Follow the historical footprints and touch that red memory

A century-old struggle to set sail on a new journey

Tieling’s red memory

Open the picture of Tieling’s century-old history and follow the deep and shallow footsteps of the pioneers to find The dusty stories of the past, the not-too-distant stories, the battles with gunfire and bullets, and the soul-stirring feats, thrilling and majestic, are vividly written on the page, just like yesterday.

We can’t help but ask: What little-known journeys have each living life taken? How the red past events are engraved in the world and engraved in the years, turning into genes that are deep-rooted, integrated into the blood, passed down from generation to generation, and endless, becoming the eternal and never-fading symbol in the glorious history of the Communist Party of China. landscape?

Whether it is a yellowed old photo or a statue still standing in the dust, they all tell stories about ideals and beliefs, glory and dignity, leading us into the distant time and space, and looking back at the world. The vicissitudes of life interpret the endless feelings of family and country.

Because you are a monument, you have ideals higher than the sky; because you are a hero, you have the realm of transcending life and death; because you are also an ordinary person of flesh and blood, so we are full of admiration and respect for you. Miss you! As the Communist Party of China is about to celebrate its 100th anniversary, let us return to those prosperous years with our original intentions and relive those red memories.

The Red Cradle of Yingang Academy

The pace of history has entered the door of the early 20th century. Tieling is at a time when "the mountains and rivers have faced hundreds of battles, and the wild geese have fled thousands of times" and "the ancient times have experienced several catastrophes" Yincheng...the autumn of troubled times, "the flowing clouds and flowing water have nothing to do with love." The flowing clouds and flowing water can be ruthless, but people are sentimental. The right way means that the world has righteousness, and heroes emerge from danger. In just 30 years at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Yingang Academy gathered a group of people with lofty ideals and a sense of justice and patriotism. The teachers had the world in mind and shouldered morality, and the students had high aspirations and outstanding achievements.

Yingang Academy Screen Wall

Why did a group of great revolutionary figures and red elites emerge in Yingang Academy at the beginning of the 20th century? How did Yingang Academy become the red cradle where heroes emerged? This has its own historical origins, unique geographical environment and profound social background. Since Hao Yu founded the "Tang of Zhizhigwu", Yingang Academy has inherited the light of justice of pursuing truth, having the courage to practice, helping the world and saving the people, thinking about change and seeking innovation, and has formed a unique cultural phenomenon that has never stopped for hundreds of years. . From the second half of the 19th century to the early 20th century, due to the opening of the Liao River shipping, the establishment of postal stations, and the operation of the Middle East Railway, Tieling developed and convenient transportation, an open culture from east to west, and smooth information from north to south, providing a basis for new ideas and new ideas. Culture, especially the spread of Marxism, provides the necessary conditions. Liaohe River Shipping, Postal Road Station, and Middle East Railway have become the three major elements of the unique geographical environment that formed the red cradle of Yingang Academy. It was precisely during this period that Yingang Academy gathered a group of teachers and scholars with new ideas, new culture, and new concepts, such as Zhao Weicheng, Zhang Zhaofen, Liu Dianyuan, Gao Wenge, Zeng Xianwen, Gui Chengjiu, Deng Shiren, Liu Guoan, and history teachers Mr. Wang et al. The corruption and decline of the late Qing Dynasty and the aggressive actions of Western powers, especially the Japanese and Russian empires, greatly stimulated and shocked the intellectuals of Yingang Academy. The stormy social reality prompted them to awaken and make them stand up to resist and fight. the backbone. Among these intellectuals, some were teachers of both Ren Fuchen and Zhou Enlai, such as Zeng Xianwen.

Yingang Academy Hao Gong Temple

In the early 20th century, Yingang Academy (Yingang Academy) was a school full of innovative spirit, focusing on moral cultivation, facing the society, and serving the public. School. The school incorporated the deeds of Hao Yu, the founder of the academy, and the story of Yue Fei's resistance to the Jin Dynasty into textbooks, composed songs for students to sing, and regarded patriotism and rejuvenation as an important goal in cultivating students.

