What kind of history, culture and art does Zhuang nationality have?

Zhuang nationality-formerly known as Bamboo, Zhuang language -Bouxraeuz, English -Bourau is the most populous minority in China. Mainly distributed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and other places. Zhuang nationality is an indigenous nation with a long history in Lingnan. The "Xi 'ou" and "Luo Yue" of Baiyue tribe in Lingnan recorded in pre-Qin history books are the most direct ancestors of Zhuang nationality.

In ancient China, the ancestors of Zhuang nationality were called Liao, Li, Wu and Hu successively. In Song Dynasty, it was called "Liao", "Collision", "Tong" and "Zhong". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was called "Tong", "Lover" and "Local". China people wrote "bump" before the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), which is the transliteration of Zhuang language Cuengh. After 1949, it was changed to "pass". On June 1965, 10 and 12, the State Council officially approved the Dong people's "communication" on the proposal of Zhou Enlai, then Premier of the State Council, with the consent of the Zhuang people. [1] The language and culture of Zhuang people are basically the same as those of Buyi, Dai, Nong and Reyi in Guizhou and Vietnam. 201165438+1From October 24 to 29, 12 episode of Zhuang culture documentary "Li Zi Meng Liao" was broadcast on CCTV Channel 7, which comprehensively interpreted Zhuang culture from many fields.

art

folk song

Zhuang people are good at singing. Due to the different dialects in the north and south, Zhuang folk songs have different names such as Huan, Xi, Jia, Bi and Lun. The Zhuang people regularly hold a folk song festival "Gewei", which is the biggest one on the third day of the third lunar month, with more than 10 thousand people attending the Dashan Gewei. Youjiang area is called "Huan", Zuojiang area is called "Poetry", and northern Guangxi area is called "Bi" and "Huan", all of which mean singing folk songs. The content includes songs, begging songs, passionate songs, antithesis songs, polite songs, push songs, disc playing songs, dressing songs, farewell songs, love songs, farewell songs and so on. Liu Sanjie, known as the "Fairy of Music", is a typical representative of a singer. Liu Sanjie is not only diligent and clever, but also a skillful hand in spinning and weaving. She looks like a hibiscus in water, and her appearance is unparalleled. She is especially good at singing folk songs. Her folk songs are famous far and near, so singers from far and near often gather in her village to compete with her for singing and learning songs.

Liu Sanjie often sings the voices and grievances of the poor with folk songs, which infringes on the interests of local tyrants and evil gentry. Mo Huairen, a local rich man, is greedy for her beauty and wants to take her as his concubine. She held a grudge when she refused and laughed at her. Mo tried to ban songs, but refuted her argument with folk songs, and invited three scholars to sing against them, but made a fool of themselves with others and failed miserably. [29]

Colored silk ball

Hydrangea is a traditional folk embroidery handicraft of Zhuang nationality. It is the mascot and token of love of young men and women, and it is widely circulated among Zhuang people. It appeared in the Tang and Song Dynasties and is still popular in Jingxi, Longzhou, Du 'an and Yongning. Most of them are hand-embroidered by girls. Most of them are round, and some are oval, square or diamond. This ball is as big as a fist. It is filled with cottonseed, soybean hull or sawdust, cut into petal-shaped pieces with red, pink and green silk for external use, embroidered with various flowers, birds, butterflies or mascots, and tied with five silk pendants and ribbons for throwing by hand. Small size, unique shape and bright colors. It has developed into a folk family handicraft and tourist handicraft, and its products are exported at home and abroad. [30] In ancient Zhuang nationality, there was a custom. When a girl got married, it was arranged on a certain day (this day is usually the fifteenth day of the first month or the fifteenth day of August) for suitors to gather under the embroidery building. The girl threw a hydrangea, and whoever got the hydrangea could become the girl's husband. Of course, girls usually look at the right person and throw hydrangeas at him so that he can find them. In many places, the bride's sedan chair is tied with hydrangea, which means good luck and happiness. Nowadays, throwing hydrangea is still a traditional sport that Zhuang people love to see and hear. People often throw at each other after a meal for entertainment and communication. [3 1]

