Does traffic safety include air traffic safety?

Air traffic management includes air traffic service, airspace management and air traffic flow management, among which air traffic service is the most important part. The task of air traffic management is to effectively maintain and promote air traffic safety, maintain air traffic order and ensure smooth air traffic. 1. Air traffic service is a service provided by air traffic control units for civil aircraft in flight. Including air traffic control services, flight information services and warning services. 2. Airspace management refers to the management of unified planning, rational, full and effective use of airspace in order to safeguard national security, taking into account the needs of civil and military aviation and public interests. 3. Air traffic flow management refers to the service that helps air traffic to operate safely, orderly and quickly, so as to ensure that the capacity of air traffic control services is maximized and meets the standards and capacity announced by the relevant air traffic service authorities.

Air traffic includes flight state, flight route and the intersection of two planes in the air. Reflected in the air traffic network, it is mainly used for air traffic management. [ 1]

There are many problems in air traffic, such as the rapid increase in the number of flights, resulting in saturation of airspace pressure, crowded and busy airspace, increased workload of controllers and a large backlog of flights, which will greatly affect the safe, orderly and efficient operation of air traffic. Therefore, the implementation of air traffic flow management will be mentioned in practical work, and it is also the most effective solution, commonly known as "flow control". [ 1]

Air traffic management, using communication, navigation technology and monitoring means, monitors and controls aircraft flight activities to ensure flight safety and orderly flight. Divide different management airspace within the flight route airspace, including route, flight information management area, approach management area, tower management area, waiting airspace management area, etc. , and use different radar equipment according to different management areas. In the management airspace, the interval is divided, and the horizontal and vertical interval between aircraft constitutes the basis of air traffic management. The air traffic management system consists of navigation equipment, radar system, secondary radar, communication equipment and ground control center, which monitors, identifies and guides the aircraft in the coverage area.

Chinese name

air traffic

definition

The operation of an airplane in the air.

Foreign name

air traffic

Applied discipline

Aviation technology, navigation and air traffic management

eye

record

1 air traffic management

Basic requirements of air traffic control work

Duties to be performed by air traffic control units.

Functions of aviation fixed communication facilities in air traffic service units

Air traffic safety altitude

Airport management

Runway use management

2 air traffic safety management

The concept of air traffic safety management

Establish an effective safety management foundation

Definition of ICAO

Basic theory of safety management

Main means of safety management

Four responsibilities of safety management

The national security program introduces the definition and objectives.

The relationship between national security plan and SMS.

Requirements and contents of safety management

Safety management system

The main content of short message

3 the difference between air traffic rules and ground traffic rules

The flight rules include three parts.

General flight rules

Visual flight rules

Instrument flight rules

1 ATC editor

The task of air traffic management is to effectively maintain and promote air traffic safety, maintain air traffic order and ensure smooth air traffic. It includes air traffic service, air traffic flow management and airspace management.

Air traffic service (ATS) refers to the business of managing and controlling aircraft's air activities, and it is the general name of air traffic control service, flight information service and warning service.

The mission of Flight Information Service (FIS) is to provide suggestions and information services beneficial to the safe and effective flight of aircraft in flight. Its scope is: important meteorological information; Changes in navigation equipment used; Changes in the airport and related equipment (including snow, ice or accumulated water at a considerable depth in the airport activity area); Other information that may affect flight safety.

Basic requirements of air traffic control work

(1) Make careful plans and preparations, and organize and guarantee flights. (2) Actively, accurately, timely and continuously do a good job in preventing aircraft from colliding in air and airport ground activities. (3) Cooperate actively and closely to control indoor traffic flow reasonably. (4) Master skilled business skills and provide information, measures and suggestions for flight safety. (5) Ensure the timely provision of navigation equipment and information about aircraft in distress.

Duties to be performed by air traffic control units.