Zeng Xianwen, the general director of Yingang Academy, often gives speeches on the current situation at school reports, telling students that since the Opium War, China has experienced three major war disasters, all of which ended with China suffering humiliation. The reason was that China was weak and incompetent. He educates students to learn skills and become pillars of the country in the future. Yingang Academy also introduced revolutionary poems circulated from other places into the school, composing music and singing them. In 1904, the school organized a sung "When Will You Wake Up", which started with the song: "Everyone in the country will be sick, and the demon smoke and opium will enter. My clan will be wiped out, and forty million ways of misfortune will come." Another song, "Wake Up Quickly", screamed loudly. : "I advise our compatriots to wake up quickly and don't be like sleeping lions and sit back and relax, hold on to our mountains and rivers, and protect our country..." In 1906, the Japanese invaders stationed in Tieling commemorated the first anniversary of the victory of the Russo-Russian War with great fanfare, and held a ceremony to commemorate those who fought in the Russo-Japanese War. The Japanese soldiers who died in the battle publicized the "accomplishments" of the Japanese army, and built a "Sun Dew Battle Monument" on Longshou Mountain as a permanent memorial. Facing the butcher knife of the Japanese army, Yingang Academy organized young people to sing Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong" over and over again in the school hall: "I am so angry that I lean on the railing..." to express the young people's support for the corrupt and incompetent Qing government and the imperialist invaders. The anger greatly inspired the patriotic sentiments and aspirations of serving the country among Tieling youths. On the eve of the Revolution of 1910 in 1910, the Guangzhou Uprising led by Huang Xing failed, and the activities of the revolutionary party were at a low ebb. At that time, Zhao Zhenqing, a young man from Tieling who was studying at Fengtian School of Politics and Law, felt the brokenness of the country, resented the corruption of the court, and worried that he had no way to serve the country, so he went to Beijing alone. He cut his legs and wrote a letter by mutilating himself, and used his blood to clarify his will and awaken the people of the country. Unexpectedly, the imperial court was about to die and became numb. His school, Fengtian School of Politics and Law, expelled him for being arrogant in discussing politics. When the news reached Tieling, Tieling academic circles and young students angrily supported Zhao Zhenqing. Yingang Academy held a meeting in the main hall and invited him to give a speech in his hometown, which triggered a debate between reform and revolution. Teacher Wang from the history class of Yingang Academy, who adhered to the position of a revolutionary, stood up and cited a large number of facts to tell the students that the fundamental reason for the carnage of China's territory by foreign powers was the corruption of the imperial court, which led wolves into the house and killed the patriots. The Qing government was hopeless. ; If China wants to be prosperous and powerful, it must follow the path of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, overthrow the autocratic regime of the Qing Dynasty, and establish a democratic and democratic republic. Young people should fight with Tan Sitong’s revolutionary enthusiasm of "leaving and leaving the liver and gallbladder". Since then, the senior students of Yingang Academy have organized themselves and given lectures in urban and rural areas to promote patriotism, awareness of change and the spirit of struggle to the public. Zheng Peilun, a social celebrity, wrote a song "Liaodong Dream" and the students took it to the countryside to sing. "Dream of Liaodong" has an impassioned speech and a clear meaning at the beginning: "A commoner student, who read poetry and books at a young age, has a rough understanding of the great righteousness. When he comes to the stage, he is filled with patriotic enthusiasm and talks about state affairs from the beginning." Then he talks about it, exposing the imperialist powers' invasion of China. Crime, telling people not to sleep anymore, and the appealing ending is inspiring: "The people of Liaodong will wake up soon!"

Yingang Academy

Hao Yu, founder of Yingang Academy There is a poem that says: "I ascend to the lecture hall in the morning to sing the songs of Yao and Shun, and the green color of thousands of mountains falls on the silver hills. We know that the way of heaven will finally be righteous, and from then on the Phoenix will rise from the Danshan Mountains!" It is the stormy and disaster-ridden modern history of China that has created a different silver color. Gang Academy and Yingang Academy, this red cradle, gave birth to many Tieling people who adhered to the truth, dared to sacrifice, and were full of revolutionary ideals and feelings for home and country. From here, great men and shining heroes of the times emerged who saved the country and the people, and became * The dazzling and splendid page in the red memory of the Republic of China presents the unique historical genes and cultural phenomena of Tieling.