dance drama

Zhuang nationality hydrangea

In the Tang Dynasty, the ancestors of Zhuang nationality had dances, such as the pounding dance with rice as the content and percussion music. In the Song Dynasty, there were pole dancing, tea dancing, shrimp fishing dancing and spring cattle dancing. The male dance is vigorous and powerful, and the female dance is graceful. This dance has been passed down to this day. Under the influence of Han drama, drama began to appear in Zhuang nationality around the Qing Dynasty. One is Zhuang drama, teacher drama and puppet show sung in Zhuang language; The other is a musical featuring folk songs and dances. Zhuang Opera is divided into "Northern Zhuang Opera" popular in Tianlin, Xilin and Baise. Under the influence of Yunnan Opera, it was formed on the basis of folk rap art "Bench Opera" and absorbed the singing of Yunnan Opera. Accompaniment instruments include Maguhu, Huluhu of Zhuang nationality, flute, Sanxian and Erhu of Mu Ye and Han nationality. Nanluzhuang Opera, popular in Jingxi and Debao dynasties, is a combination of singing and singing based on Emma local opera and influenced by Yi opera. Besides Maguhu and Huluhu, the accompaniment instruments of Yi opera include Wen Gong, Wu Gong, Da Gong, Xiao Gong, Er Hu, Sanxian, flute, drum and so on. [29]

Zhuang gewei

"March 3" is an annual folk song gathering of Zhuang people, so it is called March 3 Song Festival, also known as Songzhuang Fair.

Xu Ge is a traditional form of entertainment created and loved by Zhuang people. Its main activity is singing, so it was named Xu Ge. Gexu is popular in Zhuang areas, and it is the most prosperous in the Spring and Autumn Period. Spring songs are usually held on the fourth, seventh, nineteenth, third, fifth and sixteenth day of the first lunar month. Autumn songs are mostly held on August 15, September 9 and 10/0. In addition, there are some irregular songs. March 3rd Song Festival is a Spring Festival Song Festival, and it is also the biggest and most grand song festival in a year. The number of participants is not fixed, ranging from one or two thousand to more than ten thousand. Song activities usually last for three days. The location is fixed, such as polder fields and sloping fields. ; There are also unfixed, generally choose open spaces and hillsides not far from the village. The people attending the concert are mainly unmarried men and women, but there are also others and people of all ethnic groups nearby. On the morning of March 3rd, young men and women dressed up in twos and threes, bringing colorful rice, red and green eggs and other festive foods. Young women also took hand-made hydrangeas to the designated place to celebrate the song. The content of singing is very rich, generally focusing on the pursuit of beautiful love ideals by young men and women. In addition, there are history, production, customs, politics, economy, astronomy and geography, common sense of life and so on. The forms of duets are generally male and female individual duets and male and female group duets. Specifically, there are meeting songs, invitation songs, album songs, new songs, love songs, oath songs, farewell songs and so on. Young Zhuang people sing well and export them into songs. Excellent singer, rich in knowledge, quick thinking, fluent in duet, sweet and resonant in singing, and pleasing to the ear. Besides expressing their love for songs, young men and women can also throw hydrangeas and touch eggs to choose their spouses. In addition to singing duet, the Song Festival on March 3rd also has a variety of entertainment activities, such as fireworks, performances, dragon dances, Cai Feng dances, tea picking and poetry contests.

The Song Festival on March 3rd is not only a grand national festival, but also an activity day for young men and women to communicate openly and choose their partners. Its ethnic and diverse festival contents and forms fully reflect the wisdom, ideal pursuit and healthy aesthetic taste of the Zhuang people. Undoubtedly, the success of singing activities plays an important role in discovering and cultivating singers, strengthening national unity, inheriting and carrying forward the fine traditions of national culture and building socialist spiritual civilization. [30]

musical instrument

bronze drum

The bronze drums of Zhuang nationality have been cast and used for more than 2000 years. Up to now, most counties in Zhuang area have unearthed bronze drums of different periods. There are many types and sizes of bronze drums. The drum surface is flat, the drum body is hollow and bottomless, and it is decorated with various patterns. Historically, the bronze drum was not only a musical instrument, but also a symbol of power and wealth. From the perspective of smelting technology and modeling technology, the bronze drums of the Warring States period unearthed in Guogailing, Tiandong County, Guangxi, and the bronze drums of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in Guixian and Xilin counties, Guangxi, have reached a fairly high level. [29]

