Technical specification for landscaping nursery

1, General Provisions 1. 1 These Provisions are formulated to strengthen the technical management of urban garden nurseries, improve the technical level of seedling raising and meet the basic needs of urban landscaping for seedlings. 1.2 This procedure mainly provides relevant regulations on the propagation techniques of trees, shrubs and some flowers and trees needed for urban landscaping. Other professional nurseries can learn from it. Nursery procedures for garden plants such as flowers, lawns, ground cover plants, aquatic plants and potted flowers and trees shall be formulated separately. 1.3 The urban garden green area should account for 2% ~ 3% of the built-up area. According to the development of urban landscaping and market demand, the seedling production plan is formulated. 1.4 The garden nursery should carry out scientific experiments, popularize and adopt new technologies in combination with the actual production, gradually realize improved varieties and strong seedlings, and cultivate seedlings with rich varieties and beautiful shapes. 1.5 Garden nurseries around the country should formulate operating rules for seedling raising technology according to local actual conditions, strengthen technical training and technical assessment, strive to improve the technical quality of employees, and guide seedling raising production in nurseries according to the rules. 2. Selection and zoning of nursery land 2. 1 Selection of nursery land 2. 1. 1 All cities should set up garden nurseries according to the requirements of urban greening planning. When more than two nurseries are set up, they should be located in different directions of the city. 2. 1.2 The nursery should be built in the leeward and sunny place with flat terrain, and the slope of the production area is generally not more than 2 ‰; If it is built in hilly areas, terraces should be reclaimed. 2. 1.3 The physical and chemical properties of the soil in the nursery should be good: the depth of the soil layer should be more than 50 cm, the pH value should be between 6.0 and 7.5, the salt content should be less than 2 ‰, the organic matter content should be not less than 2.5%, and the content and proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be appropriate. 2. 1.4 Nursery should have sufficient water and convenient irrigation and drainage. The groundwater level should be about 2 meters, without serious air and water pollution. Convenient transportation, it should not be far from the city center. 2.2 division of nursery 2.2. 1 According to the needs of seedling production, nursery should be divided into production area and auxiliary area. 2.2.2 The land used in the production area is not less than 80% of the total area of the nursery, which can be generally divided into the following five communities: a. Seedling breeding community. It should be selected in a flat area with good soil quality, close water source and close to the management area. B. small seedling cultivation community. It should be near the nursery area. C. large seedling cultivation plots. Yi 'an is arranged on the flat ground or gentle slope with general soil. D. scientific experimental community. According to the needs of different experiments, it should be selected in the above-mentioned residential areas, and generally it should be located near the management area. E. mother community. Should be built in fertile soil and deep soil layer; Seed collection base can also be established outside the nursery. 2.2.3 The auxiliary area includes management area, machine station, warehouse, manure yard, etc. It is necessary to make overall plans and scientifically arrange roads, water, heating and electricity systems; Shelterbelt should be built around the nursery. 3. Soil preparation, fertilization and rotation 3. 1 soil preparation 3. 1. 1 Before planting, soil preparation should be carried out and meet the following standards: a. Dig deep into the soil. The tillage depth should be 25 ~ 30 cm in the culture area and 30 cm in the culture area. Because the plough layer is shallow, it should be deepened year by year. B. build irrigation and drainage ditches. Ditches should be built according to the design of the plot and the setting of the river bed. C. make the bed. According to the needs of production and operation, square or rectangular beds are set to level the bed surface. D. soil disinfection. Soil drugs should be disinfected regularly. 3. 1.2 Raw wasteland and other land, if used for seedling raising, should be cleared by shallow tillage first, and then ploughed; If conditions permit, one crop of green manure can be planted to improve soil fertility. 3.2 Fertilization 3.2. 1 Nursery should accumulate fertilizer all the year round, mainly organic fertilizer, and expand the source of fertilizer. 3.2.2 Fertilization is mainly based on base fertilizer, supplemented by topdressing, and organic fertilizer is applied after it is decomposed. It is necessary to gradually popularize compound fertilizer. 3.2.3 Base fertilizer should be applied before ploughing and spread evenly. Topdressing at seedling stage, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus at early growth stage, mainly nitrogen at middle growth stage and mainly phosphorus and potassium at late growth stage. Attention should be paid to the application of trace elements and external fertilization. 