Zhou Enlai: Starting from Tieling on the Revolutionary Journey

In the spring of 1910, 12-year-old Zhou Enlai came to the ancient city of Yinzhou from his hometown of Huai'an, Jiangsu, at the invitation of his uncle Zhou Yigeng (who worked in Tieling) to join the class. He studied in Class A of Yingang Academy (Yingang Academy) for three years and started a new life journey here.

At that time, patriotic activities in Tieling academic circles were unprecedentedly high, and Yingang Academy was a school with an extremely patriotic atmosphere. The school compiled its own local textbooks to praise the beauty and richness of the hometown and expose the aggressive behavior of imperialist powers.

Zhou Enlai learned inspirational songs such as "When Will You Wake Up" and "Wake Up Soon" here. He was deeply influenced by anti-imperialist and patriotic thoughts and inspired strong patriotic aspirations. At this time, Yingang Academy also gathered a group of teachers who accepted new ideas and were patriotic. Zhang Zhaofen (Zhang Chunjiu), the head teacher and lecturer, is a person rich in new thinking; Zeng Xianwen, the general director of the college and the first Chinese teacher in the Chinese language class, is a supporter of Sun Yat-sen; Gao Yungong, who holds an ancient Chinese cram school, is a famous scholar, and his poems and essays often expose the Japanese and Russian wars. The atrocities committed by foreign powers and the corruption of the Qing court, as well as concerns about the country and the people, had an important impact on students. Soon, revolutionary books and periodicals such as "Min Bao", the organ of the Tongmenghui, and "Changchun Daily" founded by the Tongmenghui in the Northeast were introduced to Tieling one after another, and became publications that patriotic teachers and students of Yingang Academy competed to read. From then on, Zhou Enlai "started to read revolutionary books." Yingang Academy offered courses such as Chinese, arithmetic, history, geography, abacus, music, and pictures, which enabled Zhou Enlai to learn scientific and cultural knowledge in a relatively systematic manner. Zhou Enlai had an amazing memory, studied hard, and absorbed rich spiritual nutrition from various progressive books. He was one of the students with the best academic performance in the class. When Zhou Enlai first arrived in Tieling, he stayed with Yu Baichuan's family in the Diyunsuo Village on the northeastern outskirts of Tieling City. Yu's family raised three horses, and Zhou Enlai also went to graze with them. On June 15, 1962, when Premier Zhou Enlai inspected the Geological Transport Office Village of Tieling County, he still remembered this incident: "I was here when I was a child, and I let go of the livestock and horses of Yu Baichuan's family in your village." In Tieling While studying, Zhou Enlai often played outdoor games, races, rope skipping, tug-of-war, and shuttlecock playing with his classmates. After school, he often climbed Longshou Mountain, a round trip of five or six miles each time.

The inscription of the young Zhou Enlai

Tieling Yingang Academy was the first stop for Zhou Enlai to embark on the road of revolution.

Shi Pu: Blood-stained Yuhuatai as a Young Man

On August 24, 1913, Shi Pu was born in the Shi Family Courtyard at the foot of Longshan Mountain in Tieling City. He studied in Tieling Nanmenli County No. 1 Primary School (Yingang Academy) in 1920, and in 1926 was admitted to the junior high school of Fengtian (Shenyang) Provincial No. 3 High School. When Shi Pu was studying in Tieling and Shenyang, Northeast China was under the dark rule of Feng clique warlords. At the same time, the power of Japanese imperialism was also growing rapidly. Since the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, in the name of operating the South Manchuria Railway, the Japanese have designated large tracts of mountains, forests and land on both sides of the road as "auxiliary lands", enjoying various privileges and wantonly trampling on the dignity of the Chinese nation. Shi Pu witnessed the national crisis, internal and external troubles, and cruel social reality since he was a child, which gave him the idea of ??resisting imperialism and saving the country. Shi Pu was talented and studious since childhood, and excelled in his studies. He skipped a grade and completed the junior high school course in just one and a half years. In September 1927, he was admitted to the second level of liberal arts in the High School Affiliated to Northeastern University with excellent results. Young Shi Pu has fair complexion, smart mind, enthusiasm and cheerfulness, a sense of justice, and is willing to help others. He is deeply loved by his classmates and teachers, and everyone affectionately calls him "brother" and "prodigy". He often participated in patriotic and anti-imperialist movements such as civilian education, boycotting Japanese goods, and anti-Japanese and national salvation activities such as literary and artistic propaganda organized by Northeast progressive groups. He liked to read the works of Lu Xun and Mao Dun, and also read the magazine "New Youth" and various collected works. Progressive books and periodicals, eager to absorb new ideas and new knowledge. The new revolutionary theory opened Shi Pu's eyes. He initially realized the root cause of the national crisis. He often said to his close classmates: "Young people must revolutionize against all dark systems"; "Only by overthrowing imperialism and eradicating warlords can China be saved." "At the end of 1927, under the introduction of classmate Zheng Fuzhou, Shi Pu secretly joined the Kuomintang organization, but the corruption of the Kuomintang in the Northeast made him feel disappointed and depressed. In June 1929, Shi Pu, full of ambitions to serve the motherland and save China, set out from Shenyang with his classmates to study in Nanjing via Dalian and Shanghai. On July 1 of the same year, he arrived in Nanjing from Shanghai and lived in Fengzhi Guild Hall, Taiping Lane, Huapailou, where poor students gathered. In early September, he was admitted to the Department of Physics of Jinling University.

