Basic knowledge of junior high school Chinese? Lecture 18 "Expressions and their Functions"

Basic knowledge of junior middle school Chinese-lecture 18

Teaching objectives:

1. Understand five expressions and their classification.

2. Master the expressive function of five kinds of expressions.

3. Understand the role of various expressions in specific articles.

Teaching emphasis: master the expressive function of five kinds of expressions.

Teaching difficulty: understanding the function of various expressions in specific articles.

Teaching process: 3 hours.

first kind

In the new curriculum standard, the requirements for this part are: understanding narrative, description, explanation, discussion, lyric and other expressions in reading; There is a requirement of "understanding and evaluating the function of expression (narration, explanation, discussion, description, lyricism)" in the Examination Instructions, and the requirement of ability level is understanding and comprehensive analysis.

There are five common expressions, namely narration, description, discussion, explanation and lyricism.

Open a book quietly and look at it. The mood is beautiful like a blooming flower.

First, narrative.

Narration, also called narration, is an expression of the author's description and explanation of characters experience, the development and change of events, and the transformation of scene and space. Narrative is a style with narrative as its main form of expression.

The function of narrative is: ① to introduce the experiences and deeds of the characters and explain the relationship between them; Explain the time, place and development process of the incident; ③ Summarize the facts and cases to provide the basis for the discussion of the article; (4) Contact the story and filter the meaning of changing the context.

There are two types of narrative: one is general narrative, and the other is specific narrative. Summary, also called brief introduction and outline, is to introduce people, events and environment with simple pen and ink, giving readers a general impression. Specific narration, also called detailed description, is to explain the deeds and environment of the characters in detail with meticulous pen and ink.

There are four narrative methods: sequential narrative, flashback, insertion and supplementary narrative. Xu Shun is a narrative method based on the development of events or the natural order of characters experience. It conforms to people's general cognitive habits, is clear in organization and context, and is easy to describe people and things completely. Flashback is a method that brings the ending of an event (character) or wonderful and touching fragments in the development process to the front and then narrates them in chronological order. There are three kinds of flashbacks. One is to promote the ending, the other is to promote a certain segment, and the third is to express the author's feelings in the way of recollection in front of the article. The advantage of flashback is that it can arouse suspense and make the structure of the article varied. Insertion method is a narrative method that temporarily interrupts narrative clues and inserts a memory or story related to the main plot in the process of narrating the central event in order to help unfold the plot or portray the characters. The function of narration: it supplements, sets off, explains and explains the main plot; Make the article clear in context, diverse in structure and prominent in theme; Better highlight the character of the character; Pave the way for the following. Supplementary narration, also called descriptive narration, is to make some simple supplementary explanations to the people or things mentioned above in three or two sentences or a short paragraph. The function is to make necessary supplementary explanations for the necessary plots mentioned above, so as to make the narrative more complete.

The narrator is the starting point and choice angle when describing objective things or characters' activities. There are three commonly used narrators: the first person-me and us; The second man said-you, you; And the third person-him, them.

There are three situations when using the first person. "I" and "we" are sometimes the author himself, sometimes fictional artistic images, and sometimes the protagonists or other characters in the works. Its advantage is that it tells the personal experience of "I" and "we", which is helpful to express the author's thoughts and feelings, and it is true, kind and natural. Its disadvantage is that it can only be written from the perspective of "I" and "we", and it is limited by time and space when depicting characters and scenery environment.

The advantage of using the third person is that it is not limited by time and space, and it can tell the narrative object freely and flexibly, which is called "God perspective". Its disadvantages are: strong objectivity and lack of the advantages of first-person narration.

When using the second person address, there are two situations: if the author describes not only others but also himself in the article, he actually describes it from the perspective of the first person, that is, "address", which is convenient for expressing his feelings. If the author objectively tells the reader about "you" and "you" and does not appear in the article, then it is essentially a third-person narrative. In My Teacher written by Mr. Wei Wei, Mr. Cai is referred to in the third person, but there is a sentence in the article that is suddenly referred to in the second person: I wonder if you realize how attached a child is to you standing there (what's the advantage of this expression).

