehension of explanatory text. \x0d\\x0d\ For the reading comprehension of expository texts, we can grasp three points: the object, the order and the method of expository texts. There are three interpretation orders: chronological order, spatial order and logical order. The most important thing is to explain the method and its function. Commonly used interpretation methods include classification, example, analogy, enumeration of data, comparison, definition, interpretation, drawing charts, citing data and so on. Among them, classification, example, analogy, data list, comparison and so on are involved. The function of classification is to clarify complex things. Examples can make the content concrete and convincing. The explanation of analogy is consistent with the metaphor in figures of speech. This method can highlight the characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of interpretation. Column data can make what is explained more specific and make it easier for readers to understand the relevant content. Comparison is similar to rhetorical comparison. When explaining some abstract or unfamiliar things, we can compare them with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression in comparison, and the characteristics of things often appear in comparison. When answering questions about expository language, we should pay attention to the accuracy of the language, and the language style can be divided into plain and vivid. \x0d\\x0d\ Narrative and expository texts are common in the reading of senior high school entrance examination, and there are few argumentative papers, so I won't go into details because of the limited space. I hope it will be helpful to your study and exam. \ x0d \ x0d \ Modern reading skills and methods \ x0d \ x0d \1. Basic essentials: grasp the key sentences as a whole and find the answers in the text. 2. Steps: (Read the article twice) \ x0d \ \. First, read the full text roughly to understand the main idea of the article; When reading, underline the words and sentences that you feel are important; [Can be faster] \ x0d \ x0d \ Second time: review the meaning of the question and read back the original text. Look at the topic, determine the reading range of the answer, then find the relevant paragraphs and sentences combined with the test questions (Shun Teng), and intercept the keywords; Find out or summarize the answer (picking melons). [Slow down and be careful, read back and check] \x0d\\x0d\ Finally: clear up the main points and answer the questions carefully. According to the requirements of answering questions, process and transform, summarize and refine. (Try to answer the questions with the key words in the original text) 1. Explain in detail the three steps to solve modern Chinese reading problems: \ x0d \ x0d \ Step one, read the whole article and get a general understanding. \x0d\\x0d\ For the first time, take a general look at the full text, get a general idea of the article, and be aware of it. So what do we need to know about this article? \x0d\\x0d\ 1。 Understand the general content of the article. who the hell are all these people？ What's the matter? What scene? What is this? What topic? How to write? Why do you want to write like this? what do you think? 2. Understand the general structure and main ideas of the article. What are the basic elements of the narrative (who, what, when and where)? What is the author's emotional change? What is the material? What's the arrangement? How did the article transition? Find clues, sequences, levels, etc. The article. 3. Understand the thoughts, feelings and themes of the article. \x0d\\x0d\ Note: The above objectives can be achieved in the following ways: \x0d\\x0d\ 1. Grasp the key words in the article. Key words and phrases in the article: title, opening sentence, closing sentence, independent paragraph sentence, central sentence, epigram, figurative sentence, rhetorical question, turning sentence, lyric sentence, argument sentence, recurring words and phrases, key related words (such as words at the beginning of a paragraph: not only? And then what? Because more importantly, but therefore, and so on. Pay special attention to those words that reflect the author's position and viewpoint, and reflect the profound content, rich connotation and vivid image of the article. Note that the main idea of the article is often hidden in these sentences. Some essays are rather obscure by expressing their ambitions and symbols, and we can also find clues from these words. \ x0d \ x0d \ Second, make clear the structure of the article. \x0d\ It is easier to grasp the ideological content of the article from the structural form, that is to say, it is easier to understand the central idea of the article if the structural level is clear. From this perspective, understanding structure is the basis of narrative reading. \x0d\ Find out the narrative structure, which can be carried out from the following aspects. \x0d\(l) Find the clue of the article. The clue forms of narrative are: taking time and space transfer as the clue, taking a person, an event and an event as the clue. \x0d\ When reading an article, try to find out the clues of the article, so as to understand the paragraph level along the clues. \x0d\(2) Clear the order of articles. The order of narration requires us to master three sequential methods: direct narration, flashback and insertion. \x0d\ Time-series narration refers to writing according to the time sequence of occurrence, development and ending. Such as the emperor's new clothes. Flashback refers to writing what happened later in front and what happened first in the back. Interpolation: For example, when reading "The Wood Carving of Antelope", paying attention to the starting and ending points of flashback and interpolation is helpful to clarify narrative clues and grasp the structure of the article. \x0d\(3) Clarify the level of the article. Clarifying the level of the article is an important part of clarifying the structure of the article. \x0d\\x0d\(4) Grasp the details of the article. When selecting and using materials, the article should be primary and secondary, and it should be detailed and rough. \x0d\\x0d\ Step 2, review the meaning of the question and read back the original text. \x0d\\x0d\ After grasping the article as a whole, we will read the stem carefully, find out the main points of each question, read back the original text and match the stem with the article. What are the methods and steps to read back the original text? \x0d\\x0d\ 1。 Find the relevant area of the corresponding topic in the original text. See which paragraphs or fields the topic involves and which sentences are related to it. 2. Contact the context and grasp the key words. As long as we find the relevant fields in the original text and carefully try to figure out the context, we can accurately grasp the keywords, and the answers to most questions can be found in the original text. 3, comprehensive analysis, ultimately. Find the relevant key paragraphs and sentences in combination with the test questions (Shun Teng), deeply understand the article, analyze and synthesize, and summarize the answers (picking melons). \x0d\\x0d\ Step 3, make clear the main points and answer the questions carefully. \x0d\\x0d\ 1, quote the original text. If the topic requires quoting the original answer, find the answer directly and write it carefully. \x0d\\x0d\2。 Grasp the corresponding keywords. If you don't explicitly ask to quote the original answer, you can't copy the original sentence mechanically. Generally speaking, some key words and sentences involved in the answer are in the original text, so we should seize these important words and phrases and extract, edit, summarize, reorganize and summarize them effectively. \x0d\\x0d\3。 Organize language answers. Answer a few points according to the score first, then answer. When answering questions, we should stick to the meaning of the questions, try to include corresponding keywords in the text, choose appropriate sentence patterns, choose appropriate angles to answer, that is, how to answer the questions, and rearrange the known information in the text according to the requirements of the stem of the questions to make the answers full, in place, accurate and orderly. But there are still some questions that can't be answered simply by reorganizing the language of the article. You need to organize your own understanding and express it in your own language. \x0d\\x0d\4。 There are also some topics that appear in the form of multiple-choice questions, so we need to know the rules for setting the wrong questions of this kind of questions (such as taking them out of context, stealing concepts, unclear scope, making them out of nothing, imposing causality, and accidentally confusing them before they happen), and make a one-on-one comparison between the options and the relevant sentences in the original text to make an accurate judgment and choice. \x0d\\x0d\ answer mode of modern reading questions \x0d\\x0d\ 1. Summary topic: \ x0d \ (1) Summary article content topic: According to the basic elements of narrative (behavior and experience) or the plot of the novel or the words and deeds of the characters or the emotional changes of the author, select materials and combine answers. \x0d\ Example: \x0d\◆ Please take Dani's speech and behavior development as a clue to summarize the main plot of the novel. (No more than 80 words) (5 points) \x0d\◆ Please summarize "my strange experience". (No more than 60 words) \x0d\ The general operation idea is: \ x0d \ x0d \ 1. Summarize according to the central sentence. The concretization of the content of an article is usually manifested in narration, discussion or explanation around a certain center. So if you grasp the central sentence, you grasp the specific theme. \x0d\\x0d\2。 