Chapter 55 Resistance to US Aggression and Aid Korea

On August 1945, Japan surrendered unconditionally. In order to divide the scope of surrender to Japan's occupation of Korea, the Soviet Union and the United States, through consultation, took the 38th parallel of north latitude (hereinafter referred to as the 38th parallel) as the boundary, with the Soviet surrender area in the north and the American surrender area in the south. According to the spirit of the Cairo Declaration, the foreign ministers of the Soviet Union, the United States and Britain reached an agreement at the meeting held in Moscow on February 27th, 65438, and formed a joint committee with the Soviet Union Command and the United States Command in North Korea to help North and South Korea quickly establish a unified interim government. However, due to the differences of opinion between the Soviet Union and the United States on some major issues, it was not realized. 1948 On August 5th, the Republic of Korea in the south of the Korean peninsula was established, and on September 9th, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north was proclaimed. There are two different kinds of regimes on the Korean peninsula, forming a situation of division and opposition between the North and the South. Around the issue of North Korea's reunification, the struggle between the two sides has become increasingly acute, armed conflicts along the 38th parallel have increased, and the situation has become increasingly tense. 1948 5438+00 In June, the Soviet Union handed over the administrative power of the northern half of the Korean Peninsula to the North Korean government. 19 On February 25th, all Soviet troops withdrew from North Korea. At this point, North Korea and South Korea formally split. However, neither side will give up the goal of reunification, and there is also friction near the 38th parallel.

1On June 25th, 950, the Korean People's Army went south to fight and the Korean War broke out. On the 28th, he captured Seoul, the political center of South Korea. Under the strong offensive of North Korea, the South Korean army was losing ground. In order to maintain its leading position and interests in Asia, the United States immediately sent troops to intervene. On July 7, the United States submitted a motion to the Security Council authorizing the formation of a "United Nations force" to help South Korea resist the attack of the North Korean army. In the absence of representatives of the Soviet Union from June 1950 to June 1 protesting the refusal of the United Nations to accept People's Republic of China (PRC) as a new member, the motion passed the proposal of the United States by a vote of 13 to 1. On the 8th, Truman appointed MacArthur, commander of the US Far East Army, as commander-in-chief of the United Nations Army, and the United Nations Army was formally established-the United Nations Army was led by the US military, and other 15 countries also sent a small number of troops to participate in the war. The Korean People's Army successively launched the battles of Seoul, Tieyuan, Daejeon and Luodongjiang, occupying 90% of South Korea's territory and 92% of its population, and compressing South Korea and the US military in a narrow area between Daegu and Busan, about 1 10,000 square kilometers east of Luodongjiang. On August 3 1 day, the battle of Busan started again, and the advance troops reached the 35th latitude line, but since then, the battle has been in a stalemate.

On June 28th, the China administration issued a statement, strongly condemning the crimes of American aggression against North Korea and Taiwan Province Province and its interference in Asian affairs. 10 In July, the Taiwan Province Provincial Sports Committee of the Korean People's War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea was established in Beijing. 14 In June, the Notice on Holding the Taiwan Province Provincial Sports Week to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea was issued. The movement to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea began to spread throughout the country, forming its first climax. 13 In July, the Central Military Commission made the "Decision on Defending the Northeast Frontier Defense", and transferred more than 255,000 troops from the 13 Corps to form the Northeast Frontier Defense Force.

On September 15, the US military 10 landed in Incheon, the west coast of the southern Korean Peninsula. The Korean People's Army was caught between Scylla and Charybdis and suffered heavy losses, so it turned to strategic retreat. On September 30th, Zhou Enlai issued a speech warning the United States: "The people of China will never tolerate foreign aggression, nor will they allow the imperialists to ignore the aggression of neighboring countries. "... The United States crossed the 38th parallel of north latitude on June 10, occupied Pyongyang on June 19, and continued to push northward on a large scale. At the same time, American planes repeatedly violated China's airspace and bombed Dandong, and the war was about to burn to the Yalu River.