(1) The tower control room is responsible for the control of the start-up, taxiing, take-off, landing and related maneuvers of aircraft within the jurisdiction of this tower. In the tower control room without airport automatic information service, information such as aircraft take-off and landing should also be provided. (2) The air traffic service report room is responsible for reviewing the flight forecast and flight plan of the aircraft, and informing the relevant control room and flight support unit of the flight forecast and dynamics. (3) The approach control room is responsible for controlling the entry and exit of aircraft into one or several airports. [2]

Functions of aviation fixed communication facilities in air traffic service units

(1) Direct telephone communication. It shall be established within 15 s, and the one used for control handover (including radar control handover) must be established immediately. (2) The transmission time of printed communication information shall not exceed 5 minutes. (3) Equipped with audio-visual communication facilities and air traffic service computer system as required to automatically transmit and process flight plans, flight dynamics and information. (4) When necessary, direct telephone communication facilities shall be established to hold conference calls. (5) The direct telephone communication facilities used by air traffic service units must have automatic recording function, and the automatic recording shall be kept for 30 days. (6) Direct telephone communication. Communication procedures should be established, communication sequence should be established according to the priority of communication content, and some calls can be interrupted if necessary, so as to ensure that air traffic service units can immediately establish contact with relevant units in case of emergency. [3]

Air traffic safety altitude

(1) The minimum safety altitude of aircraft flying with flight instruments on the air route, and the safety altitude of flying on the plateau and mountainous areas or flying in transition shall be higher than the maximum altitude of 600 meters within 25 kilometers on both sides of the air route and the center line of the air route; Other areas should be higher than the center line of the route and the highest elevation of 400 m within 25 kilometers on both sides of the route.

(2) The minimum safe altitude for instrument flight in the airport area is centered on the airport non-directional beacon, within a radius of 55 kilometers, not less than 300 meters from the highest point of obstacles, and not less than 600 meters in plains and hilly areas.

(3) Aircraft whose cruising speed is above 250 km/h (excluding) for visual flight on the route shall be executed in accordance with the provisions on the minimum safe flight altitude for instrument on the route. Aircraft whose cruising speed is below 250 km/h (inclusive) are usually carried out in accordance with the provisions of the minimum safe altitude for flight of airway instruments; If flying below the lowest altitude layer, the true height of the highest point in the area 5 kilometers away from both sides of the route shall not be less than 100 m in plain and hilly areas and not less than 300 m in mountainous areas. (4) Aircraft whose cruising speed is above 2501(1i Shantou (excluding) shall fly visually in the airport area, and the minimum safe altitude for instrument flight in the airport area shall be implemented. The true height of an aircraft whose cruising speed is less than 250km/h (inclusive) from the highest obstacle shall not be less than100m.

Airport management

Release permit content: 1 aircraft call sign 2 Control permit boundary (anchor point or destination) 3 Approved departure procedure 4 Flight route (air route) 5 Flight altitude \ altitude floor 6 transponder code and 7 other necessary contents.

Runway use management

After getting in touch with the aircraft, instruct the aircraft to wait outside the runway or enter the runway to wait or directly enter the runway to take off as appropriate.

① Wait outside the runway. When the take-off runway is occupied or the aircraft entering the runway is about to pass, the aircraft entering the runway should be instructed to wait outside the runway.

② Enter the runway and wait. The condition of runway waiting is that the take-off runway is not occupied or there is no plane about to land on the runway within a certain time range, but when the take-off airspace is occupied, the plane about to take off is usually commanded to wait at the starting point of take-off taxiing.

③ Take off on the runway. Before the plane takes off, it must complete the pre-departure inspection, the take-off runway is not occupied or no plane is about to land on the runway within a certain time range, and the take-off airspace is not occupied. [4]

2 air traffic safety management editor

The concept of air traffic safety management

Safety management involves the vulnerability of hazard identification and system protection mechanism. Effective safety management is multi-scientific, and it is necessary to systematically adopt various methods and carry out various activities in the whole aviation field.

Establish an effective safety management foundation.

① Comprehensive safety enterprise law ② Effective organization tools for implementing safety standards ③ Formal SMS system for safety supervision.