Qin Tian

Qin Tian, called "Ding Ding" in Zhuang language, is named after its pronunciation characteristics. Playing and singing Qin Tian is popular in the Zhuang area of Zuojiang River Basin. The horn of this kind of piano is round and bowl-shaped, and it is made of big bamboo tube or gourd shell. The surface of the piano is covered with snake skin or clam skin, and also covered with thin wooden boards or bamboo shells. The harp is made of wood, thin and long, and its two strings are made of silk. It is a musical instrument used by Zhuang farmers to jump or sing to eliminate disasters and exorcise evil spirits, so it is called Qin Tian. When people sing, they often play while singing. Qin Tian is an instrument used for dancing during festivals. Skydivers sing, play and dance. [33]

prescribe a diet

Zhuang people in most areas are used to eating three meals during the solar eclipse, while Zhuang people in a few areas also eat four meals, that is, adding a small meal between lunch and dinner. Breakfast and Chinese food are relatively simple, usually porridge, dinner is dinner, dry rice is eaten more, and the dishes are more abundant. Rice and corn are abundant grains in Zhuang areas and naturally become their staple food. [34]

Daily vegetables include melon seedlings, melon leaves, Beijing cabbage (Chinese cabbage), Chinese cabbage, rape, mustard, lettuce, celery, spinach, Chinese kale, spinach, bitter gourd, and even bean leaves, sweet potato leaves, pumpkin seedlings, pumpkin flowers and pea seedlings can also be vegetables. Boiling is the most common, as well as the habit of pickling vegetables, such as sauerkraut, sour bamboo shoots, salted radish, kohlrabi and so on. Add lard and salt when cooking. [34]

Zhuang people can't help eating livestock meat, such as pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck, goose and so on. Some areas don't eat dog meat, while others like to eat dog meat. Pork is a whole piece cooked first, then cut into square pieces, and then seasoned in a pot. Zhuang people are used to making fresh chicken, duck, fish and vegetables into 70-80% maturity, and then frying the vegetables in a hot pot, so as to keep the dishes delicious. [35]

Zhuang people like hunting, cooking game and insects. Zhuang people are very good at the dietotherapy of Panax notoginseng, and cooking with flowers, leaves, roots and whiskers of Panax notoginseng is very distinctive. He is good at roasting, frying, stewing, pickling and pickling. He is a heavy drinker with a spicy and sour taste, and likes to eat crispy dishes. The main specialties are: spicy blood, roasted meat, banker's roast duck, salty liver, crispy fried bees, spiced bean worms, fried worms, skin liver, rabbit meat with ginger sauce, fried frog with white notoginseng and fried chicken.

There are many famous dishes and snacks in Zhuang nationality, including horseshoe stalks, raw fish, roast suckling pig, Ningming Zhuang Zong, champion hand, boiled dog meat, Zhuang Jia crispy chicken, bittern dog and dragon pump.

Zhuangmijiu

The rice wine, sweet potato wine and cassava wine brewed by Zhuang people are not very strong. Among them, rice wine is the main drink for festivals and entertainment (the famous rice wine is Nakan rice wine in Ningming County), and some rice wine with chicken gall is called chicken gall wine, with chicken offal as chicken offal wine and pig liver as pig liver wine. Drinking chicken offal wine and pig liver wine in one gulp, and chewing the chicken offal and pig liver left in your mouth slowly can not only relieve hangover, but also serve as a dish. [35]