3.2.4 Fertilization should be combined with improving soil physical and chemical properties. Seedlings with soil balls should be supplemented with cultivation soil and organic fertilizer in time after they leave the nursery. 3.3 rotation fallow 3.3. 1 In order to maintain and improve soil fertility and reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, the nursery should implement rotation fallow system. 3.3.2 Except for the host varieties of pests and diseases, other seedling varieties can be rotated. 3.3.3 When the land is barren or the pests and diseases are serious, we should dig deep for leisure. Green manure should be planted in leisure land; The leisure period shall not exceed one year. 4. Seedling propagation 4. 1 propagation preparation 4. 1. 1 preparation of propagation bed. Choose materials with good water retention, drainage and ventilation as substrates, and do a good job in disinfection of breeding places. 4. 1.2 For perennial breeding, it is necessary to build greenhouses and promote container seedling raising. Try to use advanced greenhouses and supporting devices to gradually realize industrialized seedling raising. 4. 1.3 The parents of seed collection must choose the mother tree with strong growth, strong adaptability and no pests and diseases, and select excellent strains with different characters and functions according to the purpose and requirements of seedling raising. 4. 1.4 Do a good job in provenance investigation and collect seeds in time. It is forbidden to mix them when collecting, and the collection place, time and name shall be recorded in detail. 4.2 seed propagation 4.2. 1 In order to obtain a large number of seedlings with strong resistance and easy domestication, seed propagation should be adopted. 4.2.2 Seeds should be selected immediately after harvest. The selection criteria are normal appearance, large and full particles, fresh contents, no pests and diseases, 95% purity and moderate water content. 4.2.3 Seeds should be treated in time, and seeds that have not been collected and sown should be properly stored. 4.2.4 Before sowing, the seeds should be disinfected, the germination rate should be determined, and the sowing amount should be determined reasonably. Seeds that are not easy to germinate must be treated by physical or drug to accelerate germination. 4.2.5 Sowing time should be determined according to the physiological characteristics of seeds. Generally, seeds with long dormancy or hard shell should be sown in autumn, and seeds that are easy to lose germination ability should be sown with the harvest. 4.2.6 Seeding methods include drilling, broadcasting and on-demand. Generally, tree species should be drilled and sown less, and large or precious seeds should be planted as needed. Container seedlings can be used if conditions permit. 4.2.7 Sowing should be even and moderate, and soil should be covered immediately after sowing. The thickness of soil should be determined according to the seed size, soil and climate conditions. Keep the seedbed moist after sowing to prevent hardening. 4.3 vegetative propagation 4.3. 1 In order to maintain the original characteristics of the female parent and obtain seedlings with early flowering and fruiting, vegetative propagation should be adopted. Asexual propagation can be divided into cutting, layering, burying strips, dividing plants and grafting. 4.3.2 Seeding, transplanting and propagation. Collect well-developed branches, leaves or roots as cuttings in time. Trees that are easy to take root can be cut in the field, and trees that are difficult to take root can be cut in protected areas and treated with rooting elements. Pay attention to prevent reverse insertion. A. hardwood cutting. After defoliation, deciduous trees choose 1-2-year-old strong branches, store them in a cool and humid place in stages, and cut them in the following spring. Evergreen trees are planted in spring, autumn and rainy season. B. soft branch cutting. Select semi-lignified branches of the same year as cuttings and insert them when picking. C. root cutting. It should be carried out in spring and autumn, and the top of the root ear is flush with the soil surface. 4.3.3 Layered propagation. Tree species that are not easy to cut and take root adopt layering propagation method. When layering propagation, the epidermis of the branches pressed into the soil should be carved or annularly peeled off first, and the roots can be cut off from the mother tree for cultivation. Stratification can be divided into the following ways: A. Umbrella stratification. Also known as ordinary stratification. Before germination in early spring, the robust branches of the mother tree 1-3 years old were bent around and buried in the soil for 8- 12 cm, and the branches stood upright, exposing the soil surface. B, pressing branches: pressing the annual sprouting strips at the base of the mother tree on the ground, cutting off the leaves at the base of the new shoots when the leaf buds sprout to15-20cm, putting the sunken branches and the base of the new shoots into a ditch with a depth of 4-6cm, and filling with fine soil. C. air stratification. Also known as high branch stratification. Put fine soil or other substrates with good moisture retention and ventilation into containers and put them on branches. This method is mainly used for the propagation of precious seedlings that are not easy to take root. 4.3.4 Propagation by burying strips. In autumn, the long branches from the roots of deciduous mother trees are collected and buried in the sand. In the following spring, put the branches in a ditch 3-5 cm deep, cover them with fine soil, irrigate them and keep them moist. 