Southern Fujian customs

After exploring and thinking, many overseas scholars who study China culture often turn their attention to Fujian culture, among which Minnan culture is highly concerned. In Japanese academic circles, all scholars who study China culture, China culture and overseas Chinese have turned their attention to the study of Minnan culture after studying Taiwan Province Province and Hongkong, when the academic atmosphere allows them to enter here.

Purdue University

Purdue, according to historical records, Quanzhou began to divide its jurisdiction into three "corners" in the East, South and West in the Yuan Dynasty. Ming dynasty along the yuan system. In the Qing Dynasty, the northern corner of the city was added. There were 36 "shops" under the four corners, and each shop was divided into several "boundaries". This is the origin of the words "Putin" and "36 stores" that are often heard in Quanzhou today. In the past, on the day of July 15, people finished offering sacrifices to their parents in front of Boss Mu and Purdue Palace at the gate. On the fifteenth day of the lunar calendar, ancestors are sacrificed, and in the seventh month of the lunar calendar, Purdue is held in turn every day. According to the memory of the old people, only in the late Qing Dynasty did 36 shops take turns to do Purdue. According to some written materials of later generations and old people's dictation, the custom of taking turns to Pudu originated in the Qing Dynasty, because the sacrificial activities were concentrated and the demand for sacrifices was large, and the market was in short supply in July and half. People often fight for shopping. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the local squire submitted a petition and drew lots to decide the alternate purdue date of Store No.36 in the City Hall, while each family still offered sacrifices to their ancestors in the first half of July. Since then, Licheng District and some related villages have taken turns to do Purdue on the basis of paving roads. On the other hand, throughout the old July, there were several corners in Quanzhou to do Purdue almost every day, but residents in any corner would not do Purdue on July 15th, but worshipped their ancestors first.

No matter where the store is located, the basic structure of Purdue mainly consists of three parts-vertical flag, vertical lamp, Purdue and Chongpu, and a "finishing edge". The first ceremony began in June of the lunar calendar. The last ceremony is held between August and October of the lunar calendar. People who pave roads and live near water also need to do "water popularization"

The sturgeon (beside the word "worm") in the suburb of Quanzhou is a fishing village. On July 15 "July and a half" of the lunar calendar, sturgeons will go to the ancestral temple to "respect their father and mother" and "worship Pudu" on July 27th. During Purdue, we will set the table at the door, light incense, burn gold and set off firecrackers. Be careful not to have seafood with sharp shells in the dishes, and peel off the shells before cooking. After arranging the sacrifice, you should "Bo Yi", ask Pudu Gong for instructions before you can burn gold and shoot Pudu Gong away. On the morning of Purdue Day, families in PSh village will go to their temples to burn incense, provide food and drinks, and "burn gold". In the afternoon, at the door of the house, we will provide food and wine and burn gold to offer sacrifices to Pudu Gong.

Purdue is an old-fashioned house in urban areas, similar to houses in rural areas, where tables are placed, food and alcohol offerings are placed, and gold is burned in the patio or outside the door. With the increase of high-rise multi-family mixed buildings, there is a problem of Purdue Sacrificial Site. From the case, we can see that there are three common ferry modes for residents in the building:

1, offering sacrifices to the gallery inside the gate and burning gold outside the building;

2. Put a sacrifice outside your own gate in the corridor and burn gold outside the building;

3. Go down to the open field on the first floor to offer sacrifices and burn gold.

This is the result of residents' adjustment between the new lifestyle and the traditional sacrificial behavior. Among the three types of practices, burning gold should be carried out outside buildings, not only for safety or ventilation, but for people to inherit traditional consciousness.

Sacrificial ceremonies usually begin at four or five in the afternoon. No matter in urban or rural areas, neighbors always start to do Purdue ceremony one after another, for fear that the "short supply" of wine and vegetables from one household will lead to Purdue public outrage, which is not good for their families.