festival

March 3 rd festival

March 3rd is the most grand festival for Han, Zhuang, Yao, Miao, Dong, Mulao and Maonan nationalities in Guangxi, and 20 14 is designated as a traditional festival in Guangxi, with two days off. [36] Among them, the "March 3" Song Festival is widely popular in Zhuang areas, especially in Hongshui River and Zuoyou River basins. The number of people in each concert ranges from hundreds to thousands or even tens of thousands. In Zhuang, Yao, Miao and Dong minority areas and some Han areas, on the third day of the third lunar month, every household cooks colorful glutinous rice, dyes eggs, kills chickens and ducks and celebrates with wine. In some places, this festival is even more grand than the Spring Festival. [37] Every household will prepare colorful glutinous rice and eggs before the festival. People collect red bluegrass, yellow rice flowers, maple leaves and wisteria, and soak glutinous rice in the juice of these plants to make glutinous rice with five colors: red, yellow, black, purple and white. According to legend, this kind of food was handed down after winning the appreciation of fairies; Some people say that this is a sacrifice to Liu Sanjie, a fairy in the Song Dynasty. After eating this kind of meal, people will be prosperous and healthy. Zhuang families love colored rice and think it is a symbol of happiness and good luck. On festive days such as children's full moon and the completion of new houses, five-color rice should also be cooked and distributed to neighbors. The Zhuang people also love maple leaves, believing that maple leaves can "exorcise evil spirits" and bring people good luck and peace.

the Spring Festival; Chinese New Year

The Spring Festival of Zhuang nationality lasts for three days from New Year's Eve to the first and second day of the first month, but the third to fifth day is still considered as the Spring Festival period. This is the biggest festival of the Zhuang nationality in a year. Generally, preparations begin on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month. Every household does cleaning, sewing clothes and trousers, buying new year's goods, putting up couplets, making cakes, killing pigs, making zongzi, setting off firecrackers and wearing special clothes. The Spring Festival is also a day of reunion. Anyone who works outside will usually go home for a family reunion dinner before the 30 th anniversary. During the Spring Festival, in addition to visiting relatives and friends, young men and women often participate in cultural and sports activities, such as singing duet, playing top, dancing, ball games and performances. [38] On New Year's Eve, every household should kill chickens and ducks, steam braised pork, powder lean meat and cook barbecued pork. In the eight dishes of dinner, "white chopped chicken" is indispensable. Families with elderly people will stew pig's trotters and whole chickens. Rice needs to be cooked a lot and saved for the next day, which symbolizes wealth. On New Year's Eve, every household should stay up until midnight, crowing chickens and firecrackers to bid farewell to the old year and welcome the new year.

Grade one and grade two

All tourists must eat zongzi. Zongzi of Zhuang nationality is a noble food. There are big and small zongzi, the big one weighs one or two kilograms, and the small one weighs two or three kilograms. There is also a kind called "Feng Mo" (extra-large zongzi), which weighs one or two kilograms. The main raw material of zongzi is glutinous rice, but it should have stuffing. The stuffing is made of peeled mung beans and semi-fat and non-thin pigskin mixed sauce, and the sauce is sandwiched in the center of zongzi. After cooking, its taste is a must.

Gyroscope joint

In places where Zhuang people live in compact communities in Guangxi, a famous sports activity-Gyro Festival is held every year. [39] It lasted more than half a month from two or three days before New Year's Eve to the 16th day of the first month of the new year. Gyroscope, called "Lejiang" in Zhuang language, is big and small, light and heavy. Some are as big as hetian pomelo and weigh about a catty, some are as small as goose eggs, and some are two or three liang. To make a gyro, you must choose good quality hardwood. Its "head" should be smooth when you "hit". Wrap it in circles with two or three feet of hemp rope until you think it is suitable. Then grab the tail end of the hemp rope with the ring finger and little finger of your right hand and quickly rotate it to the ground, and the gyro will "whir". A good quality gyro, coupled with clever spinning technology, takes seven or eight minutes to spin down. Playing the champion in the competition is even more lively, and the winner is honored as the "champion king". It is said that it has a history of more than 300 years since the rise of gyro games. [40]