4.3.5 Propagation by ramets. Generally, the branches sprouting from the roots of mother trees are planted separately in spring and autumn, which are mostly used for tree species with developed roots and tillers. 4.3.6 Grafting propagation. According to the requirements of propagation, select the tree species with strong affinity between scion and rootstock, strong growth and no pests and diseases for grafting. Incision should be smooth, and all operations should be connected quickly to keep the contact surface of stratum consistent. After that, it is necessary to strengthen management and take measures such as shading, moisturizing, cultivating soil and removing anvil to improve the survival rate. A. grafting. Grafting is usually harvested before germination in spring. If the ear is harvested in autumn, it should be sealed with wax and stored at low temperature until the next spring. Bud grafting is usually carried out in late summer and early autumn, when the anvil Mu Yi is peeled. Grafted buds should not be stored. 5. Nursery of seedlings 5. 1 After the seedlings are unearthed, the mulch will be removed in the evening or cloudy day, and the trees and soft cuttings that are easy to get sunburned should be shaded in time. 5.2 The nursery area should be provided with sprinkler irrigation, and the cutting bed should be provided with a sprinkler. The amount of water sprayed and sprayed depends on the growth of seedlings. 5.3 Weeds in riverbeds, paths and ditches should be removed. Chemical weeding is usually appropriate. Tillage should be carried out after rain and when the topsoil is slightly dry after irrigation. 5.4 Seeding seedlings should be thinned for 2 ~ 3 times after complete growth, and the seedlings should be evenly spaced, and the excessive thinning parts should be replanted. 5.5 Cuttings, layering, burying and grafting propagation seedlings should be promptly stripped of buds and tillers, and the lignified application branches should be cut off. 5.6 We should attach great importance to the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests. Once pests and diseases are found, they should be sprayed in time to prevent the spread. 5.7 According to the growth and development of seedlings, topdressing should be applied in time, once every 10 ~ 15 days in peak season, and topdressing should be applied outside the roots as appropriate. 5.8 seedlings should pay attention to the cold. According to its cold tolerance, measures such as pouring frozen water, setting wind barriers, covering and scaffolding were taken respectively, and the autumn sowing seedlings with long roots but not unearthed should be covered with soil for the winter. 6. Cultivation of large seedlings 6. 1 transplanting 6.1.1~ 2-year-old seedlings must be transplanted to make them develop into large seedlings with complete roots and certain stem crown types. Transplanting fast-growing trees once or twice, and transplanting slow-growing trees twice or more, the nursery can cultivate directionally. 6. 1.2 The transplantation period is mainly in spring. When transplanting deciduous trees in autumn, it should be done after the seedlings have fallen leaves; Transplanting with soil balls should be the main method in rainy season. Conifers can be transplanted with soil balls in winter in the north. 6. 1.3 The row spacing of transplanted plants depends on the growth needs of seedlings and should be convenient for power storage and mechanical operation. 6. 1.4 In the process of digging, transporting and planting seedlings, the time should be shortened as far as possible, and the seedlings should be planted in different levels or at the heel. The seedlings should be watered immediately after planting. 6.2 Pruning 6.2. 1 The pruning method of seedlings depends on tree species and cultivation purposes. Generally speaking, it is mainly natural tree-shaped, light in weight and diligent in maintenance, with even branches, full crown width and appropriate ratio of stem to crown. A. Trees: The trunk of street tree seedlings should be straight, with clear main branches and lateral branches, and the branch point height should be 1.8 ~ 2.0m, and it should be moved up to the specified dry height year by year; The trunk of ornamental saplings in the garden should not be too high, and it can be developed into a dry or curved type. B. Shrub: Dense branches and leaves, 5-8 main branches, evenly distributed. C. Conifer: the top of the main branch should be kept if the full crown type or low stem type is developed; Tree species with inconspicuous crown should develop multi-stem type or geometric type. D. Hedgerow: its branches should be promoted and the whole plant should be kept lush. It can also be shaped and trimmed and assembled into a hedge after leaving the garden. E. Ground cover plants and climbing plants: 3-5 main lianas are evenly distributed. Alien seedlings should be pruned and shaped step by step. 6.2.2 Hibernation pruning is mainly integer, which can be slightly re-cropped; Pruning during the growth period is mainly to adjust the tree potential, so pruning should be light. Bleeding trees should be pruned in summer and autumn. 6.3 Other cultivation technical measures 6.3. 