Summarize the main points and keywords. In some articles, it is difficult to find the central sentence that prompts the specific content, so it is necessary to extract the relevant points. \x0d\\x0d\3。 Summarize by identifying correlations. The specific content of any article is a whole composed of parts. Starting with the relationship between parts, that is, identifying the correlation between sentences or paragraphs, is an important way to summarize. For example, in Zhu Ziqing's Spring, there are 10 natural paragraphs, except ① ② natural paragraphs are "thinking about spring", ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ natural paragraphs are "seeing off spring" and ③ to ⑦ natural paragraphs are "painting spring". Why do you say that the natural paragraphs from ③ to ⑦ are "painting spring"? ③ Natural spring grass, natural spring flowers, natural spring breeze, natural spring rain and natural Spring Festival. On the whole, we can easily find that the author describes spring from all sides, so we can summarize the contents of paragraphs 3 to 7 as "painting spring" \x0d\\x0d\4. Take the lead in summarizing. Taking the lead is to grasp the beginning of specific content; Trailing is the end point of connecting specific content. By taking the lead in summing up, the essence of its content surfaced. Please see paragraph 10 of Wei Wei's My Teacher. To sum up the content of this passage, we can link the first sentence with the last sentence and summarize the main idea of its content. The essence of its content is that the loving, great and just teacher Cai occupied my heart at that time. \x0d\\x0d\5 Ask the general idea of the paragraph, find the central sentence, and pay attention to the first and last sentences of the paragraph. Summary paragraph meaning: this paragraph (summary or concrete) is written "who-what" (or "what-how") \ x0d \ \ x0d \ (2) The topic that summarizes the central meaning 1, the method of summarizing the central meaning \ x0d \ \ x0d \ (1) Grasp the topic. The title is the "eye" of the article, and the title of the article can always convey the theme of the article explicitly or implicitly. "Praise of Poplar" \ x0d \ x0d \ 2 grabs the materials in the text and directly tells the readers the central meaning. For example, one side \ x0d \ x0d \ (3) grasps the topic sentences and key sentences that indicate the central meaning in the first and second paragraphs of the article, which are generally lyric and argumentative sentences. For example, "Who's the cutest person" and "Pear Blossom in the Post Road" \ x0d \ x0d \ (4) Summarize the central meaning through structural analysis. Connect the main ideas of each part of the article, summarize them comprehensively, and then point out the thoughts, feelings and attitudes expressed by the author. For example, litchi honey \ x0d \ x0d \ 5] Starting from the background of the times, all good articles are branded with the times, so as to analyze the author's writing background. Like Kite \ x0d \ x0d \ 2. There is a set of commonly used formats in the center of narrative: \ x0d \ x0d \ This article narrates (describes)? Story (deeds, stories, events, scenery) performance (reflection, praise, exposure, criticism)? Thought (personality, spirit, essence) expresses the author's? Feelings. \x0d\\x0d\ (3) Ask about the structure of the article \ x0d \1,and ask about the structure of the article and paragraph: \ x0d \ x0d \ Pay attention to the total score formula (A total score, B total score, C total score); Step by step; Parallel type; Contrast. \x0d\\x0d\2。 Seek clues to the article: pay attention to the words that appear many times in the article. \x0d\\x0d\3。 Ask the order of the articles. (1) The sequence of narration requires us to master three sequential methods: direct narration, flashback and interpolation. \x0d\ Time-series narration refers to writing according to the time sequence of occurrence, development and ending. Such as the emperor's new clothes. Flashback refers to writing what happened later in front and what happened first in the back. The flashback method tells the end of the matter first, attracting readers to be eager to understand the cause and process of the matter, and the contrast is more obvious and impressive. For example, in Zhu De's article ("Remembering My Mother"), flashback is adopted. Write your grades first, then bow! Recalling my mother, the topic is natural and attractive. Flashback method, suitable for those touching and distinctive endings, must arouse readers' interest and follow the thinking of reading and writing. Interpolation: For example, when reading "The Wood Carving of Antelope", paying attention to the starting and ending points of flashback and interpolation is helpful to clarify narrative clues and grasp the structure of the article. \x0d\x0d\ (2) Descriptive text sequence: \ x0d \ Time sequence, spatial order, logical sequence (phenomenon-essence, cause-result, whole-part, generalization-concreteness, feature-use, subject-time, total-minute) \ Generally, there are several ways to analyze the structural hierarchy: \ x0. Analyze according to the sequence of events; 2. Make change analysis according to the place where things happen and develop; \ x0d \ \ x0d \ 3。 