654381October 8, the DPRK government requested China to send troops to help. At the request of the North Korean government, China made a decision to "resist US aggression and aid Korea and defend the country" and quickly formed Chinese people's Volunteer Army to join the Korean War. /KOOC-0/9/KOOC-0/0 in the evening, Peng (/KOOC-0/898-/KOOC-0/974) was the commander and political commissar, leading the 38th, 39th, 40th and 42nd armies of Chinese people's Volunteer Army (followed by the 50th and 66th armies) and/KOOC-0/.

? ? Second, the first stage of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.

From June 25th, 1950 to June 25th, 195 1, Chinese people's Volunteer Army fought five battles in succession, which was the first stage of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.

The first battle was a sudden attack campaign launched by volunteers on the border between China and North Korea from1October 25th to1October 5th.15000. 10/On October 25th, the volunteers launched a campaign. 1 The main force of the army cooperated with the Korean People's Army to stop the attack on the eastern front, and concentrated five armies and 1 divisions on the western front to give a sudden blow to the United Nations Army, expelling them from the Yalu River to the south of the Qingchuan River, thus defeating the Thanksgiving Day of the United Nations Army (160)

In the second battle, the volunteers wiped out more than 36,000 people from 10 to February 24,1950. 165438+1On October 24th, the "United Nations Army" launched a general attack aimed at ending the Korean War on Christmas Day. At that time, it was found that volunteers entered the DPRK to participate in the war. After the volunteers lured the "United Nations Army" to the scheduled area according to the scheduled plan, they immediately launched a counterattack and gave a surprise attack. The "United Nations Army" was defeated by the Qingchuan River in the west and the Changjin Lake in the east, and was forced to abandon Pyongyang and Yuanshan and retreat to the south of the "38th parallel" by land and sea. This battle is a battle to reverse the Korean War.

In the third battle, from 1950, 12, 3 1 to 1 95,1,* * wiped out more than 9000 people. The Volunteers concentrated six armies and, with the cooperation of three legions of the People's Army, launched an all-round attack on the United Nations Army, which relied on the established position of the "38th parallel", repelled it from the "38th parallel" to the area near the 37th parallel of north latitude, occupied Seoul, the capital of South Korea (now Seoul), and stopped the campaign pursuit in due course.

In the fourth campaign, volunteers wiped out more than 78,000 people from 195 1 year125 October to 265,438 April. After the volunteers won three battles in a row, the main force turned to rest. The "United Nations Army" found it difficult to supply volunteers and the frontline troops were insufficient, so it quickly replenished personnel and materials, adjusted its deployment, and resumed its attack on1October 25th 195 1 65438+. Volunteers immediately changed from rest to defense, and together with the Korean People's Army, launched the fourth campaign. In the first stage, 1 army fought tenaciously on the western front, and concentrated six troops to carry out counter-offensive in Hengcheng area on the eastern front, but failed to break through the main direction of "United Nations Army". In the second stage, in order to exchange space for time and cover the arrival of the follow-up corps, the whole line turned to sports defense to counter the consumption of the "United Nations Army". On March 14, the Chinese and Korean People's Army withdrew from Seoul. On April 2 1 day, the "United Nations Army" was held near the north and south of the "38th parallel". During this period, MacArthur and Truman had serious differences on the policy of invading Korea. 1 1 In April, Truman dismissed MacArthur and appointed Li Qiwei as Commander-in-Chief of the United Nations Army.

The fifth campaign was launched on April 22nd 195 1 and ended around June 10, lasting 50 days. As a result of the campaign, the volunteers and the People's Army repelled the "United Nations Army" from the area near the 38th parallel to the south bank of the Han River, but they were pushed back to the north and south areas of the 38th parallel by the "United Nations Army", and the volunteers and the People's Army were wiped out.

? ? Third, the second stage of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.