1 Strengthen irrigation, fertilization, intertillage, weeding and other technical measures to promote the robust growth of seedlings and reach the predetermined indicators. 6.3.2 Pay attention to prevent natural disasters such as drought, waterlogging, strong wind, hail, severe cold, heat and human and animal damage, and improve the seedling preservation rate. 6.3.3 Reasonable intercropping, interplanting and replanting to improve the land utilization rate. 7, pest control 7. 1 Nursery should be designated persons responsible for pest control, strengthen pest prediction, and establish plant protection files. 7.2 According to the occurrence regularity of main pests and diseases of different tree species and different growth stages in this area, long-term and annual prevention and control plans are formulated, and comprehensive prevention and control are carried out by biological, chemical and physical methods. 7.3 Seriously disinfect the soil and seedlings. Avoid planting seedlings with the same diseases and pests on a piece of land or planting them year after year; Vegetables and other crops prone to pests and diseases shall not be planted in the nursery. 7.4 Strictly implement the provisions of the national plant quarantine laws and regulations, and the seedlings without quarantine shall not be introduced or exported. 7.5 When taking pest prevention measures, special attention should be paid to protecting natural enemies. 7.6 The following pests and diseases should be mainly controlled: a. Root pests and diseases: damping off, root rot and root cancer; White grubs, white grubs, gray elephant headland, needle worms, cutworms, nematodes, etc. B. Leaf diseases and insect pests: rust, powdery mildew, brown spot, chlorosis and witches' broom; Aphid, red spider, leaf roller moth, debt-avoiding moth, nest moth, Tian She moth, thorn moth, etc. C. branch diseases and insect pests: rot; Spiny moths, wood moths, longicorn beetles, chalcophora japonica, scale insects, etc. 7.7 The use of pesticides should strictly implement the relevant provisions of the national plant protection laws and regulations, especially the following points should be paid attention to: a. Choose pesticides correctly to prevent phytotoxicity. B. Within the effective range, it is advisable to use low-concentration pesticides. Attention should be paid to using different chemicals to prevent pests from developing drug resistance. C drugs with high pollution, high residual toxicity and mutual interference shall not be used to improve the control effect. D plant protection operation procedures must be implemented to ensure the safety of people and animals. 8. Nursery seedlings leave the nursery 8. 1 nursery preparation 8. 1. 1 Nursery seedlings in the nursery should be investigated before leaving the nursery, and the varieties, specifications, quantity and quality of nursery seedlings to be prepared should be counted so as to leave the nursery as planned. 8. 1.2 Nursery seedlings shall meet the requirements of product standards for garden nurseries. 8.1.3 Evergreen saplings under 5 years old should not leave the nursery when transplanted for less than 2 years, and saplings over 5 years old should not leave the nursery when transplanted for less than 3 years. 8. 1.4 When the seedlings leave the nursery, they should be cut in a ring shape, and they can leave the nursery within 2 years after root cutting. 8.2 Digging seedlings 8.2. 1 Digging seedlings specifications Small seedlings are big, medium seedlings are above the soil ball, which is a general digging seedling specification, and trees with slow rooting and deep roots can be appropriately increased. 8.2.2 When digging bare-rooted seedlings, the soil moisture content shall not be lower than 17%, and the soil moisture content with soil bulbs shall not be lower than 15%. 8.3 Other Requirements 8.3. 1 The exposure time of bare-root seedlings after digging should not be too long, otherwise they should follow. The running-in period should not exceed 20 days. 8.3.2 Bare-rooted seedlings should be covered with roots after digging, and soil balls with soil balls should be packed and tied tightly. Bundle and label before transportation, indicating the type and quantity to prevent mixing. 8.3.3 When pruning seedlings out of the nursery, leave room for pruning when planting, and must cut off pests and redundant branches. The pruning of root system can cut off the long part according to the rooting standard. 8.3.4 Nursery seedlings should be inspected by special personnel. If they don't leave the nursery, the varieties are wrong, the specifications are inconsistent, the quality is unqualified, and there are pests and diseases. Description of words and terms in appendix 1 Strict and must-do words: the masculine word is "must" and the feminine word is "forbidden". 2. Words that are strict and should be done under normal circumstances: positive words use "should" and negative words use "should not" or "may not". 3. Words that allow a little choice should be done first when conditions permit: the masculine word is "appropriate" or "possible" and the feminine word is "unfavorable". 4. The expression "should be in accordance with" or "should meet the requirements or regulations" is "should be implemented in accordance with the prescribed standards, norms or other relevant regulations". If it is not necessary to follow the referenced standards, specifications or other regulations, it should be written as "Reference ……".