Longduan steet

Longduan Festival, [4 1] is a traditional festival of Zhuang people in Funing County, Wenshan, Yunnan Province and its nearby areas. "Longduan" (Zhuang language, meaning to drive the dam) is a transliteration of Zhuang language, which means to meet in a wide and flat place. According to legend, this festival has a history of more than 700 years. It was originally to commemorate the deeds of 1052, a national hero farmer who rebelled against the Song Dynasty in April. The "Dragon Festival" has developed into a traditional festival in Funing County and its surrounding areas, where people of Zhuang, Yao, Miao, Yi and Han nationalities exchange materials and celebrate together. According to legend, during the Northern Song Dynasty, the peasants led their troops and won many battles, establishing "Nantian" and calling themselves "South King", conquering Nanning, Qinzhou and Guangzhou. Later, the insurgents were defeated and retreated to Funing. In order to quell the peasant uprising and weaken the strength of the rebel army, the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty dismissed the Zhuang nationality to Guizhou and other places. Before leaving, people gathered together one after another to say goodbye sadly and urged the villagers to come back for reunion next year. Since then, every year in the third month of the lunar calendar, Zhuang people living in other places will return to their hometown to reunite with their relatives and friends. With the passage of time, the "dragon section" festival was formed. The Dragon Boat Festival begins on March 25th of the lunar calendar and lasts for three days. Before the festival, the host village slaughtered pigs and cows, set up a stage on the dam and made accommodation arrangements for receiving guests. At that time, the girls will wear collarless cardigans and batik skirts with silver stripes and embroidered lace patterns on the corners, gorgeous pockets and embroidered shoes on the chest, and all the flowers are beautiful. Brave young people meet the girls, singing and dancing until sunset. Those who are still interested can continue to sing with girls in the village. [40]

Chi lijie

Chili Festival [42] is a special festival for Zhuang people in Longzhou County and Pingxiang City of Guangxi. The Zhuang language "Chili" means "celebration". Zhuang people have a tradition of celebrating the Spring Festival. However, on the occasion of 1894 Spring Festival, French invaders invaded our border. In order to attack the invaders, young people went to the battlefield to kill the enemy bravely and defend their homeland. On the thirtieth day of the first month, the soldiers who went to war returned home in triumph. The villagers killed chickens and slaughtered sheep, made glutinous rice cakes, entertained them warmly, celebrated victory and made up for the Spring Festival. Since then, eating knots have gradually formed. During the festival, people dance lions, play dragon lanterns, sing and dance, which is very lively. [40]

Bai Ya Festival

The Zhuang people in Zhenning and Suowu, Bao 'ai Town, Funing County, Yunnan Province kill a cow, a pig, two chickens and forty-eight fish every April in the Year of the Rabbit, and go to Bai Ya Mountain to propose a toast to Zhuang women (the legendary mother of farmers). On that day, men, women and children attended, and the etiquette was very grand. According to legend, Bai Ya is the leader of a Zhuang village. She led the Zhuang people to fight against the officers and men and was killed after failure. They buried her at the top of a high mountain and called it Bai Ya Mountain. Every year, on the day of Bai Ya's death, the Zhuang people kill cows and pigs to commemorate her. This annual commemoration has never stopped. With the passage of time, it has formed a festival-Bai Ya Festival. [40]

People in their thirties and forties

The prime of life is called "Jiang Yi" in Zhuang language, and the Spring Festival is called "Jiang Kun", which is a festival of Han nationality. In the prime of life, December of the lunar calendar is the beginning of a year, and the end of November is New Year's Eve. It is customarily called "long-term friendship", which means that it has exceeded the 29th (regardless of the size of the month). On that day, the whole village raised money to buy pigs (some villages took turns to feed pigs specially by residents) and slaughtered the king of society to pray for a bumper harvest. [40]

According to legend, in ancient times, people killed people and gave their lives to clubs. Later, pigs were replaced by them. The king shed of the club is usually located under a big tree near the village. When the film festival was held, it was hosted by Mo Gong. Men and women with pregnant women are not allowed to participate. Slaughter pigs in front of the shed to worship, and collective worship is solemn. No laughing, no wearing white and colorful clothes. Otherwise, the harvest will be bad that year, and there will be animals and animals. After the sacrifice, the cooked pork will be evenly distributed to each household, and each person will get a bunch of pork, which will be taken home as the main sacrifice to "pick up the soul". From new year's eve to the third day, that is, before respecting the earth god, outsiders are strictly forbidden to go in and out. In the festival activities within ten days of the Lunar New Year, villages and villages beat gongs and drums, play flutes and play the piano, and indulge themselves. Friends and relatives visit each other to congratulate, and young people play with mountains and villages, singing and laughing. Some people also give New Year's gifts to their brothers around. Nearby Miao, Dong, Yao, Han and other nationalities came to visit, and some even fired guns, drummed drums and blowing sheng to express their congratulations. They are beaming everywhere and full of the atmosphere of national unity. [40]

See-Zhuang-Baidu Encyclopedia for details.