Shi Pu (first from right) takes a group photo with classmates from Jinling University (1929)

While studying in Nanjing, Shi Pu saw with his own eyes the imperialist warships showing off their power on the Xiaguan River. The buildings, luxurious restaurants, and the gorgeous wealthy villas on the streets behind the Drum Tower are in sharp contrast to the ragged and skinny groups of disaster victims in the streets and alleys. Nanjing after the "April 12" counter-revolutionary coup made young Shi Pu fall into deep thinking. During this period, Shi Pu came into contact with Marxist-Leninist works such as "The Communist Manifesto" and "The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and the State". He fell in love with a song: "The suffering of workers and peasants is really deep, exploited by capitalists, and bullied by tyrants; the Kuomintang , the reorganization faction, the oppression is really fierce... Overthrow the Kuomintang, expel the United States, Japan and Britain, establish the Soviets, the red flag will shine; the workers will be liberated, the peasants will stand up, and everyone will celebrate peace! "In early 1930, students who had joined the Communist Party of China organized! , fellow student Chen Jingxing introduced that Shi Pu joined the Communist Party of China. At that time, Nanjing was in the midst of the bloody white terror under the rule of the Kuomintang, and the party's underground work was very difficult and dangerous. Shi Pu firmly said to his comrades: "If you are not prepared to be beheaded in Nanjing, don't join the Communist Party!" In order to spur himself on, he made a vow: "Working hard is life, being decadent will only see people die. Don't be discouraged. Do evil things if they are small, and do not do good things if they are small; your thoughts should be systematic, your actions should be disciplined, and your life should be civilized; don't be pessimistic! Don't be lazy! "Whenever it's late at night, he goes to the street regardless of his safety. Posting slogans and distributing leaflets in the alleys, they often returned late at night after the school gates closed and climbed over the wall quietly. He often went to the back door of the Central University near Shi Po Po Lane to contact comrades to discuss work. Sometimes he went to an empty courtyard in the south of the city to attend party meetings or receive instructions from his superiors under the cover of playing table tennis. Due to the hard work of Shi Pu and others, the Jinling University Party Organization quickly became one of the strongest and most effective teams under the leadership of the Nanjing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China.

In March 1930, Japanese warships defied China's sovereignty and blatantly entered the Yangtze River, anchored in Nanjing Port, and prepared to hold exercises near the Zhoushan Islands. However, the Kuomintang government fired a salute in Nanjing to welcome them. At the same time, the strike held by the workers of Nanjing Xiaguan British Merchant and Company to demand an increase in wages was brutally suppressed by the capitalists. On April 3, the British imperialists colluded with the reactionary Kuomintang government and hired gangsters to beat the strikers, injuring dozens of people on the spot, creating the "Hutchison Massacre" in Nanjing's history. These consecutive incidents aroused great indignation among the people of Nanjing. The Nanjing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to mobilize and organize the masses to establish the "Hutchison Massacre Support Association" to support the struggle of the workers of Hutchison Bank and hold a city-wide protest. Demonstrations by the imperialists and the Kuomintang government advanced the movement into a political struggle for joint action by workers, students, and citizens. Shi Pu actively participated in support activities. Early in the morning on April 5, he rushed to Central University and gathered with teachers and students from Xiaozhuang Normal University, Central University and other schools. He and Chen Jingxing stood at the front of the parade, chanted slogans, and marched to Xiaguan. Along the way, citizens and masses continued to join the parade. When they broke through the blockade of the reactionary military and police and arrived at Xiaguan, the number of marchers exceeded 10,000. This huge team demonstrated around Hutchison Company, with Shi Pu and other students taking the lead in shouting slogans: "Protest against imperialism's massacre of workers!" "Support Hutchison workers on strike!" to publicize and agitate the masses. When the parade reached the Xiaguan River, the crowd became even more furious when they saw the Japanese warships parked in the river, shouting "Down with Japanese imperialism!" "Japanese warships get out of the Yangtze River in China!" The demonstration continued until the evening. This march was a large-scale and successful public struggle organized by the Communist Party of China in the center of the Kuomintang rule after Chiang Kai-shek's "April 12" counter-revolutionary massacre, which dealt a heavy blow to imperialism and the reactionary Kuomintang government.