Inviting relatives and friends to "eat Pudu" after the sacrifice is also a major feature of Quanzhou's urban and rural areas. After the sacrificial ceremony, in addition to relatives, friends will be widely invited to drink. People often eat in this house and then go there. Just after dinner here, the urging phone call came from there. Regardless of urban and rural areas, the lively "eating Pudu" has become a peak in the whole process of Quanzhou Pudu. Some people say that every household invites many guests to show themselves, while others say that Pudugong will not leave because he is afraid of eating sacrifices. Calling many people to be brave can scare Pudugong away. I think the reason for the latter may be primitive, while the former is an objective effect derived from it. In fact, "eating Purdue" shows that today's Purdue activities have great social functions. Because of taking turns to do Purdue, people have more opportunities to exchange visits and a high degree of freedom to participate in "eating Purdue". The social circle in Purdue season is bigger than that in Spring Festival, which is a major feature of Purdue.

dowry

There are many kinds of dowry in Minnan marriage, including food, clothes, daily necessities and offerings to ancestors and gods. These dowries have special meanings and are amazing. And it is also divided into several burdens! The first goods were food gifts. Among dowry gifts, the most important etiquette is "trotters in front of sedan chairs", and the front and rear legs of trotters should weigh ten to twenty pounds to show the weight of the gift. Followed by the "four fruits", that is, it consists of rice fragrant sugar, wax gourd strips, rock sugar, tea and so on. It is called "Four Fruits Sweet" locally, which means happiness and sweetness. In addition, there are home-made sweet cakes and hair cakes in rural areas, which are called "pressing houses" and have the meaning of building families and houses. These things should be packed in two bamboo baskets, tied with red cloth strips or red paper strips, and sent to the halls and new houses for worship, so as to have children early. In addition, you should also prepare meat, noodles, glutinous rice, cigarettes, wine and other foods.

The second batch of goods are suitcases for clothes. The things to wear will be relatively simple, except the clothes that the bride carries with her, and there are not many clothes. However, if there were eight or ten sets of requirements in the era of ticket supply, then there was a lyric commonly known as "four pairs of nylon stockings, four shirts are genuine …"! It can be seen that the bride's demand for the number of clothes was tight at that time. Although they don't pay much attention to the number of clothes, some people have prepared antique red coats, red skirts, blue robes and white and yellow bodies (made of white and yellow cloth, two for men and two for women) for parents' birthday worship and centenarians to show that men and women are kind and have good family backgrounds.

The third burden is the most ambiguous in dowry. This is an offering to worship ancestors and gods. Generally speaking, there are several pairs of big red candles, several incense sticks, several strings of firecrackers, several packets of red envelopes (called "room head gifts"), and sacrifices such as rice cakes and snacks. All offerings should be even, such as the second, fourth and twelfth, for good luck. Then put them in two beautiful red baskets, which are called "Hongsheng" locally. Near the towns and villages where Hakkas live, there is a custom of sending home care lamps (kerosene lamps) to men's homes, in order to make a fortune. I use the most things, from color TV, refrigerator and motorcycle to sewing box. It's really everywhere. The more traditional saying is "three boxes". That is, a jewelry box is needed, which contains exquisite gold and silver jewelry and other valuables used to show parents' wealth when they get married; Secondly, there are eight things in the dressing box, such as cuttlefish, rouge gouache, comb, mirror and red ribbon, which means that parents cherish their daughters; Thirdly, a sewing box with scissors, a red ruler, needle and thread and other items for sewing and cutting means that the bride is skilled and diligent.

In addition, women's daily necessities such as bath bucket (commonly known as "red-footed bucket"), pillow, towel, toothbrush, cup, tea set and washbasin are all complete, which is the interesting and characteristic of Minnan dowry. However, today, many customs have been replaced by modern marriage habits.