1951In early June, the U.S. government made a diplomatic gesture to China and North Korea to end hostilities through armistice negotiations. This is after more than seven months of military contest, the US government has realized that if the main force is trapped in the Korean battlefield for a long time, it will be extremely unfavorable to its global strategy focusing on Europe; Coupled with the growing anti-war sentiment at home and abroad, we decided to turn to strategic defense and prepare to negotiate with China and North Korea on the basis of strength to seek a "glorious truce". 1951June 1 1 to1953 July 27th, which was the second stage of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. At this stage, the People's Army of China and North Korea carried out the strategic policy of "persisting in fighting and actively defending", taking positional warfare as the main form of combat and carrying out unremitting active defensive operations. 1951July 10, the two sides of the war began talks on the Korean armistice. Since then, the war has been fought and talked for more than two years.

195 1 On July 26th, 2006, when the issue of military demarcation line was discussed in armistice negotiations, the United Nations forces attempted to force North Korea to submit by military attack. From August 18 to August 10/22/KLOC-0, the "United Nations Army" launched a local offensive in summer and autumn. Relying on field fortifications, the Volunteers and the Korean People's Army fought back against the "United Nations Army" and the Korean National Army under its command, and more than 68,000 people died/kloc-0. The "United Nations Army" failed in its attack and was forced to resume negotiations on 25 October, 65438/KLOC-0. 165438+1On October 27th, the "United Nations Army" and the DPRK reached an agreement on taking the actual line of contact as the military demarcation line.

Since August of 195 1, the US Air Force has carried out the "air blockade traffic line campaign", that is, the "strangulation war", which lasted for 10 months, aiming at cutting off the supply of the rear of the Chinese and Korean People's Army. In order to break the air blockade and ensure transportation, the volunteers launched an "anti-strangulation" struggle, shooting down and injuring 4528 enemy planes and smashing the air blockade of the US military.

1952 65438+ 10, in October, the U.S. military openly violated public international law and waged a germ war against North Korea and northeast China (history cannot be forgotten, and the present situation cannot be ignored: at present, there are more than 200 biological laboratories led by the U.S. military in the world. What is the intention of the United States? Why has the United States so far been opposed to the verification protocol of the Biological Weapons Convention? )。 From 1952 to 65438+127 October, American planes began to drop bacterial bombs on North Korea, resulting in cholera and other deadly infectious diseases that have long been extinct in North Korea. Some North Koreans and volunteers are infected to varying degrees. At the end of February and the beginning of March, the US military expanded the scope of germ warfare to the northeast of China. The DPRK military and civilians urgently launched a large-scale mass epidemic prevention and health campaign, and at the same time exposed and accused the United States of crimes to the world. The China Red Cross Society, people's organizations and relevant experts and scholars formed an "investigation team of US imperialist germ warfare crimes" to conduct on-the-spot investigations in North Korea and northeast China. The governments of the DPRK and China have successively accepted the fact-finding mission of the International Democratic Lawyers Association and the International Scientific Committee to Investigate the Facts of Bacteriological War between North Korea and China to conduct field investigations in North Korea and Northeast China. Three investigation teams have published investigation reports, exposing the crimes committed by the US military in the germ warfare. At the same time, China also held physical and photo exhibitions of the US military's germ warfare crimes in Beijing and Shenyang. On April 8, Captain Kaiser Inak of the US Air Force, who was captured by the Volunteers, delivered a radio speech entitled "An Open Letter to Chinese people's Volunteer Army", exposing the fact that senior US military officials tried to conceal the germ warfare. After May, Xinhua News Agency released confessions of 25 captured American pilots about the US military's germ warfare, among which three prisoners of war with the rank of colonel also confessed the US military's decision on germ warfare. Under the unanimous condemnation of people all over the world and international democratic organizations, the United States has suffered a shameful defeat politically and internationally. 1in the winter of 952, after nearly a year's struggle, the Korean army and civilians finally completely defeated the germ warfare carried out by the US military.