Attention should be paid to: ① The clues are clear. Only when certain clues are determined can the spider silk be organized in an orderly way, and even complex situations can organize themselves. (2) understanding. In order to tell readers what it is, narrative must grasp six elements of narrative: time, place, people, cause, process and result of things. Only in this way can readers get a complete and clear impression. ③ Be detailed and appropriate. When describing a thing, we can't use our strength evenly at every stage of its development. When describing a few things, we should also have key points. According to the specific situation of the article, be detailed but not miscellaneous, detailed but not barren, simple but not rough. (4) to ups and downs. "Wen is like a mountain, and he doesn't like peace." We should be good at alternately using various narrative methods, using cadence, speed, discontinuity, clutch and other methods to make the narrative ups and downs.

On a foggy day, the sun shines through the treetops, and the beauty is breathtaking.

Second, describe

Description is to use vivid language to describe the state, action, nature, characteristics, color, layout and so on of the environment in which the characters live. It answers the question of how. Concrete, vivid and vivid expression of objective things, giving people an immersive sense of reality.

The function of description is: ① to express the style of natural scenery; (2) show the figure, manners, conversation and inner world; ③ Show the background or specific environment of the characters' activities; (4) Arouse people's aesthetic feelings, influence people's feelings, deepen people's feelings about the beauty of objective things, and make the works attractive.

There are roughly two kinds of descriptions, four kinds, which are divided from the object: character description and environmental description; From the perspective: scene description and detail description; Front description (direct description) and side description (indirect description).

(1) There are five ways to describe people, including:

1. Appearance description, also called portrait description. That is, it accurately, vividly and vividly describes the external characteristics of the characters, such as voice, smile, clothes, demeanor, posture and so on. The requirements of appearance description are: first, write "accurate". People's looks are often influenced by identity, occupation, age, habits, life experience, family environment, physical condition and other factors. We should observe carefully and describe it in accurate language. Second, write "essence". Carefully choose the appearance characteristics of the characters, concentrate on pen and ink description, and can't cover everything. It is necessary to focus on key parts and places that are conducive to highlighting the center, so that the characters are accurate and vivid. Third, write "depth". The description of a character's appearance should truly reflect the character's spiritual quality, convey the spirit in form, grasp the representative characteristics of the appearance and write the depth of the character.

2. Action description, also called action description. That is, a description of people's specific actions. The requirements of action description are: choose appropriate verbs, show the ways, methods and steps of characters' actions concretely, vividly and coherently, and answer the question of "how to do it" satisfactorily.

3. Language description is an important means to shape characters. That is, express personalized characters in personalized language. Words come from the heart, and successful language description can clearly show the characters, vividly express their thoughts and feelings, and profoundly reflect their inner world, so that readers can "listen to their voices and observe their shapes". There are two ways to describe language, one is monologue (the characters in the work talk to themselves) and the other is dialogue (two or more people ask and answer each other). To describe it in good language, first of all, the language should conform to the identity, situation, thought and personality characteristics of the character, so that people can believe that this person can only speak in this way after reading it; Secondly, language is the shell of thought, which shows the inner quality, thoughts, feelings and personality characteristics of characters.

When analyzing language description, we can't ignore the suggestion as an adverbial component. These hints with characters' movements, expressions and expressions also show the feelings or feelings of the characters.

4. Psychological description, that is, the method of describing the inner activities of characters in a specific environment. It is a direct perspective of the characters' thoughts, feelings, reason and the whole spiritual world, and can better reveal the most secret things in the characters' hearts. The methods of psychological description mainly include: psychological analysis; Expressed in words and actions; Manifested in dreams, hallucinations, etc.

5. Expression description, expression refers to the change of human facial expression, with no change and no expression. Generally speaking, both appearance description and expression description belong to portrait description. However, the description of expression has its unique performance advantages. Facial expression is the "sunshine warm table" of psychology, and what kind of feelings you have in your heart are generally reflected in facial expression.