Year-end dinner

December 16th of the lunar calendar is the last sacrificial activity in a year, commonly known as "Tail Teeth". There is an ancient poem saying, "Everyone pays a glass of wine a year, and every household thanks the earth with cigarettes." This is the scene of the tail teeth written by the old poet. The "right to relieve soldiers by drinking a glass of wine" in Part One refers to the allusion of Song Taizu's "right to relieve soldiers by drinking a glass of wine", which means that the owner wants to fire that person; The second couplet is the tail tooth season, and every household is offering sacrifices to the landlord. On February 2 nd, after the folk worshiped the birthday of the earth god, the earth god hosted a banquet for everyone. 1February 16 On the day of "Tail Teeth", in order to thank the land god for his care over the past year, the merchants will prepare rich sacrifices to reward the land god and reward the employees after the worship. In the early days, ordinary businessmen or factories used the meal of "eating tail teeth" to imply that they were going to fire employees or workers. However, people in the old society were kinder. If it weren't for the guys, it wouldn't work, or the boss's business management was not good. You don't fire a person directly. The way to fire him is not to send a notice of dismissal or severance pay, but to hint and tell the employee that he was fired at the tail tooth banquet. Related languages

During the Northern Song Dynasty, a city shipping company responsible for foreign trade was established in Quanzhou and other ports, which made Quanzhou a famous international commercial port at that time, which was very convenient for overseas maritime transportation. After that, many people in southern Fujian and other areas emigrated to other places due to political, economic or other factors (including Chaoshan dialect in eastern Guangdong, Hailufeng dialect in southern Guangdong, Leizhou dialect in southern Guangdong) and most parts of Taiwan Province Province, so they brought their mother tongue-Minnan dialect. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, there was a drought in southern Fujian. Zheng Zhilong managed to train thousands of people in Taiwan Province province. Most of them settled in Taiwan Province Province, and they also traded and even got married with the aborigines of Taiwan Province Province (mostly Pingpu people), which promoted the consanguinity between the Han people and the aborigines of Taiwan Province Province and integration of language.

From the16th century, western European countries began to carry out various overseas colonization plans. Since 1624, the Netherlands and Spain have successively occupied southern and northern Taiwan Province provinces. Especially, the Dutch ruled Taiwan Province Province for nearly 40 years. They implemented the kingdom system and recovered Taiwan Province Province before recruiting Minnan people. Most of the Han people who came to Taiwan Province were born in Zhangzhou, Putian and Quanzhou. Under the long-term rule of Pingpu and the Dutch, the Minnan language brought by immigrants has also infiltrated some new language factors. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng Chenggong led an army to capture Taiwan Province Province and drive away the Dutch. The Zheng family was born in Nan 'an, Fujian. Chen Yonghua, the founder of the culture and education system in the Zheng Dynasty, was from Fujian, and most of the soldiers and civilians he brought with him were from Fujian. Therefore, at this time, the language of Taiwan Province Province is mainly Fujian accent.

1683, Shi Lang conquered Taiwan Province, the Zheng Dynasty perished, and the Qing court officially ruled Taiwan Province Province. In the second year, in order to prevent Zheng's adherents, the Qing court issued a ban on crossing Taiwan and set strict conditions to restrict people from crossing Taiwan. Guandu can only cross Taiwan Province from three ports, Quanzhou Putian people cross Taiwan Province from Quanzhou Shishi Hanjiang Port, Zhangzhou Xiamen people cross Taiwan Province from Xiamen, and Fuzhou people cross Taiwan Province from Fuzhou Nantai Port and Mawei Port. Among them, Guangdong nationals were forbidden to cross the border, which led to the Hakka people from Guangdong coming to Taiwan Province Province later. The development of Taiwan Province Province has almost always been dominated by Fujian people, and the language of Taiwan Province Province is also dominated by Fujian people. During the reign of Gan Yong, the ban was gradually relaxed. 1862, due to the peony club incident, Shen Baozhen, an imperial envoy, came to Taiwan to deal with defense, and lifted the ban on crossing Taiwan for nearly 200 years in the name of "helping the fans with mountains". During the more than 200 years when the Qing court ruled Taiwan Province Province, the number of Fujian people coming to Taiwan increased sharply, and the language of immigrants spread to all parts of Taiwan Province Province with their footprints. Later, due to the convenience of transportation and the gradual increase of population, the accents of Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Xiamen, which came to Taiwan Province successively, gradually merged into a different accent, which was called "Zhang Quan abuse", formed a compatible Minnan accent and settled down. This is the Taiwan Province accent of Taiwan Province Province. In addition, more than half of Putian dialect and Taiwanese in Minnan dialect branch can communicate with each other. The Minnan dialect in Taiwan Province Province is characterized by the integration of different local accents. In a word, the northern part of Taiwan Province Province (such as Taibei and Taoyuan) is partial to Quanzhou dialect, while the southern part (such as Kaohsiung and Tainan) is partial to Zhangzhou dialect.