Definition of ICAO

Organized safety management methods, including necessary organizational structure, responsibility methods, policies and procedures. The definition of CAAC: refers to the management system that establishes security policies and security objectives and realizes security objectives through a series of interrelated or interactive management of internal organizational structure, responsibility system, resources, processes and procedures.

Basic theory of safety management

① System science theory ② PDCA cycle theory ③SHEL model ④ Murphy's law ⑤ accident cause-cause model ⑤ Hein's law and accident iceberg theory ⑥ determine the model.

(1) system science theory: ① system science is the general term of "three theories" and "new three theories"; ② It is the comprehensive result of the development of modern natural science, social science and thinking science; ③ It is the general methodology of modern science.

"Three Theories" and "New Three Theories"

Three Theories 1. Information theory II. Cybernetics 3. system theory

Three new theories 1. Dissipative structure theory II. Synergy wheel 3. Catastrophe theory

Sorting principle = = pay attention to the reasonable organization of all elements in the system; Pay attention to the orderly procedures of the system; Give full play to the possibility of the system

Principle of wholeness = the whole is greater than the sum of isolated parts; The principle of wholeness requires people to firmly establish the concept of overall situation and wholeness when studying problems, and not only pay attention to the functions of each part in the system, but more importantly, pay attention to the functions of each part to form a structure.

Systematic method = = ① Definition of systematic method: it is a method to examine the whole research object with certain organization, structure and function according to the systematicness of things themselves; ② The fundamental purpose is optimization.

The basic steps of systematic method: ① Determine the problem from the demand analysis; (2) Determine the solutions and alternatives to the problems; ③ Choose the strategy to solve the problem from various possible solutions; (4) implement the strategy to solve the problem; ⑤ Determine the implementation efficiency; ⑤ If necessary, correct the system [5].

(2) PDCA cycle theory.

1. was put forward by Shewart and later developed by Deming, so it is called "pdsa".

The meaning of 2.2. PDCA is as follows: ①P (plan) = = plan; D(Do)== execution; C (check) = = check; A (behavior) = = action. (2) Respond to the census results, affirm the successful experience, and appropriately promote and standardize it. ③ Summarize the lessons of failure and put the unsolved problems into the next PDCA cycle. PDCA application ①p- planning: formulating the organization's safety policies and guidelines, and establishing the necessary objectives and processes (processes) for transportation production ②d- implementation: implementing the production and service processes c- inspection: monitoring and measuring the processes and services according to the safety policies, objectives and requirements of transportation services, and reporting the results. ④A- Disposal: Take measures for incidents that do not meet safety standards to continuously improve process performance.

(3)SHEL mode

1972, professor Elwyn Edwards put forward the concept of SHEL, which consists of human factors-= = software, hardware, environment and the initials of Liveware.

(4) Murphy law

1942 American aviation engineer Murphy put forward a famous law on the basis of research, pointing out that wherever mistakes are possible, people will make mistakes, and they will happen in the worst way at the most unfavorable time. The mathematical explanation is as follows: in the N-fold Bernoulli experiment, when the number of experiments N tends to infinity, the probability that event A will not happen once tends to zero; The probability of at least one error in event A tends to 1.

(5) Accident Cause Model-Cause Model

(6) Heine's Law and Accident Iceberg Theory.

Heinrich, an American security expert, made a statistical analysis of about 500,000 incidents and put forward the law of 1: 29: 300. It means that out of every 330 human behavior mistakes, 30 have caused injuries, and one of them has caused serious injuries or more.

(7) Determine the model

This model consists of the first letters of six words: d- detection, e- estimation, C-selection, I- recognition, d- doing and e- evaluation. D-detect detection is to search for air traffic conflicts in flight and find security anomalies.

E-estimate estimation: refers to the analysis and judgment of air traffic conflicts and security anomalies found by air traffic controllers.

C-Choose: refers to the air traffic controller looking for countermeasures according to the analysis and judgment of the found flight air traffic conflicts and abnormal safety conditions.

I-identity identification: that is, air traffic controllers choose one or several measures to implement among the many countermeasures collected.

D-do implementation: that is, air traffic controllers put the determined measures into action.

E-evaluate comment: This means that air traffic controllers supervise the measures they have put into practice.