(2) Environmental description refers to the description of objective external conditions directly related to the feelings expressed by the characters or authors in the works, including natural environment and social environment. The natural environment describes the natural landscape, such as the time, place, weather, season and scene of people's activities. Its functions are: ① to explain the time, place and space of the characters' activities; (2) Rendering the environment and atmosphere, setting off the characters' emotions, predicting the characters' fate and expressing their personalities; (3) pave the way for the following and promote the development of the story; ④ Reveal the theme of the article. Social environment, which describes the social situation or the scene of people's activities and the layout and furnishings around (indoors), has the following functions: ① to explain the background, characteristics, social customs, ideas and the relationship between people; ② Rendering the ambient atmosphere; (3) contrast the emotions of the characters and promote the development of the plot; (4) Deepen the theme and reveal the causes of characters' personalities and destinies.

(3) Scene description refers to the description of life pictures formed by the relationship between characters in a certain time and environment, and it can also be said to be a comprehensive form of character description. There are two main methods of scene description: one is bird's eye view, that is, to write the overall picture and atmosphere of the scene from the overall point of view. The key to this method is to write a complete artistic picture, not seeking subtlety in point, but seeking broadness in surface. The other is close-up, that is, focusing on the typical scenes with representativeness and characteristics.

There are two requirements for scene description: 1. Write about the events that happened in the same environment at the same time, pay attention to its surroundings, and combine the time, place and people to give someone a picture; 2. Intercept the cross section of the event process, write dynamic and static, and show the relationship between characters.

(4) Detail description, that is, the description and depiction of people, events, scenes and objects with typical significance. Detail description plays a great role: ① it can contribute to the twists and turns of the plot; (2) it can express the distinctive personality of the characters; (3) It can express the unique characteristics of environmental scenery; ④ It can enhance the expressive force of the theme.

Other terms in the description: direct description and indirect description, are all from the perspective of description. Direct description, also called positive description, describes people, things and environment from the front, so that their appearance is directly revealed. Indirect description is also called profile description. It does not directly describe the object itself, but indirectly sets off the described object by describing others. Therefore, people also call this method "baking clouds and holding the moon". Meticulous description and line drawing, from the degree of description, meticulous description, that is, elaborate description. Sketch is an understatement and a simple sketch. Both static description and dynamic description come from the change of description object. Static description refers to the plane and static description of people and scenery. Dynamic description is a description of the modality of the development and change of characters or scenery.

Mountaineering is full of emotion, but facing the water is full of meaning.

Third, lyricism.

Lyric, that is, the author expresses his subjective feelings and thoughts and feelings in the article. Its functions are: ① to move people with emotion and enhance the appeal of the article; ② Developing artistic conception, expressing and deepening the theme; (3) Render the atmosphere, show the style of writing and run through the meaning of the article. Lyric way:

(1) Express one's feelings directly, also called express one's feelings directly, that is, the author directly pours out his feelings. Be ready to go: When you are deeply in love, you often can't help it. You can't help shouting: "Motherland, Mother!" I love you, China! (2) Epiphany: On the way to school, French writer Dodd's "The Last Lesson" saw many people watching in front of the bulletin board of the city hall. I don't know what happened. When he entered the classroom, he gradually understood that the motherland had fallen! At this time, the writer wrote: "Ah, those bad guys, they posted them on the bulletin board of the city hall, so that's the way it is!" " My last French class! "-use epiphany to express your feelings. 3 Repeatedly: "Oh, Peking University, Peking University, you entrusted me with too much. "Use repeated sentences to express my love for Peking University.

(2) Event lyricism, also known as narrative lyricism, is a lyrical way for the author to get emotion from the event and integrate it into the narrative. For example, in My Teacher, Wei Wei expressed his love for the teacher by describing examples such as Cai teaching us to read poetry in class, teaching us to dance after class, and leading us to observe bees.

(3) Lyricism by scenery, also known as lyricism by scenery or lyricism by description, means that the author puts his feelings in the description of the scenery and expresses his feelings in the shape, color concentration and style of the scenery, which is called "lyricism by things" in the description technique. As the saying goes, "all landscape words are love words." For example, the French writer Mo Bosang's My Uncle Yule expresses the feelings of the characters through two scenes: "We got on the boat, left the trestle, and sailed far away on the calm sea, like a green marble desktop." -show the cheerful and excited mood of the characters; "In front of us, there seems to be a purple shadow coming out of the sea in the distance." -Express the disappointment and frustration of the characters.