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing court was defeated and ceded Taiwan Province Province to Japan. During the Japanese rule of Taiwan Province Province, the policy of "Mandarin" (Japanese) was implemented in education. Japanese is dominant in politics, and the Taiwanese language used by the people is inevitably influenced by it. Until today, because Japanese was brought to Japan from China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the early Qing Dynasty in China, we can still find traces of Japanese influence in Heluo dialect. There are some similarities between Japanese and Minnan. 1945, World War II ended, the Japanese army was defeated, and the China National Government recovered Taiwan Province; After the war, the Kuomintang launched a civil war again. Thanks to the hard work of the producers and the just people, the Kuomintang government was defeated and hundreds of thousands of troops and people were brought from the mainland to Taiwan Province Province. This is the largest migration activity in the history of Taiwan Province Province. Coupled with the "Mandarin" movement (this time in Beijing), under its influence, Heluo once again joined the new collection. Because ancient Vietnam, Fujian, Guangdong and other places were inhabited by the Yue people, the ancient Chinese used by the Han people in ancient north was influenced by many Vietnamese languages. Ancient Vietnam was the territory of China from the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty in China. Even after it was separated from China, it still maintained close ties with southern China. From the Five Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, Vietnam was always a vassal state of China. In ancient Vietnam, the ancient Vietnamese language, which was a fusion of ancient Chinese and ancient Vietnamese, was used for more than 1000 years. Modern research also shows that Dai language is closely related to the original Sino-Tibetan language family and ancient Chinese. The Dong-Tai language family and Minnan language share some ancient Vietnamese. The Dong-Tai language family includes Dong, Zhuang and Dai languages in China, Thai language in Southeast Asia and Changbang language in Myanmar, so Southeast Asians have the advantage of learning Minnan. Moreover, due to the migration tradition of Minnan people, Minnan people have very close exchanges with overseas, especially with Southeast Asia. Correspondingly, there are many Southeast Asian loanwords in Minnan dialect. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Quanzhou has become the largest port in the East, and the starting point of the Maritime Silk Road in the Yuan Dynasty is Quanzhou. Since then, Minnan has had more frequent exchanges with the Middle East, West Asia and Southeast Asia. A large number of Arab businessmen settled in Quanzhou, and overseas Chinese who went abroad brought foreign languages to southern Fujian for a long time. Some loanwords have entered the Minnan language and become a part of it. For example: ma-ti (death), ta-pi (however), ko-pi (coffee), gan-dang (potato/potato), pa-sak (pasha), sa-bun (soap), chok-ku-le (chocolate) and tong-kat.

dissenting views

Minnan dialect, also known as Heluo dialect, has two versions:

One: Heluo dialect was originally the official language of the Shang Dynasty in the Central Plains during the Xia, Shang, Zhou and Pre-Qin periods. When the Shang Dynasty spread to Zhou Wang, it was destroyed by Xidi people (that is, Zhou people). The merchants who stayed in Heluo area, the upper class was forced to move to Luoyi as slave workers, and the lower class was assigned to Wei, Song, Shandong and Qi to become serfs. The tenacious businessmen left in the east had to retreat to Jiangnan and other places to make use of rich resources. The accent of Heluo language originated from Shang Dynasty, and its pronunciation originated from ancient Chinese, so Heluo language should be called "Shang Chinese" or "Ancient Chinese", which is the most authentic language of Han people.