Practical operation: check, watch, send, listen and supervise.

Main means of safety management

Passive way; Active mode; Preventive methods.

Four responsibilities of safety management

① Formulate safety-related policies and procedures ② Allocate resources for safety management activities ③ Adopt the most perfect industry practices ④ Integrate civil aviation safety-related rules and regulations.

The national security program introduces the definition and objectives.

National security plan: a set of regulations and activities aimed at improving security.

Objective: Long-term goal: to improve national aviation safety.

Mid-term goal: On the basis of current regulations management, combine regulations management with performance management.

Short-term goal: the state effectively implements safety responsibility and accountability. The state shall effectively audit the implementation of the responsibility system and accountability system for safety.

The relationship between national security plan and SMS.

Difference: different applicable objects; The emphasis is different.

Relationship between National Security Plan and Safety Supervision

The national security plan contains the national security supervision function, which is higher than the national security supervision function. On the basis of emphasizing the responsibility of safety supervision of civil aviation authorities, the National Security Plan gradually shifts safety supervision to safety management based on safety performance, and combines regulatory management with safety performance management.

Implementation of performance management: Safety performance management: Based on the acceptable safety level (ALOS), the safety target system is set through safety performance indicators and safety performance targets, and these targets are achieved through safety requirements.

Introduction and summary of national security plan: National security plan is a safety management method and action based on national level, safety information analysis and safety performance management. Under the premise of regulatory supervision, the national safety plan is based on an acceptable level of safety, paying more attention to unsafe events below accident symptoms, so as to avoid and reduce the occurrence of accident symptoms. The national security plan should adapt to the scale of the domestic civil aviation industry, which requires the coordination and cooperation of all relevant departments of the civil aviation industry, including various business bureaus and scientific research institutes.

The relationship between ATC regulations and documents is 1, regulations are codes of conduct, documents are administrative means, regulations are universally applicable, and documents are specific to specific matters; Mutual support of laws, regulations and documents.

Problems existing in current civil aviation air traffic control regulations and standards

1 is that the superior laws and regulations are not perfect, the legal hierarchy is low, the rule structure is scattered, and the hierarchy is not clear enough;

Second, the content of laws and regulations emphasizes entity over procedure, technology over supervision, and the lack of administrative law enforcement means;

Third, the contents of individual regulations are relatively old, and the revision is not timely enough, which lags behind the operational requirements.

Fourth, industry standards need to be improved, and they are not closely linked with laws and regulations;

5. Laws and regulations can't meet the needs of new technology application.

Basic characteristics of operation 1 organization 2 cooperation 3 normalization 4 controllability 5 dynamics 6 periodicity 7 consumption

Requirements and contents of safety management

Basic requirements for continuous safety

1 Improve four systems: concept system, team system, regulation system and responsibility system.

2. Implement the four responsibilities; Supervision responsibility, subject responsibility, leadership responsibility and post responsibility.

The development of civil aviation safety management: the era of human factors, the era of organizational management and the era of machinery.

The main means of safety management: preventive mode, active mode and passive mode.

Safety risk management (SRM) defines risk = accident probability × consequence.

Security assessment can be divided into system security assessment and change-based security assessment.

Seven steps of safety assessment 1 assessment preparation 2 description of system and operating environment 3 hazard identification 4 risk analysis 5 formulation of risk control measures 6 formation of safety assessment conclusions and suggestions 7 preparation of safety assessment report.

Concept of safety: Safety is a state, which reduces and maintains the risk of personal injury or property loss at an acceptable level or below through continuous risk identification and risk management process.

Safety management system

Safety management: it is the behavior of systematically managing the operation risk of an organization in order to reach the expected level of safety indicators.

System: it is a group of interrelated or interacting elements, in which the element is the basic unit of the system.

Safety management system: it is a clear safety management mode that an organization integrates safety elements such as organizational structure, responsibilities, working procedures and rules and regulations in order to achieve safety objectives and implement safety policies.

The elements of the safety management system are the basic components of the content of the safety management system and the concrete embodiment of the organizational structure, methods, policies and procedures of the safety management system.