(4) Talking about lyricism is also called expressing feelings through reason. That is, put feelings in reason and express thoughts and feelings with reason. In this paper, "things" are written as the main object, not as the general scenery. Authors often try to write something with strong color and give it some symbolic meaning and rich connotation. For example, at the end of Zong Pu's Wisteria Falls, flowers and people will encounter all kinds of misfortunes, but the long river of life is endless. I touched the little purple flower hut, which was filled with the wine of life. It is full of sails, sailing on the river full of flowers. It is one flower among thousands of flowers, and it is also one flower after another, forming a magnificent flowing waterfall. The author realized that life is like a flower, disasters will always be overcome by happiness, and the torrent of the times will always be washed away. Only by speeding up and going forward bravely will it be a spray in that splendid waterfall. And Bing Xin's "Paper Ship Mom" is a good example.

Once in a blue moon, there is nothing like a good book and a good friend.

Fourth, discuss

Discussion is to analyze and comment on objective things and express one's views and attitudes. A style with argumentation as its main expression is called argumentative writing.

The function of discussion is: 1. Enhance the expression effect of the article and improve the combativeness; 2. Clarify the theme of the article and reveal its ideological significance; 3. Compact text structure throughout the context.

Common discussion methods are:

1. Tell me about it. That is, talking and chatting. We can discuss it first, or we can discuss it first and then discuss it. It is necessary to closely link discussion with narration, so that discussion can be self-narrative, concise, flexible and natural. For example, Lu Xun's "Mr. Fujino" begins with a description of the ugly state of studying abroad in the Qing Dynasty, and the ending sentence "It's really beautiful" is a critical exposition. The author satirizes the ignorance and art of students in Qing Dynasty with sharp language. This discussion is highly targeted.

2. Reasoning with emotion means integrating arguments into lyricism and explaining the truth with lyricism. As mentioned above, Zong Pu's Wisteria Falls ends.

3. Borrowing the ending to discuss is to discuss the things described together. This discussion must be intrinsically related to the things described, but also to the object itself. At the end of Hometown, Mr. Lu Xun wrote: "Hope doesn't matter, it doesn't matter; This is like a road on the ground. In fact, there is no road on the ground. If there are more people walking, it will become a road. "Implicit and meaningful, let a person memorable.

4. Discuss outside the article, that is, add a discussion text that is independent and related to the content of the article at the beginning or end of the article.

Vague and lonely, the shadow comes to the window, the account opens, and next month is in my arms.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) description

Description means to explain clearly the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relations, functions, production methods and development process of things in concise words; Clearly express the characteristics of characters experience. A style with explanation as its main expression is called expository writing.

The functions of explanation are as follows: ① Use it to explain arguments in argumentative writing; (2) Use it as an annotation in narrative; ③ In news, use it to introduce background materials and strengthen content expression; ④ Use it to express scientific knowledge or things in scientific reports or textbooks.

There are ten ways to interpret the explanatory text.

1 For example, in order to explain things or events, people sometimes don't quite understand them, which requires some easy-to-understand and representative examples to illustrate them. For example, the stone arch bridge in China is represented by the ancient Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge, which shows that China has a long history and outstanding achievements in building stone arch bridges. Function: Illustrated by enumerating examples

2. Classification should not explain the characteristics or events of things. It is often not easy to make it clear unilaterally. According to the similarities and differences of things or events in form, nature, causes and functions, things or events can be divided into several categories according to certain standards, and then explained one by one according to the categories. Function: divide ... into X categories, and clearly explain the ×× characteristics of things.

3. Enumerating data and figures is the most accurate, scientific and convincing basis for quantitatively explaining the characteristics or reasons of things. For example, the article "The Dead Sea is Undead" uses a lot of data to explain why the dead sea is so buoyant, which is very clear. Function: Explain the xx characteristics of this thing concretely and accurately, and make the explanation more convincing.