Two: The Minnan dialect originated in the Yellow River and Luoshui Valley around Luoyang, the capital of the ancient Central Plains, commonly known as "Heluo dialect" and "endless Heluolang". This is because in the Western Jin Dynasty, the eight surnames of Lin, Huang, Chen, Zheng, Zhan, Qiu, He and Hu in the Central Plains crossed the river to settle down in order to escape the war, and named the river "Jinjiang". After emigrating to Taiwan Province Province, Minnan people brought Minnan dialect to Taiwan Province Province. Unexpectedly, the place where Heluo dialect was originally spoken no longer speaks Heluo dialect.

Language partition

Minnan dialect is one of the eight major dialects in China. It is divided into several branch dialects:

Xiamen dialect area: Xiamen and Tongan.

Quanzhou dialect area: Quanzhou, Anxi, Shishi, Jinjiang, Hui 'an, Nan 'an, Yongchun, Dehua and Jinmen.

Zhangzhou Dialect Area: Zhangzhou, Longhai, Zhangpu, Xiao Yun, Dongshan, Zhaoan, Huaan, Changtai, Pinghe and Nanjing.

Longyan Dialect Area: xinluo district and zhangping city in Longyan City.

Datian dialect area: a part of Datian County and a small part of Youxi County.

The spread of Minnan dialect is not only in southern Fujian, but also has already surpassed provincial and national boundaries. The most widely spread Minnan dialect in other provinces is Taiwan Province Province. On the island of Taiwan Province Province, almost all Minnan dialects similar to Zhangzhou and Quanzhou dialects are used, except in Gaoshan areas. According to the preliminary investigation, Taichung and Taipei are slightly biased towards Quanzhou, while Tainan and Kaohsiung are slightly biased towards Zhangzhou. It is said that the migration of Minnan people to Taiwan Province Province began in the Yuan Dynasty, and the large-scale migration was in the middle of17th century. A large number of Minnan people and Zheng Chenggong crossed the sea to recover Taiwan Province Province from the Dutch invaders. For more than 300 years, Minnan people, Han people in other areas and their alpine compatriots have jointly developed this treasure island of the motherland. In the life and struggle of colleagues, Minnan dialect has always been the main communication tool in Taiwan Province Province. Especially today, the economic and cultural exchanges between the mainland and Taiwan Province Province are closer, and friends from Taiwan Province Province are constantly coming to the mainland to seek roots and visit friends, so Minnan dialect is even more important.

In the early days when the Kuomintang was in power in Taiwan Province Province, due to the compulsory promotion of Putonghua by the Kuomintang government, Minnan language has been in decline in Taiwan Province Province for decades, and people who speak Minnan language will be called "Taiwan Province people". After the Democratic Progressive Party government took office, it vigorously promoted local culture and activities, such as loving people from hometown and Taiwan Province province to speak Taiwanese, and saying Minnan has become a fashion. Locals, many mainlanders and Hakkas (such as cucurbits) are also trying to learn Minnan and can use it partially or fluently. Now many TV stations in Taiwan Province Province also use Minnan as the main language, such as Taiwan TV, Li Sanhe and Taiwan TV. Major TV stations also produce various types of TV dramas and variety shows in Minnan, and Minnan is also included in the curriculum of students in Taiwan Province Province. There are many people in Taiwan Province who can speak Minnan, accounting for about 80% of the province.

In addition to Taiwan Province Province, many overseas Chinese in Southeast Asian countries also use Minnan. According to preliminary statistics, there are more than 40 million people who speak this dialect at home and abroad, and many people who are assimilated by Minnan people also use Minnan dialect. In Southeast Asia, there are more than 654.38+0 million descendants of Minnan people marrying Malays, and many Malays also use Minnan language. summary

The development and inheritance of Minnan cuisine also has a gradual process. It originated in Quanzhou and spread to southern Fujian cultural circles such as Zhangzhou, Taiwan Province and Xiamen. After Quanzhou people came to Nanyang, due to frequent exchanges, foreign exchanges expanded, and the exchange and integration of food culture became closer. In this way, the flavor of Minnan cuisine not only affected Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Chaoshan and Taiwan Province Strait, but also exported to the vast Southeast Asia. Many people who travel to Southeast Asia will be surprised to find that the food they eat is the flavor of their hometown, and street food stalls can also eat fried oysters, flower rolls and jiaozi with minced meat. Many foreign cuisines have settled in Quanzhou, and some overseas Chinese have returned to their hometown to open restaurants. Quanzhou people can eat authentic Indonesian food, Vietnamese food, Myanmar food and Singapore food when they go to the streets.

