Knowledge on tuberculosis prevention and control in schools

2017 School Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Knowledge

Tuberculosis is a very serious disease. People with tuberculosis often suffer from the disease, which seriously affects the patient’s normal life. The following is my summary

1. Basic knowledge about pulmonary tuberculosis

Pulmonary tuberculosis is an ancient chronic respiratory infectious disease The disease is listed as a Class B infectious disease in the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases" and is subject to special disease management. The population is generally susceptible, with about 80% of young adults aged 15-54 being affected, and the disease can occur throughout the year. The cause of the disease is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. After being infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, about 1/10 people may develop the disease throughout their lives.

(1) Source of infection of pulmonary tuberculosis

The source of infection of pulmonary tuberculosis is mainly pulmonary tuberculosis patients who excrete bacteria (especially those with positive sputum smear who have not been treated). When the patient coughs When sneezing or talking loudly, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lung lesions is discharged into the air along with the respiratory secretions. Healthy people will become infected with tuberculosis after inhalation, forming primary lesions and developing tuberculosis. Generally, each expelling tuberculosis patient can infect 10-20 people a year. Therefore, it is very important to detect patients early and control the source of infection.

(2) Transmission routes of pulmonary tuberculosis

The main routes of transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis are droplet infection and dust infection through the respiratory tract. The secondary route of infection is through the digestive tract into the body. For example, drinking unsterilized milk containing Mycobacterium bovis may cause intestinal and other infections.

(3) Clinical manifestations

People who are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis may not necessarily develop the disease. Whether they develop the disease depends on how many tuberculosis bacteria they are infected with, their virulence, their physical condition, Due to factors such as psychology, spirit, nutrition, and living (learning) environment, generally 10% of infected people may develop the disease.

The main symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis patients include: low-grade fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, night sweats, irregular menstruation and other systemic symptoms in women, and symptoms such as cough, phlegm, hemoptysis, chest pain or discomfort, and difficulty breathing in the lungs. Due to the widespread use of antibiotics nowadays, some patients have atypical symptoms or no conscious symptoms (especially students). In addition, the above symptoms are non-specific. They are only discovered when there are shadows on the lungs during physical examination and light exposure. Early detection of patients, Diagnosis is more difficult during dry periods. There are also some patients who ignore their condition and do not seek medical treatment, becoming a hidden source of infection. This is one of the main reasons for tuberculosis outbreaks in schools.

Generally speaking, anyone who has cough or sputum for more than two weeks or who has hemoptysis or blood streaks in the sputum may have tuberculosis and is a key screening target and should be consulted by doctors and Parents and teachers attach great importance to it.

2. Tuberculosis epidemic situation and characteristics in schools

(1) Characteristics of school epidemic situation

1. The early symptoms of tuberculosis in students are atypical, the signs are not obvious, or even absent. Symptoms are subjective and easy to ignore;

2. Some students are only found to have tuberculosis through physical examination and seek medical treatment;

3. The most common age is middle school students over 12 years old. ;

4. Student patients have good treatment effects and high cure rates;

5. Concentrated crowds are prone to outbreaks.

(2) Why are students vulnerable to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis?

1. Students are in the stage of youth development, with rapid endocrine changes, immature psychology, and easy mood swings. In addition, the high demand for various nutrients can easily lead to nutritional deficiencies. In addition, many reasons such as students' intense study, high mental pressure, and lack of rest time have led to a decrease in resistance.

2. Because it takes a long time for middle school and high school students to receive BCG vaccine, the specific immunity level is reduced;

3. Because most of the sick students have atypical symptoms and do not care about coughs and fevers, parents They don’t understand it, and the school doesn’t notice it. If students don’t tell them, it’s easy to cover up their illness, and they can’t achieve early detection, early isolation, and early treatment.

4. Schools are places where people are highly concentrated, with very dense crowds and crowded learning and accommodation environments. Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease spread through respiratory droplets. Once there are patients with tuberculosis, it is more likely to spread on campus.

5. The source of infection is not properly managed. Since tuberculosis is a chronic disease, the treatment time is long, usually more than 6-8 months. Except for a few serious patients who need hospitalization, it generally will not have a major impact on life and study. Therefore, some student patients are unwilling to suspend school, and the schools for middle school and high school students who are good at studying are not willing to allow them to suspend classes. In addition, there is a serious shortage of school doctors in the school, and no special management is provided for student patients, so they become a source of infection in school and infect others.