According to the development stage. \x0d\\x0d\ Articles written mainly by people: 1. According to the analysis of characters' growth stages; 2. Analyze the characters according to their different places; \ x0d \ \ x0d \ 3。 According to the different personality characteristics of people with different conditions; 4. According to the change of characters' feelings. \x0d\\x0d\ Landscape-oriented articles: 1. Observing the change of observation points of scenery according to people, that is, spatial change analysis; \ x0d \ \ x0d \ 2。 According to the change of different scenery at different times, that is, time change analysis. \x0d\\x0d\5 Ask for details of the article. In the choice and application of materials, the narrative should be primary and secondary, detailed and brief. Detail writing refers to the processing of articles and materials. When we write an article, after determining the topic, we should choose the composition materials around the central idea of determining the topic, and then carefully deal with these materials to make them fit in their proper places and make the best use of them. Whether the article is written well or not depends largely on the arrangement of material handling. Proper handling of materials means reasonable arrangement in structure, including weight, lightness, fineness and length. \x0d\ The materials are written in detail and fully used. We must stick to the central idea of the article and highlight the central idea clearly and fully. If these materials are written in detail, concretely and vividly, readers will be deeply impressed by the article. When reading the narrative, we must make clear what the article is written in detail and briefly, and understand the author's writing intention from it, so as to grasp the focus and center of the article. \x0d\\x0d\ II。 Understanding and taste of words \ x0d \ x0d \ 1. Pronunciation and interpretation: The "accumulation and application" section generally examines the phonetic notation and interpretation of words, and the memory and application of idioms and famous sayings. This kind of topic requires accumulating more words and knowledge points at ordinary times, and can be used for unfamiliar words. \x0d\\x0d\2。 Ask what the demonstrative pronoun "this, that" refers to: find the answer from the words before the pronoun. \x0d\\x0d\3。 Ask if you can remove a word or change the problem-solving mode of another word: \ x0d \ a. Answer yes or no; Not ordinary, especially in the original text of the book. \x0d\B, explain the meaning, compare the differences between the two words, and analyze why the word is used in combination with sentences (emphasizing or limiting the specific expression effect of explaining or modifying+sentences, which expression effect is better, and something can be expressed vividly or appropriately) \x0d\C, what changes have taken place in the context after not using or exchanging (not using it can not reflect the accuracy, rigor and accuracy of the language). )\x0d\4。 Taste words: \ x0d \ x0d \ a. Analyze what rhetorical devices are used, such as metaphor and personification. If not, don't write this. \ x0d \ x0d \ b, superficial meaning (superficial meaning) and expressive effect (vividly written. . . . . . Features) \ x0d \ x0d \ c, deep meaning (related to context, theme, author's intention, why, thoughts and feelings, etc. ) Affirm/praise/praise/criticism/irony/denial/refutation, or give it to us. . . . . . . Impression, enlightenment, truth, etc. \x0d\5。 Ask whether the positions of key words and sentences in the text can be changed: \ x0d \ x0d \ a, whether \ x0d \ x0d \ b, word: explain two words respectively, sentence: briefly summarize the contents of these two paragraphs or parts \ x0d \ c, word:. If it is other styles, it is juxtaposition or hierarchy or total score) \x0d\\x0d\ Third, understand the sentence title 1, and understand the function of sentences and paragraphs: \x0d\\x0d\ (to be considered from three aspects) \x0d\ First, structurally, it is often \ x0d \. \x0d\\x0d\ 3 From the content (symbolic meaning and figurative meaning of language, ideological character of characters and ideological meaning of full text) \x0d\ x0d \ 2. On writing skills and functions \x0d\① Environmental description: the function of social environmental description: expounding the background of the times, social