1In the spring of 952, the "United Nations Army" put forward the so-called "voluntary repatriation" principle for detaining Korean prisoners of war, and opposed all the repatriation claims put forward by China and North Korea, which brought the armistice negotiations to a deadlock. 1952 The battle of consolidating positions in spring and summer is a battle between the Volunteers and the Korean People's Army, which uses the relatively stable battlefield situation to stabilize the defensive positions and hold the front lines, and consumes the effective strength of the "United Nations Army" led by the United States and the Korean National Army under its command. Volunteers creatively built a powerful defense system with tunnel fortifications as the backbone and field fortifications. With the continuous consolidation of positions, under the guidance of the idea of fighting a small war of annihilation, the Chinese and Korean People's Army attacked and ambushed the "United Nations Army", seized the middle position, seized its prominent frontier positions and support points, and gradually expanded the scale of operations. 1In August, 952, the "United Nations Army" was forced to reach an agreement on the draft Korean armistice (except the issue of prisoners of war).

1952 Autumn Tactical Counterattack was carried out by the Volunteers and the Korean People's Army in the vicinity of the "38th Parallel" from September to October1October 3 1 day, selectively targeting the "United Nations Army" led by the United States and its defensive positions under the command of the Korean military camp. In the famous battle of Shangganling, which was large in scale and lasted for a long time (* * * wiped out more than 25,000 people, and our army also suffered casualties 1. 1.5 million people), the "golden offensive" launched by the "United Nations Army" was shattered. This counterattack wiped out 1 10000 people (including the record of the Korean People's Army).

During the period from 1952 to 12 to 1953, the preparations for the anti-landing campaign in the spring of 1953 were carried out to smash the amphibious landing attempts of the "United Nations Army" led by the United States and the Korean National Army under its command on the east and west coasts of Korea. The "United Nations Army" was forced to abandon its military adventure plan and resumed the armistice negotiations with the DPRK on April 26th, which had been suspended for six months. Volunteers, together with the Korean People's Army, launched a counter-offensive campaign in Xia Faqi in 1953, pushing for an armistice and * * * eliminating123,000 people. Since May 13, there have been three attacks of different scales on the "United Nations Army". After the first and second attacks, the "United Nations Army" was forced to compromise. When the Armistice Agreement was about to be signed, the South Korean authorities claimed to "act alone" and "push northward". In order to achieve an effective armistice and be in a more favorable position after the armistice, the Chinese and Korean People's Army decided to give a blow to the South Korean Army. In mid-July, they launched the third offensive, mainly in jincheng battle, forcing the "United Nations Army" to make a guarantee to North Korea to fulfill the armistice agreement, which effectively promoted the realization of the armistice.

1953 On July 27th, the two sides of the war signed the Korean Armistice Agreement. So far, the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, which lasted for two years and nine months, has come to an end. After the Korean armistice, Chinese people's Volunteer Army helped the Korean people to do a lot of work for post-war recovery and construction. 1958 5438+00 In June, Chinese people's Volunteer Army completely withdrew from North Korea and returned to the motherland.

? ? Fourth, the movement to resist US aggression and aid Korea.