6. In recent years, some school health education courses have been in vain, neglecting the promotion and popularization of knowledge on the prevention of tuberculosis and other diseases. School teachers and students have poor knowledge of tuberculosis prevention. The physical examination system for primary and secondary school students is not implemented, and some schools do not organize physical examinations for students at all, making it impossible to detect patients early.

3. How to prevent and control tuberculosis in schools

(1) Carry out health education on tuberculosis prevention and control knowledge in various forms

Schools carry out tuberculosis health promotion activities Not only can it effectively prevent tuberculosis among young students, but it can also play an important role in the prevention and control of tuberculosis in society as a whole. Each school can carry out tuberculosis health promotion activities for students in the form of short in-class teaching or extracurricular activities based on the actual situation of the school to improve teachers and students' understanding of and participation in tuberculosis prevention and control knowledge.

(2) Timely detection, reporting, and management of tuberculosis epidemics

The first symptoms of tuberculosis patients are generally coughing and sputum production for more than two consecutive weeks. If the sputum is stained with blood at the same time, It is very likely that you have tuberculosis. Other common symptoms include low-grade fever, night sweats, afternoon fever, fatigue, weight loss, etc. If there are more than 3 students with the above symptoms in the same dormitory or classroom, you should be particularly vigilant.

First of all, schools should promptly urge their suspected tuberculosis patients to go to tuberculosis prevention and treatment centers for examination and treatment, so as to achieve early detection and isolation, and strictly prevent the infection and outbreak of tuberculosis among the population.

Secondly, in accordance with the provisions of the "Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases", we must be more vigilant and supervise and check whether new patients are found in the classes and dormitories of sick students at any time. If there are more than 3 people or more, they should report to the school promptly. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported the situation and took epidemic prevention measures to prevent the spread of the epidemic.

Third, we must do a good job in the treatment and management of students with tuberculosis in schools. Since tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease, the treatment time is long, usually more than 6-8 months. Except for a few serious patients who need hospitalization, it generally will not have a major impact on life and study. Therefore, confirmed infectious tuberculosis patients must be suspended from school and treated in isolation at home. The health center where the family is located is responsible for the management. After the contagion disappears, they can only return to school with a certificate from the tuberculosis prevention and control center; for non-infectious patients during treatment, You can continue to go to school, but the school doctor must be responsible for management, supervising chemotherapy and ensuring regular medication.

(3) Actively carry out prevention work

1. The most important measure to prevent the spread of tuberculosis is to promptly detect and treat infectious tuberculosis patients. For students who have continuous cough and sputum for more than three weeks, they should be immediately mobilized to the tuberculosis prevention and control center for examination and receive regular treatment as required by the doctor; those who have close contact with tuberculosis patients should be registered and have relevant examinations; People infected with tuberculosis bacteria should take drugs under the guidance of doctors to prevent the occurrence of tuberculosis.

2. The education and health administrative departments should work closely together to promptly report, handle and control the tuberculosis epidemic among school teachers and students, so as to achieve early detection, early treatment and early isolation, and strictly prevent the spread of tuberculosis among the population. Outbreak epidemic.

3. It is necessary to do a good job in the treatment and management of students suffering from tuberculosis and control the source of infection.

4. Establish a student health examination system to promptly detect patients with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. Carefully carry out physical examinations for new students and annual health examinations for faculty and staff, and include tuberculosis examinations (PPD tests, chest X-rays) as the main content of health examinations for students in universities, middle schools, primary schools and kindergartens, as well as for faculty and staff.

5. We must actively carry out patriotic health campaigns, strive to improve students' learning and living environment, strengthen the cleaning and disinfection of the campus environment, and regularly ventilate classrooms and dormitories to keep the air fresh and reduce Opportunities for infection and transmission of tuberculosis.

6. It is necessary to effectively publicize and educate students about tuberculosis knowledge and enhance self-protection awareness and ability.

7. It is necessary to strengthen students’ physical exercise, enhance their physical fitness, and develop good hygiene habits.

Don’t discriminate against students suffering from tuberculosis, because only tuberculosis patients with positive sputum smear tests are contagious. The infectivity will gradually disappear 2-3 weeks after tuberculosis patients begin receiving regular drug treatment. Pulmonary tuberculosis patients whose sputum does not contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis are generally not contagious and can participate in normal work and study with the diagnosis certificate from the tuberculosis control center. They should be given more care and attention, and tuberculosis patients should not be discriminated against. As long as regular treatment is carried out, more than 90% of patients can be cured. ;