Between April and May 1930, the Nanjing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China merged the party, league, and trade union organizations to form the Nanjing "Red May" Action Committee, requiring the use of every anniversary in May. Carry out activities to achieve five strikes (strike, market strike, class strike, exercise strike, and work strike) on the May 30th anniversary.

Shi Pu and Chen Jingxing decided to launch a strike movement at Jinling University first, launching the first step of the "Five Strikes". In late May, Shi Pu, Chen Jingxing and other students managed to organize a cultural evening in the Golden Auditorium, and joined forces with students from other schools to cheer. They agreed to turn off the lights as a sign and scatter flyers calling for a class strike. However, the operation failed because the enemy was heavily guarded and arrested the classmates who spread the leaflets. On the evening of May 26, Shi Pu drew a cartoon exposing the massacre of the Chinese people by British imperialism. On the morning of the 27th, he posted it on campus, calling on students to sign and participate in the May 30th commemoration meeting. After the comic was posted, it attracted the attention of the school. Armed agents suddenly raided the student dormitory, and Shi Pu's name was on the blacklist. The enemy's madness did not scare Shi Pu. On May 30, at the entrance of the National Theater, Shi Pu and others took advantage of the crowded audience after the movie to shout anti-imperialist slogans, distribute leaflets, and then return to school under the cover of the crowd.

In June 1930, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, chaired by Li Lisan, passed the resolution "A New Revolutionary Upsurge and the First Victory of One or Several Provinces", planning to launch military campaigns in big cities such as Shanghai and Nanjing. Hold a general strike or general uprising to achieve the first victory in one or several provinces. The Nanjing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China planned to hold a riot at the end of August. It planned to seize the Kuomintang offices during the riot and occupy Xiaguan Power Plant, Water Plant, and Post and Telecommunications Office. Shi Pu was responsible for liaison and organization of the mobilization work in the North District. At this time, the situation in Nanjing became even more tense. The Kuomintang military and police were frantically hunting down and killing revolutionary patriots. Due to betrayal by traitors, Shi Pu and Chen Jingxing were arrested at their residences on August 25 and imprisoned in the detention center of the Kuomintang's Nanjing Garrison Headquarters, where a large number of Communist Party members and revolutionaries were imprisoned. Shi Pu was the youngest among those arrested. Faced with the enemy's coercion and inducement, he was upright and unafraid. He spoke eloquently in court and recounted the crimes committed by Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang that harmed the country and the people, leaving the court officials speechless. Word. The enemy had no choice but to hang him up with a wire through his hands and beat him severely in an attempt to force him to submit. Shi Pu was tortured to death and bruised all over his body, but he did not waver or give in at all. According to the KMT's "laws", those under the age of 18 cannot be sentenced to death. The ferocious enemy did not get anything from Shi Pu, so he became angry and changed his age from 17 to 19 in the file, and sentenced him to death.

After Shi Pu's family in Tieling learned of his arrest, they tried every means to rescue him, but failed. On September 4, 1930, the enemy escorted eight people including Shi Pu and Chen Jingxing to the Yuhuatai execution ground in Nanjing. Along the way, Shi Pu and others kept shouting "Long live the Communist Party of China!" "Down with the Kuomintang reactionaries!" until the last second before they died.

This series of manuscripts is provided by Zhang Yaying, Municipal Archives and Party History Documentation Center