4. Comparison In order to make things easy to understand, we can sometimes compare familiar things or things in people's lives according to people's existing perceptual knowledge, thus stimulating readers' imagination and gaining a deep impression. Function: Compare ... with ... and highlight the characteristics of ×× (status, influence, etc. ) to explain the object.

5. Definition In order to highlight the main content or problems of things or things, things are often defined in concise language. This is a way to explain things or things, and to explain the nature of things or things. Function: to reveal the object of explanation and scientific facts in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics of things (facts) more scientifically, essentially and generally.

6. Metaphor is a metaphor in rhetorical methods. Using analogy in expository writing can make things that people don't understand concrete, vivid and vivid. Function: comparison

7. Draw a picture. Some things are abstract and complicated, and it is impossible for readers to understand them just by words. This requires attaching a schematic diagram or drawing a chart accurately in proportion, such as product design drawings and military action road maps. Sometimes there are many things to explain, and you can also specify statistical tables and fill in the relevant figures in the tables separately, so that people can see at a glance. Function: Make the reader clear at a glance and explain the xx characteristics of things intuitively and vividly.

8. Citation In order to make the explanation more substantial and specific, some documents, poems, proverbs and famous sayings can be quoted to make the explanation more convincing. The quoted materials range from classic works, famous sayings and epigrams, formulas and rules, allusions and legends, proverbs and sayings, poems and sentences, etc. Act as the content or basis of explanation to explain and introduce things. For example, the article "China Stone Arch Bridge" quoted Zhang in the Tang Dynasty, which shows that the design and construction are ingenious. Benefits: image, typical, more convincing and more interesting.

Function:

A. By quoting specific data, accurately explain the xx characteristics of this thing, and make the explanation more specific and convincing.

B explain the characteristics of this thing by quoting famous sayings (proverbs, aphorisms) to make the explanation more convincing.

C. By quoting myths and legends (news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. ), which explains the characteristics of this thing and enhances the interest of the explanation.

D. The reference description is at the beginning of the article, which also leads to the description object.

9. Imitation reveals the characteristics of things through specific descriptions, which helps to make the object of explanation more concrete, vivid and vivid.

10, interpretation This is a way to explain things. It is different from definition, which requires the accuracy and completeness of the language, while interpretation does not require completeness, as long as it explains part of the connotation of the concept.

Narrative is mainly expressed by narration and description, but argumentation and lyricism are often used in narrative. When reading the narrative, we should pay attention to how the author discusses and expresses emotions on the basis of the narrative.

Flowers bloom in disorder, and the Wujiang River sings the maple leaves.

In narrative, the author often makes concise and incisive comments on a large number of vivid and typical narrative materials and expresses his own opinions without strict logical reasoning and careful discussion. The discussion in narrative can evaluate the characters, refine the meaning of experience, and talk about understanding and gain. Sometimes the discussion is in front of the narrative, which plays the role of prompting the content of the article and pointing out the central idea; In the back, there are many functions to show ambition, sublimate the theme and enhance the ideological content of the article. Zou Danfen's My Mother: "My mother is just an ordinary mother, but I think her lovely personality, her hard-working spirit and her capable talents are all buried in a family and meaningless affairs in feudal society, otherwise she will definitely become a more contributing member of society." This passage made a proper evaluation of the mother's character, spirit and talent, and at the same time expressed strong dissatisfaction with destroying her feudal system. Lyricism in narrative can be attached to people, events, scenes, things and so on. Between the lines of narration and description, the author's feelings are permeated.

Sometimes the author speaks his mind directly to arouse readers' thoughts and feelings and enhance the appeal of the article; Sometimes, the author expresses it implicitly, which makes readers vaguely feel the profound meaning, inspires thinking and deepens the center. Mo Huaiqi's "Go" ends with a sentence: "Although my mother is tall, she is thin and naturally not heavy; Although my son is very fat, he is young and naturally light: but my wife and I walk slowly, steadily and carefully, as if the things on my back and those on her back add up to the whole world. " Between the lines, there is a love for life and a treasure for life.

Narration is the basis of discussion and lyricism, lyricism is the generation of the author's inner feelings, and discussion is the outbreak of the author's ideological accumulation.