customs, ideas and the relationship between people. The function of natural environment (including the location, season, climate, time, scenery and scene): explain the background of the times, render the atmosphere, express a character of the character, set off an emotion of the character, promote the development of the plot, deepen the theme \x0d\② Character description: (language, action, appearance, expression and psychology) express a certain thought, emotion or a certain personality characteristic of the character. ④ Metaphor, personification, exaggeration and other functions. Similarity between metaphor and personification; B vividly expresses (describes) the xx characteristics of the object \x0d\⑤ Symbolic function symbolizes a certain spirit of the object (quality, thought \x0d\ Example: \x0d\◆ The following is a description of the protagonist Dani, and points out the expressive function respectively according to the context. (4 points) \ x0d \ (1) A suit of black brocade seems to bind him tightly into a plum tree. (Meaning Dani's deep condolences to the victims of the Nanjing Massacre) \x0d\② Carefully take out his wooden flute from the velvet sleeve. (Be careful to show Dani's love for folk music) \ x0d \ x0d \ 3 Questions about the forms and functions of narration \ x0d \ x0d \ Narrative forms are mainly narrative, including description, discussion, explanation and lyricism. ① Narrative has direct lyric and indirect lyric. Direct lyric is to express one's thoughts and feelings about things directly on the basis of narration. Indirect lyricism includes expressing feelings for people, things and things through scenery, which naturally permeates the author's feelings between the lines of narrative description. \ x0d \ \ x0d \ (2) Appropriate exposition in narrative will often make the article icing on the cake, especially at the end of the article. Even if one or two sentences are used between paragraphs, it can play a wonderful role in connecting the preceding with the following. \ x0d \ x0d \ Fourth, ask about the writing characteristics of the article: we can consider it from the perspectives of material selection, structural layout, language and conception, and combine the writing techniques of the article. \x0d\\x0d\ 1。 Material selection: typical real material, appropriate details, showing and highlighting the center \ x0d \ x0d \ 2. Structural layout: reasonable, ingenious and rigorous, \ x0d \ 3 Language: simple or vivid. Or bold or graceful; Or fresh or dignified; Or straightforward or implicit or fluent, the use of rhetorical devices, etc. \x0d\\x0d\4 Idea: profound and novel ideas, small viewpoints, rich philosophy, etc. \x0d\\x0d\ 5。 Evaluate and appreciate the characters and the theme of the article (talk about your own understanding of the characters and the theme) \x0d\◆ Read the full text, filter important information, and analyze the spirit or quality contained in the words and deeds of the characters. The answer can be made up as follows: ×× (words or actions) in the text expresses the spirit (quality, character, thought and personality) of the character ××. \x0d\◆ Generally speaking, the answer consists of three parts. The first half of a briefly summarizes the content of the article, which can be expressed as: ① Did the article pass? Narration; 2 This article was written by? For writing (things)? . \ x0d \ x0d \ b The second part summarizes the ideological significance contained in the article, which can be expressed as: showing, revealing, criticizing, praising and admonishing? Some kind of ideological truth. Sometimes the topic can be a part of the answer and a necessary content. \ x0d \ x0d \ c, state which view you agree with and explain the reasons. On the basis of the overall perception of the text, find out the sentences that can express the author's feelings and the theme of the article, and answer them with specific materials. (The Mystery of Oak Numbers in 2003) \ x0d \ x0d \ VI. Ask about your feelings, experiences and practices in a specific situation in the article. \ x0d \ x0d \ a points out the ideological significance and truth contained in this specific situation; \x0d\\x0d\B Talk about your feelings, experiences and practices with specific examples in the article, and explain the reasons. \x0d\\x0d\C Summarize your opinions \x0d\\x0d\ VII. Ask about your own experience, experience, inspiration and post-reading: pay attention to the correctness and health of your point of view and what you say. \x0d\\x0d\ Answer the questions in the approximate order of the total score: A You can find out the sentence answers that can express the author's feelings and the theme of the article from your own gains, experiences and understandings from the article. \x0d\\x0d\B Use specific cases and materials in the text and life to illustrate the reasons \x0d\\x0d\C So what should we do?