What are the characteristics of modern Chinese in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar?

Each syllable has a tone.

Sound, rhyme and tone are the three elements of Chinese syllables, and tone is an indispensable part of syllables.

2) No consonants

Consonants are mainly voiced consonants, and voiced consonants are only m, l, r, n, n.

English and other foreign languages have voiced consonants and complex consonants;

There are also complex consonants in ancient Chinese;

There are no consonants in modern Chinese.

3) Vowels are dominant

Any syllable must have a vowel, and any vowel must have one or more vowels.

Vowels belong to music and consonants belong to noise.

Even jiao vowels (good H6533

Modern Chinese is dominated by unvoiced consonants, and the vocal cords do not vibrate, so there is less noise and more music in syllables.

4) No tone

Both ancient Chinese and modern Chinese have Rusheng.

In modern Chinese, the ancient entering tones are combined into three tones: Ping (Yin Ping, Yangping), Up and Down.

Some dialects still retain the tone of entering tone.

2. Lexical features

1) is dominated by monosyllabic roots and root words.

The syllables of modern Chinese are generally meaningful.

These syllables that record meaning constitute the smallest combination of sound and meaning in modern Chinese-morphemes and words.

2) Disyllabic words are dominant.

Modern Chinese uses a lot of compound words to create new words.

Disyllabic words have the aesthetic feeling of symmetrical and harmonious syllables and even rhythm.

3) "Four-character case" is dominant in disyllabic words.

This is related to the dominance of disyllabic words and even-numbered rhythm habits in Chinese.

Some numerical abbreviations are mostly even numbers, such as "four modernizations", "five virtues", "three disciplines" and "four similarities".

3. Grammatical features

1) has no morphological changes.

No matter whether a word is a subject or an object, its pronunciation and word form have not changed.

Some grammatical categories and functions are not expressed by morphological changes like some English and Russian.

2) Compound words are dominant.

The morphology of modern Chinese is mainly compound words based on roots. This method is very effective and can meet the needs of vocabulary in verbal communication. But also facilitate understanding and mastering lexical meanings. For example, the sky can constitute today, yesterday, the day before yesterday, tomorrow, Sunday, autumn, blue sky and weather.

3) Quantifiers are abundant

Quantifier is a common feature of all languages in Sino-Tibetan language family. Abundance of quantifiers is a major feature of Chinese. Many nouns in Chinese require specific quantifiers.

Therefore, it can be said that quantifiers are a classification sign of the external characteristics of nouns.

The quantity involved in verbs also uses quantity words, that is, momentum words.

In addition to fixed quantifiers, temporary quantifiers are widely used, such as a bowl of rice, a meal, a meal, a bite of rice, a meal and a grain of rice.

The quantifier "kicked him once" can also use "a meal" and "a foot" ("foot" is a temporary quantifier).

4) There are similar words.

For example, verbs and nouns, verbs and prepositions, verbs and adjectives.

5) Syntactic and lexical consistency

Words, phrases and sentences are consistent in structure, such as "earthquake" (words with subject-predicate structure) and "soil erosion" (phrases with subject-predicate structure).

"improve" (words that complement the structure) and "see clearly" (phrases that complement the structure)

Advantages: It provides a convenient foundation for the learning and application of Chinese;

Disadvantages: The boundary between words is unclear, especially in the two-syllable structure, which is very prominent.

6) Word order and function words are the main grammatical means.

Use the same words, but express different meanings because of different word orders.

For example, "grasping industry" and "grasping big industry"; "I want to learn" and "I want to learn"; "Everything happens for a reason, but there is no evidence" and "there is a reason without evidence"; I don't know, I don't know and I don't know. Using different prepositions has completely different meanings, such as "beating him" and "being beaten by him".