SMS tools are the means and ways of the application of SMS elements, including SMS security management norms and SMS security management engineering technical means.

The main features of short message 1. Core risk management II. Driver information management III. Essence-system management. Basic-safety culture.

The main content of short message

Frame structure of short message

It consists of policy objectives, risk management, safety assurance and safety promotion, and consists of 12 elements.

Construction method and implementation steps of air traffic control SMS

1. stage 1 safety management system planning and preparation 2. Stage 2 Construction of Safety Management System Manual and Tools 3. The third stage of SMS trial operation and formal operation. Continuous improvement and improvement of the fourth stage safety management system.

Hazard identification method

1. Brainstorming method, Osborne's intellectual incentive method, dictation intellectual incentive method, and card-type intellectual incentive method. Procedure 1 Preparation stage 2 Warm-up stage 3 Clarifying questions 4 Reiterating questions 5 Conversation stage 5 Screening stage requirements 1 Organization form 2 Meeting types 3 Pre-meeting preparation work 4 Meeting principles 5 Meeting implementation steps 5 Moderator skills.

2. Summary of Safety Checklist (SCR) Checklist: Purpose: To check whether the system meets the requirements of the standard. Scope of application: from design, construction to production. Usage: People with experience and professional knowledge work together and often prepare materials. Relevant specifications, standards, manpower and time: the most economical effect: qualitative, risk identification, so that the system meets the standards. If the inspection item allocation method is adopted, it can be used for quantification.

3. Fishbone diagram analysis steps: 1. Identify the problem or characteristic 2. Determine the categories of major problems. Determine the intermediate cause 4. Determine the most likely cause. Take corrective measures. Proved by experiments.

4. Event Tree Analysis (ETA)

5. Hazard and operability study (HAZOP)

Information structure of air traffic control risks in civil aviation

Describe hazards, including serial number, description of hazards, classification 1 (by specialty), classification 2 (by 5M element), classification 3 (by seat), person in charge and remarks.

Basic theory and method of short message

1. Development of civil aviation safety management. Accident Cause Model-Cause Model 3. Accident iceberg theory iv. The main means of safety management. Risk management. Safety assessment [6]

3 the difference between air traffic and ground traffic rules Edit

In recent years, with the changes in China's low-altitude system, it is particularly important to create a safe, orderly and efficient air traffic environment by purchasing private jets. We know that airplanes flying in the sky seem to have infinite space, but they are also affected by the ground environment. All low-altitude aircraft are not allowed to fly over the city frequently. No one can guarantee that the average plane will not break down 100%. If it falls in the city center, it may lead to huge casualties. Therefore, the core purpose of issuing flight rules is to ensure the personal and property safety of people on board and on the ground in the flight area. Unlike land vehicles, airplanes are not affected by roads.

The flight rules include three parts.

General flight rules, visual flight rules and instrument flight rules.

General flight rules

The main requirements of traffic rules that all planes must abide by are: without special approval, planes are not allowed to fly over densely populated areas, and things are never allowed to be thrown on planes. In order to prevent friction and collision between them, if an oncoming plane is found during the flight, turn right to avoid the other side: if you want to overtake the plane in front, the plane behind you should change its altitude or overtake it from the right. When planes from different directions meet in the air, the plane on the left should give way to the plane on the right.

Visual flight rules

When flying visually, the pilot mainly relies on vision to judge the aircraft and obstacles. You can clearly guess that driving mainly depends on vision according to the words visual flight rules. Therefore, the visual flight rules have strict regulations on visibility and weather conditions. If the meteorological conditions are not up to standard, then flying is not allowed.

Instrument flight rules

The meteorological conditions required for instrument flight are correspondingly looser than that for visual flight. Because the pilot can fly only by instrument observation and controller's instructions, he doesn't need to look at the surrounding aircraft instruments to fly, which reduces the influence of unfavorable environment on flight take-off. Instrument flight rules require that aircraft must be equipped with perfect instruments, and pilots can master the ability to operate instrument equipment. [7]