Xiamen specialty

Fried jujube

Fried Jujube: A famous ancient snack in Tongan, Xiamen, which is one of the five treasures of Tongan (horseshoe crisp, sealed meat, fried jujube, fried spiced, bowl-shaped jiaozi).

Practice: raw materials are divided into skin and stuffing. The skin is generally a good sweet potato, and the rice is ground into powder. The fillings are generally peanuts, peas and sesame seeds, and vegetables can also be used. Wrap the stuffing in the skin and fry it in a boiling oil pan. It tastes good.

Fried spiced

Spiced strips: "Spiced" is a traditional snack in Tongan, Xiamen. All along, spiced wine is one of the most delicious dishes for every household to hold happy events during the Chinese New Year holidays and happy birthday banquets, so it is best to entertain relatives and friends, which has become one of the traditional customs in Tongan, Xiamen. "The color is reddish brown, fresh and crisp, the filling is smooth and sweet, and the hot food tastes particularly good, which is very suitable for drinking.

Spiced strips: bean curd skin and bean film, lean pork, starch, onion, refined salt, monosodium glutamate, sugar, spiced powder, dried flat fish, horseshoe and peanut oil.

Horseshoe Crisp

Horseshoe Crisp: A traditional specialty of Tongan, Xiamen, which is very popular in Tongan. Bread and sesame oil are used as incense sacrifices, so they are commonly known as sweet cakes.

Practice: Using refined flour, sugar, refined oil, caramel, peanut kernel and white sesame seed, it is divided into three production processes: peeling, crisp and stuffing.

Seal meat

Sealed meat: Xiamen Tongan traditional snack.

Practice: Cut the pork (front leg meat) into squares, about 2kg, wrap it with square gauze, put it in a clean iron pan, pour in cooked lard, heat it, stir-fry the whole pork in the pan, and add soy sauce, sugar, monosodium glutamate, rice wine, star anise spice, etc. Then add mushrooms, chestnuts, dried shrimps, seaweed and other seasonings and stew in a pot for two and a half hours.

Wanzaiguo

Bowl pot: a traditional snack in Tongan, Xiamen.

Practice: The main raw material is hard rice. Put the soaked rice into a stone mill and grind it into slurry, add seasonings such as meat sauce and oil onion, and then steam it.

Sweet potato jelly

Sweet potato bean jelly: a traditional snack in Tongan, Xiamen, popular in the area of Xiang 'an Xindian Town.

Practice: cook porridge with rice, mix it with sweet potato powder, put it in a stone mortar, knead the rice and sweet potato powder together, then add water, thicken it, then fry it into pancake skin in an iron pot, cut it into vermicelli with a width of two centimeters, and cool it in a "dare pot". Add enough lard when cooking, add seafood such as Shanghai oysters, cuttlefish and shrimp, and sprinkle some chopped green onion or celery on the surface.

Quanzhou diet

Like most areas in China, Quanzhou people's family diet practices three meals a day: morning, noon and evening. As a supplement to dinner. There are snacks, but they vary according to time and class. Take Yongchun County as an example. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, for officials, "three meals at three o'clock" (morning, noon and evening) and "two meals at two o'clock on the tenth floor" (morning and evening), ordinary people only add a little more (noon) when they are busy with agriculture, so the poor can't care about three meals and dare not think too much.