Chinese people's Volunteer Army was ordered to fight in the DPRK, and the party and government quickly launched a massive national people's movement to resist US aggression and aid Korea. In order to educate the people of the whole country to resist US aggression and aid Korea "to defend peace, for the sake of the motherland, is to defend their hometown" and stimulate their patriotic enthusiasm, the Central Committee issued the "Instructions on National Current Affairs Propaganda" on 26 October/2006 1950, and the vigorous movement to resist US aggression and aid Korea began. On the same day, the China People's Committee for Defending World Peace and Resisting US Aggression and Aid Korea (China People's General Association for Resisting US Aggression and Aid Korea) was established in Beijing to lead the people's movement to resist US aggression and aid Korea. 165438+1October 4th, China's * * * production party and various democratic parties issued a joint declaration, calling on the people of the whole country to take active actions to support the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. Since then, the publicity and education campaign to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea has flourished throughout the country. 195 1 February 2, 2008, the Central Committee issued the "Instructions on Further Developing the Patriotic Movement to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea". Under the call of "resisting U.S. aggression and aiding Korea to protect the country and defend the country", the people of the whole country are United as one and set off a wave of joining the army and supporting the army. The people actively carry out campaigns such as increasing production, saving, patriotism and high yield. The workers' masters put forward the slogan that "the factory is the battlefield, and the machine is the gun". They are working day and night to produce military supplies and weapons and ammunition for the volunteers. Farmers are eager to sell "patriotic food" and do their best to ensure the supply of materials at the front. On April 1 1, People's Daily published a newsletter "Who is the cutest person" written by the famous writer Wei Wei after an on-the-spot interview on the battlefield. Since then, "the cutest person" has become the lofty title of volunteers. There is a nationwide upsurge of donating condolences (6.5438+260,000 pieces) and solatium to volunteers and writing letters of condolences. On June 1, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued instructions on concluding patriotic conventions and donating weapons, and the People's Congress issued a call to mobilize the people of the whole country to carry out the campaign of donating aircraft and guns. People from all walks of life in China responded positively and launched a campaign to conclude patriotic conventions and donate planes and artillery. By May 1952, the people of the whole country had donated RMB 5,565 billion (old currency), equivalent to 37 10 fighter planes. In order to show more direct respect and love for the volunteers and encourage them to fight bravely, the General Assembly organized three large-scale condolence activities to the DPRK in April 195 1, September 1952 and June 1953, and went deep into the DPRK to express condolences to the volunteers and the Korean People's Army. The Korean People's Movement to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea made great contributions to the realization of the Korean armistice and the final victory of the Chinese and Korean People's Army. Joint 500 million? The people of China are the strongest backing of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.

? ? V. Significance

Chinese people's Volunteer Army and the Korean People's Army announced on August 4th, 1953 that from June 25th, 1950 to July 27th, 1953, the Korean People's Army and Chinese people's Volunteer Army * * * wiped out109000 people (including volunteers). 1953101On October 23rd, the Associated Press announced that the total number of casualties of the "United Nations Army" exceeded1470,000. According to the Korean War History compiled by the Ministry of National Defense of South Korea, US troops lost179,800 people (announced by the United States142,000 people) and South Korea lost 988,400 people, totaling 1 1300 people (excluding non-combat downsizing). The Unsolved Insider of the Korean War by Joseph Gordon reveals the figures engraved on the memorial wall of the Korean War in the United States, with 54,246 people dead, 8 177 missing, 7 140 captured and 0/03284 injured, totaling172,847. The United States spent $40 billion on war expenses and consumed more than 73 million tons of war materials.

According to relevant statistics, China consumed more than 5.6 million tons of various war materials for the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, and spent 6.25 billion yuan (equivalent to 2.5 billion US dollars at that time). During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, 2.4 million people joined Chinese people's Volunteer Army successively, of which10.9 million people entered the DPRK in turn, adding nearly 500,000 troops. Statistics of the Volunteer Command in September1953: 360,000 volunteers were killed or injured in the battle; Non-combat attrition (including retirement, deaths and accidents, attrition, etc.). ) is 386,000, and 746,000 is in two items. June 65438+/KOOC-0/October 65438+June 2000, according to the data provided by the People's Liberation Army Daily, during the Korean War, more than 360,000 volunteers were killed/KOOC-0/7/KOOC-0/687. 20 14, 10 in June, there were 197653 confirmed martyrs to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, including volunteers who died or disappeared in the war to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, former militia migrant workers and former workers, and those who helped North Korea make sacrifices in production and construction after the armistice and before the volunteers returned to China. The China government and the people of China paid a huge price for the victory of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.

The War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea is a just war to defend peace and resist aggression. The victory of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea shattered the U.S. attempt to annex the whole of Korea, shattered the myth of invincible U.S. imperialism, and defended the independence of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the security of new China. The victory of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea showed the national and military power of the new China, enhanced the international status of the new China, won the respect of the people of the world, and enhanced the national pride and pride of the people of China. The victory of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea indisputably shows that "the era of foreign imperialism bullying the people of China ended forever with the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC)."