Restricted by the local natural environment, economic conditions and mode of production, the diet structure of Quanzhou people has its own local characteristics. The staple food raw materials are rice, sweet potato (also known as sweet potato) and barley. In Anxi and Yongchun. Inland counties such as Dehua are mainly rice, while coastal counties such as Hui 'an, Jinjiang and Nan 'an are mainly sweet potatoes and barley. There are two ways to make staple food: dry rice and porridge. It is common to eat thinly for three meals, or for dry meals (at noon or at night), or for dry meals (at noon and at night). Quanzhou people also have a "two-in-one" eating method, that is, vegetables, seafood, meat and other non-staple foods are directly cooked with rice into salted rice (such as cabbage rice, red paste rice, meat rice and so on. ) and salty porridge (such as peanut porridge, oyster sauce porridge, duck porridge, etc. ), it tastes quite local. About Quanzhou people's staple food raw materials, here should also say a few more words about sweet potatoes. In addition to being the staple food of three meals, sweet potato has also become a spiritual bond to maintain hometown and overseas travelers. When relatives and friends in my hometown go abroad to visit relatives, sweet potato powder is one of the gifts they bring. Overseas Chinese should also eat sweet potato porridge and sweet potato soup when they return to China. People in Quanzhou, the hometown of overseas Chinese, even think that this sweet potato, which can grow tenaciously under harsh natural conditions, has cultivated the traditional virtues and character of the villagers who live abroad, and has overcome various difficulties to take root and grow rapidly in foreign countries. Once their career is successful, when they recall the hard days when people in their hometown used to grow sweet potatoes and drink sweet potato soup, they will arouse their patriotism and love for their hometown and actively support the construction of mulberry trees. Unexpectedly, sweet potato, regarded as vulgar food, has such rich internalization connotation. In Quanzhou, ordinary people in urban and rural areas used to live frugally and eat simply. Most of their accessories were pickled vegetables, cheap fresh vegetables and bean products. Fish, meat, poultry and eggs are usually difficult to taste on holidays. Qing Daoguang's "Jinjiang County Records" records that Yang Tingxiang, a scholar in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, said that he "studied all his life, but the ears of barley and radish were full when cooked, and the rest were available." Therefore, there are some proverbs in Quanzhou, such as "six feet to death, dried bean curd, preserved vegetables, (a room full of worms) (that is, jellyfish)" and "I don't know the taste of meat all year round"

After the founding of New China, the material living standards of urban and rural people have gradually improved. Nowadays, flour and rice are the main staple food structures, and flour food has also entered dinner. Due to the accelerated pace of life, many families have drinks such as milk, soybean milk, malt extract, nutritious cereal, bread, fried dough sticks or cakes for breakfast. With the improvement of people's consumption level, the family diet is becoming more and more nutritious and tasteful. For families with better economic conditions, sometimes eating in hotels and restaurants is nothing new.

Zhangzhou catering

1, oysters

Introduction: Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster Fried Oyster. Authentic oyster frying should use "pearl oyster" without soaking in water as raw material. After cleaning, add eggs, shredded pork, starch, garlic white, monosodium glutamate, fine salt, white wine, etc. Stir well and put in a hot pot. Add sauce and coriander after frying, which is very delicious.

2. Bacon jiaozi

Introduction: It selects the first-class glutinous rice, with shrimps, mushrooms, eggs and pork belly, adds spiced powder until it is seasoned, ties it with washed bamboo leaves, and puts it into a pot to boil. When eating, untie the bamboo leaves and mix with sand tea sauce or hot sauce, which is fragrant and delicious.

3. Hand-grabbed noodles

Introduction: Hand-grabbed noodles are a unique local snacks in Zhangzhou. They are used to grab food directly. Its preparation method is to cook the buttered noodles, spread them on a palm-sized circular plate, pour in sweet noodle sauce, garlic sauce, miscellaneous vinegar sauce (chopped ginger and onion and mixed with vinegar and tomato sauce), peanut butter, sand tea sauce, Chili sauce and mustard sauce, and finally add the fried dried bean curd and roll it up by hand to eat. Sweet and sour, it makes the spleen and stomach open. This is a cold dish with Minnan flavor, which is quite famous.